Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• by the liver. These factors can alter the structural integrity of drugs [4]. Orally administered drugs (mostly absorbed in the lumen of the GIT must pass through the mucus layer, located between the epithelial tissue and the lumen, to reach the epithelium, mucosa, and blood or lymphatic capillary

• , forming polymeric complexes. Consequently, the incorporation of genetic material can occur via encapsulation, adsorption, or electrostatic interactions, resulting in nanocapsules, micelles, and diverse morphologies and shapes, as well as varying release profiles [139]. Considering that, to reach their

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• target integrin β1, where the ratio of A2-NA to DOX can reach at least 1:100. Although A2-NA-Dox has high affinity and specificity for ESCC tissues, its efficacy is slightly lower than that of free DOX. This may be due to a variety of reasons, including structural complexity and oversize resulting in low

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• abaxial sclereid cells is 0.8–1.1 times the longitudinal shrinkage. Hygroscopic bending motion The ten scales took 9.1 ± 1.6 h to reach their bending angle plateau from laboratory conditions to low RH (Figure 4B). From low RH to high RH, they took 10.0 ± 1.4 h to reach a plateau with a maximum measured

• angles is greatest in the range between 50% and 60% RH, reaching, for example, 11.9° for one of the most basal scales. When the angle is considered as a function of the position along the central axis, basal scales reach an angle of ~50°, while apical scales sometimes reach only ~20° (Figure 4E). For

• of the scales. Interestingly, we found that the time required for the scales’ bending motion to reach an equilibrium was consistent across different positions along the cone. This uniformity suggests that the time until equilibrium may be independent of local structural variations, potentially

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• technology for the future development of smaller and more power-efficient devices. One step in this development is the replacement of silicon, which cannot reach the development goals set by international technological roadmaps [61]. A potential replacement for silicon oxide is a high-k oxide material such

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• their small size allows them to penetrate various biological barriers. MPs smaller than 5 μm can reach the alveoli, enter the circulatory system, and accumulate in the organs such as the brain, lungs, liver, spleen and digestive system. Those around 10 μm can breach cell membranes and the placental

• barrier, while MPs of 20 μm can reach internal organs. Exposure occurs through inhalation, posing risks to adults, while children face dangers from MPs in contaminated drinking water. Once inside the body, MPs can trigger neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, immune response, metabolic disruption

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• -exposed to bind Cy3-maleimide. We reason that, while the DTT molecule can reach the IONP surface and bind through one of its thiols, the density of DHBA ligands is such that it is not likely that the DTT molecule will fold over and bind to surface Fe through the remaining SH group at the opposite end of

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• % ± 4.92%). Specifically, for MPs ≥10 µm, fixed columns reach 99% efficiency, while magnetically modified biochar captures 96.2% of MPs as small as 1 µm. These efficiencies stem from biochar’s integration of physical and chemical mechanisms that enhance MP retention, particularly for MPs smaller than 10 µm

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• bias range used did not reach −1.9 V. With moderate negative bias (e.g., −1.5 V) a switch would commonly occur, and even with parameter adjustments to reduce the probability of switching (i.e. reduced integration times), there was still a chance that the switch would be induced, as can be seen in

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• metalloantibiotics to reach clinical application [21]. One of the main characteristics of metallodrugs is their low aqueous solubility; this, combined with their typically short in vivo half-lives, results in inadequate bioavailability and low accumulation at the therapeutic site [22]. Another limiting factor is the

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• that balance therapeutic efficacy with minimal off-target effects, ensuring safer and more effective clinical translation. The ability to firmly entrap the medications or genes and stop premature leaking before they reach the target presents another difficulty when using liposomes for drug and gene

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• reach deep tissues. Importantly, platelets are reported to activate and specifically bind to cancer cells [50]. Therefore, platelets have been used to load cytotoxic drugs for prolonged circulation in blood, escape immune response, and reach the tumor site [51]. Due to their small size, platelet-based

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• suspension has a size of around 20–30 nm and a length below 300 nm, and size increase due to structural collapse would be seen upon drying [24][46]. A SEM image of the nanocellulose sample is given in Figure 3a. After freeze-drying, some coagulation occurred, increasing the size of the sample to reach ≈4 µm

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• vehicle [169][170][179]. Hence, these are the basic principles for designing a new topical DDS, and all of them should be addressed to reach the goal, whether it is a nanostructured system or not. Hydrogel dermal applications When obtained from natural polymers, hydrogels are efficient in tissue

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• ranges for porphyrin-based compounds in hydroalcoholic systems. Overall, the results indicated that while EtOH50 and EtOH77 effectively dissolve PpIX at concentrations up to 0.4 mg/mL, water and EtOHabs rapidly reach saturation and exhibit instability. The solubility equilibrium was achieved after

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• for concentration calculations. Larvicidal activity assay The larvicidal assay was conducted according to the standards established by the World Health Organization [39] with adaptations [14]. Starting from an initial stock solution (10 mg nanoparticles/mL in water-diluted vinegar [to reach a 0.08

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• . Using forward light scattering experiments, Çetiner et al. reported that the time required for PA to reach an equilibrium state after osmolyte release when exposed to drastic osmotic downshocks was about 150 ms [14]. In our experiments, PA was tested in different conditions after the solution was

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• undergoes continuous remodeling, where old bone is replaced with new tissue, a process that becomes particularly prominent once bones reach peak mass and continues through adulthood, replacing most of the skeleton approximately every decade [1]. Hydroxyapatite crystals (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) form through the

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• ablation section, such as phase explosion, do require fast heating for the material to leave the binodal of liquid–gas coexistence and reach the critical point or the spinodal line [38]. This model offers a conceptually straightforward access to classifying structure formation according to the maximally

• reach the boiling point of the irradiated material. With these complications in mind, it is useful to take a closer look at the energy distribution pathway. In almost all cases of linear absorbing materials, the laser light interacts first with electrons that are excited into a state far above the Fermi

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• examined within a 0–0.8 V potential window. Aqueous (aq.) electrolytes are inexpensive, readily accessible, and environmentally benign. In this case, KCl (aq.) is neutral and contains small-sized, highly mobile K+ and Cl− ions. These ions should be easier to reach in order to optimize the electrochemical

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• provides better HER efficacy than other as-synthesized catalysts. To reach a cathodic current density of 10 mA·cm−2, SS, Ni/NiO/SS-5, Ni/NiO/SS-10 Ni/NiO/SS-15, and Ni/NiO/SS-20 electrodes needed overpotentials of 431, 247, 184, 326, and 382 mV vs RHE, respectively. A smaller overpotential implies a

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• mechanism is suggested for the formation of FeS. First, the FeS2 target may effectively absorb the laser light upon ablation, reach a high temperature, and split into Fe2+ and S22− ions. The presence of FeS in the target is also another reason for favoring this phase change. In the meantime, the surrounding

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• Ni3+ to reach charge neutrality. Additionally, NiO exhibits a wide bandgap, which also prompts considerable research interest. The properties of NiO are highly dependent on the synthesis method, owing to the variable dimensionality, morphology, crystalline orientation, and defect structure [44

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• physical property measurement system. To achieve temperatures below 4.2 K, a vacuum pump was used to reduce the pressure on the helium bath. This technique allows the liquid helium temperature to be lowered to approximately 1.8 K. Reducing the vapor pressure provides an efficient method to reach 2.0 K

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• parameters were calculated by using PK Solver: half-life (t1/2), time to reach maximum concentration of drug in plasma (Tmax), maximum concentration of drug in plasma (Cmax), mean residence time (MRT), and area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC). Conclusion APT-loaded SLN formulations with the

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• to at least 50 MHz, limited by the bandwidth of the LIA. To reach a nanoscale-sensitive measurement of the dielectric constant in media besides air, a detection at higher excitation frequencies in the megahertz regime is strictly necessary [59]. The indirect detection of local capacitance variations