Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• create a new precursor, extensive testing using specialized gas injection systems is required along with time-consuming and costly chemical analysis typically conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This process can be quite challenging due to its complexity and expense. Here, the response of

• new metal-organic precursors, in the form of supported thick layers, to the ion beam irradiation is studied through analysis of the chemical composition and morphology of the resulting structures. This is done using SEM backscattered electron/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy along with machine

• -dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX); focused ion beam (FIB); focused ion beam-induced deposition (FIBID); machine learning; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Introduction A variety of nanomanufacturing techniques, such as optical and electron-beam lithography, nanoimprint lithography, atomic layer

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• thin film of normal metal (the absorber is an element sensitive to incoming radiation) and two NIS junctions that act as a thermometer. An SEM view of the SINIS detector was shown in Figure 1a–f. Often SINIS detectors are considered as classical devices with the optical response equivalent to the

• magnetron sputtering with separate lithography, and (f) single SINIS detector with suspended Hf absorber. Aharonov–Bohm structure. (а) SEM image of the sample made by Manhattan-type SINIS fabrication and (b) I–V curve and dynamic resistance of the Aharonov–Bohm interferometer at 330 mK. NIS thermometer

• series array. (a) Schematic view of a thermometer with a chain of 20 NIS junctions and SEM images of thermometers made by (b) Manhattan technology and (c) magnetron sputtering with separate lithography technology. (a) Ratio of resistance at zero bias to the asymptotic resistance using Equation 7

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• on a silicon substrate. Each unit cell in the pattern contains different shapes as shown in the SEM image in Figure 6a. The tapered arms of crosses and ribbons shrink to reach a nominal minimum feature size of 20 nm. Figure 6b shows a FM-AFM image of the 1 µm × 1 µm scan area corresponding to the

• Δf. (a) SEM image of the second test sample. The zoomed inset highlights the area imaged with FM-AFM in (b). (c) Fast-Fourier transform of the error signal for a single scan line. The x-axis of the plot is converted to frequency through the pixel acquisition rate Δf = 112 Hz. (d) Single scan line

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• potential cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles within the complex and dynamic oral environment [15][20]. A significant number of selected studies (n = 23; 24.1%) also failed to perform advanced physicochemical characterizations, such as FTIR, SEM, or XRD, which are essential for confirming nanoparticle

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• scalability, adsorbent nanomaterials offer a strong foundation for sustainable solutions that safeguard both human health and aquatic ecosystems. Sources and distribution of MPs in environmental systems. An illustration of the four main groups and mechanisms of adsorbent nanomaterials. SEM and TEM image of

• synthesized Co-MOFs for removing MPs. SEM images of (a) CeO2, (b) CeO2 3D flower-spheres, (c, d) ZIF-67 before and after calcination at 500 °C, (e, f) ZIF-67-90@CeO2, and (g, h) Co–N/C-90@CeO2 composites. TEM images of (i) CeO2 3D flower-spheres, (j) Co–N/C-90@CeO2 composite. (k) Enlarged TEM image of Co–N/C

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• CXCL9/10 expression in Schwann cells [114]. Particle size and stability of the formulation in the patent were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced uptake in HepG2 cells, as confirmed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, and achieved a

• cell cycle arrest, regulate oxidative stress, enhance metabolic reprogramming, inhibit invasion and metastasis, and modulate immunity and inflammation [129]. The developed nanoparticles underwent physicochemical characterization by SEM, UV–vis spectroscopy, and encapsulation testing, in which the

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• nanoparticles at 1.0% (NPs + Tsv 1.0%). Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the Department of Materials and Engineering of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte for the SEM and AFM analyses. Funding The authors are grateful for the financial support from the National Council for Scientific and

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• retained over 90% of its efficiency even after 6 cycles demonstrates the stability of the CC/NW-450 °C photocatalyst. SEM and XRD data of the catalyst after the recycling experiment are shown in Figure S8 in Supporting Information File 1, from which no remarkable change can be seen because of its high

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• the SEM analysis (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5d). The resulting fluence on the target was estimated to be 118.4 J·cm−2. A Bessel beam pattern was generated using a glass axicon with a base angle α = 7°, which was irradiated with a collimated Gaussian beam of a Nd:YAG laser. A Bessel zone

• , phase composition, and lattice parameters of the formed Si nanostructures were determined from HRTEM images by fast Fourier transformation (FFT). The morphology of the produced nanoparticles was also evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a SUPRA 55WDS microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany

• ) operating at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV. For SEM and Raman measurements, the colloidal solution was deposited onto Al foil by drop casting and dried at room temperature. The Raman measurements were performed under 488 nm excitation using a micro-Raman system (“NanoFlex”, Solar LS, Belarus). The UV–vis

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• spectroscopy was specifically used to confirm the Diels–Alder reaction on the surface of CNTs, and other characterization techniques (SEM, EDX, XRD, TGA, and FTIR) were applied to confirm the successive growth of the dendrimers. Highly dendrimerized CNTs were found to be more effective in removing heavy metal

• with increasing dendrimer functionalization. SEM images are helpful to identify the morphological changes after the functionalization of CNTs. The comparative observation of SEM images of CNTs, CNTs-G1, CNTs-G3, and CNTs-G5 clearly reveals tube shape structure for all the materials confirming no

• thoroughly characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, EDX, TGA, and Raman spectroscopy to confirm the successful functionalization and structural integrity of the materials. The applicability of these dendrimerized CNTs materials for the adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ metal ions from aqueous media was thoroughly

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• caused oxidation, crystallinity loss, and reduced photoactivity due to enhanced grain boundaries. Figure 4 shows SEM images of Ba5Ta4O15 and BaTaOxNy-zp powders after successive laser fragmentation passages. Despite these challenges, prolonged fragmentation improved the photocurrent efficiency

• ) synthesized by LAL were subjected to picosecond laser irradiation in the laser melting in liquids (LML) setup, the particles grew into significantly larger SMSPs (≈230 nm) after multiple laser passages [53]. Figure 5 presents SEM images and corresponding size distributions of Ge-based nanostructures. This

• technique exhibit broader peaks compared to those deposited by laser ablation, where the peaks are narrower and sharper. SEM images of the surface and cross section of the films deposited by the doctor blade method, with varying ZnO layer thicknesses, reveal a noticeable difference in morphology. The films

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• complete as intended and these electrodes were discarded. A thin layer of copper deposition on the exposed platinum nanowire tip was further examined using SEM imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental composition analysis. Figure 2b presents an SEM image of the copper-coated

• nanowire coated with parylene-C polymer, and (d) a laser-exposed platinum electrode. Scale bars are 10 μm. (a) Optical image of electrochemically deposited copper nodule on platinum nanowire tip. Scale bar is 10 μm. (b) SEM image of the deposited thin copper layer on the platinum nanowire tip of an

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• , which can manifest as a metallic sheen when they are present on a substrate [47]. Surface alterations of the membranes are documented using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Figure 4). The CTA membrane’s surface appears smooth and uniform, devoid of visible defects (Figure 4a). Cross-sectional SEM

• the PDA layer (Figure 4e). These Ag nanoparticles, typically appearing as discrete entities, are interspersed among the PDA microspheres, contributing to the membrane’s antimicrobial properties essential for mitigating biofouling in desalination applications. The cross-sectional SEM images, along with

• high-magnification views of the PCTA membrane (Figure 4d), reveal a dense and compact internal structure. At higher magnifications, a thin PDA layer is clearly visible on the surface of the CTA membrane, indicating successful modification of the CTA membrane with PDA. The cross-sectional SEM images of

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• ]. Different techniques are used to evaluate the characteristics of liposomes [122][123][124]. In the case of average particle size, DLS and microscopy techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), TEM, cryogenic TEM, and AFM are used to determine the size of liposomes [122]. The size of liposomes is

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• , finding numerous applications in scientific research. Deep learning models have been used to identify two-dimensional materials in microscopic images [6], characterize mineral composition in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) samples [7], and determine nanotube chirality from transmission electron

• performed SEM characterization. V.P. performed the in situ optical imaging, developed the protocols of data treatment and analyzed the experimental data. This work is partially based on Vladimir Pimonov’s doctoral thesis (“Growth kinetics of individual carbon nanotubes studied by in situ optical microscopy

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• conducted to examine the surface morphology of the samples and precisely measure the depth to which the laser heat affected or penetrated the zone. Imaging was performed using an FEI NOVA NANO SEM 450 scanning electron microscope. External etching was executed using a DC power supply machine, applying a

• incident power at a wavelength of 800 nm. (a) 20 mW, (b) 150 mW, and (c) 300 mW. Showing the EDS elemental analysis for laser-treated and untreated stainless steel surface. (a) SEM image of laser-treated SS substrate, we picked three areas whose EDS spectra are shown in b, c, and d. (e) SEM image of bare

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• perfectly follow the crystallite size evolution. For instance, BiVO4(326) exhibits the largest crystallite size (≈40 nm) but has smaller surface particle aggregates (200–300 nm) than BiVO4(324). This mismatch arises because the particles observed via SEM are often composed of multiple crystalline grains

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• stability, making PE-CEO-infused films promising candidates for biopackaging applications requiring controlled moisture permeability. The surface morphology of the biopackaging materials was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Figure 3). As shown in our previous research, nanocellulose in

• suspension has a size of around 20–30 nm and a length below 300 nm, and size increase due to structural collapse would be seen upon drying [24][46]. A SEM image of the nanocellulose sample is given in Figure 3a. After freeze-drying, some coagulation occurred, increasing the size of the sample to reach ≈4 µm

• materials (BP, rBP, and rCBP) was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), model Primas E (US). The samples were coated with Pt for 30 s prior to measurement. Bioactive properties UV absorption. Transparency and UV absorption of the films were determined using UV–vis spectroscopy in the

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• are in good agreement with the near-equimolar composition of the bulk target (Cr21Mn18Fe21Co18Ni22), determined by both XRF and SEM-EDX measurements, quantifying not only the surface compositions of the corresponding targets but also bulk compositions determined from a target cross-section (Supporting

• sizes of 108 and 153 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the elemental composition of the target was analyzed by SEM-EDX and XRF, differentiating compositions on the upper and lower surfaces of the target as well as the core composition determined by EDX after target slicing. The overall composition of the

• elements in the target is fully homogeneous though it should be noted that the diameter of the used SEM-EDX probe beam is 1 µm. Thus, potential differences in the composition between the different crystallites with average diameters of 108 and 153 nm may not have been resolved. So, it is conceivable that

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• (Supporting Information File 1, Section S12) and the non-tilted condenser model was much easier to compute. To enable a more precise quantitative analysis, we first extensively characterized the gold nanospheres by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, Supporting Information File 1

• , Section S13) to determine the nanosphere’s shape, composition, diameter, and density. Both SEM and TEM showed that the nanospheres were indeed roughly spherical and of similar size (Supporting Information File 1, Section S13). Specifically, we measured the diameter of 35 nanospheres by SEM and obtained a

• enables us to accurately calculate their expected radial intensity profiles and absorptions. We then collected 3D TXM images of nine different nanospheres, each of which had been pre-imaged by SEM to determine its diameter. Based on the SEM images, these nine nanospheres were selected to exclude the

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• occurred for all coatings. In particular, an increase in ion beam current led to a reduction in crystallite size by approximately 30% compared to coatings prepared by conventional EBE process. The average anatase crystallite size for annealed films was in the range of 30.8 to 43.5 nm. A detailed SEM

• Fisher Scientific Raman Microscope), and SEM imaging (FEI Nova NanoSEM 230) were carried out to evaluate the structural properties and morphology of the prepared coatings. The optical characteristics of the prepared films were investigated with the use of an Ocean Optics QE65000 spectrophotometer in the

• observed at approximately 139, 193, 393, 512, and 635 cm−1 confirms the occurrence of the anatase phase in the annealed coatings (Figure 2) [40][41]. Figure 3 presents SEM images of the surface and cross sections of TiO2 thin films before and after post-process annealing. In the case of as-prepared TiO2

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• . The surface morphology of the original substances and the PBS/CNTs nanocomposites was studied using SEM (Figure 1). In Figure 1a, the typical surface structure of PBS is visible. CNTs appear as agglomerates ranging from 500 nm to 200 μm, composed of woven nanotubes with an outer diameter of 14 to 28

• nm and a length of up to 40 μm (Figure 1b). The microstructure of PBS/CNT_10 (Figure 1c) and PBS/CNT_0.5 (Figure 1d) samples is quite similar. In the SEM images of both samples, small white inclusions (nanotubes) ranging from 24 to 200 nm in size are evenly distributed over the surface. On the

• film sample made of original PBS (denoted PBS) was also prepared. A schematic diagram of the two-stage process for obtaining the nanocomposite and the film based on it is shown in Figure 8. Characterizations A scanning electron microscope (SEM), Hitachi SU8010 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), was used to

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• –sample interaction, often leading to an underestimation of mitochondrial apparent height due to applied cantilever pressure [22][25]. Similarly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) offers high-resolution imaging but requires mitochondria to be chemically fixed, stained, and sectioned, which precludes the

• membrane fluctuations; S6: SEM measurements of the polystyrene microspheres; S7: Details of the imaging dishes and SICM setup; S8: SEM measurements and other details of the nanopipettes; S9: Further information about the hopping mode at our SICM setup. Supporting Information File 4: Additional experimental

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• storage. The size distribution, morphology, and crystallinity of PG-CDs-AgNPs were further characterized by SEM and TEM analysis. The SEM image of PG-CDs-AgNPs (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2a) reveals that PG-CDs-AgNPs possess spherical and distorted spherical structure. Supporting Information

• Information Supporting Information File 2: Experimental procedures including materials details and characterizations; Schematic representation; BET isotherm and pore size distribution plot; SEM, EDX, and elemental mapping of PG-CDs-AgNPs; ASC device fabrication method; Table for the comparison of cyclic

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• and 6.50 mA using an Al Kα. The morphologies and elemental analyses of rGO and the NCs were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi, S-4800). The structural analysis of these fabricated NCs was examined using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, FEI Tecnai G2

• exfoliation of graphene sheets. On the other hand, the SEM micrograph of GVF demonstrates the dispersion of the nanorods of VO2 and NPs on Fe2O3 on the graphene surface (Figure 4c,d). It is important to note that the morphological analysis of GVF displays a porous nature, which is also favorable for

• demonstrating improved magnetic characteristics due to alterations in the electronic structure. To further comprehend the elemental composition of GVF, the elemental analysis was also performed, and the corresponding elemental distribution and EDX spectrum are shown in Figure 5a,b. The SEM image displays a wide