Development of a new hybrid approach combining AFM and SEM for the nanoparticle dimensional metrology

• Loïc Crouzier,
• Alexandra Delvallée,
• Sébastien Ducourtieux,
• Laurent Devoille,
• Guillaume Noircler,
• Christian Ulysse,
• Olivier Taché,
• Elodie Barruet,
• Christophe Tromas and
• Nicolas Feltin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1523–1536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.150

• and TEM) of 27.8 nm with 1.5 nm uncertainty (k = 2) [16]. The third sample, Klebosol® 30R50, is a commercially available bimodal silica NP suspension. It is used for applications concerning catalysis, leather treatment, paints and coatings, and textiles. A complete dimensional characterization of this

Playing with covalent triazine framework tiles for improved CO₂ adsorption properties and catalytic performance

• Giulia Tuci,
• Andree Iemhoff,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Lapo Luconi,
• Andrea Rossin,
• Vasiliki Papaefthimiou,
• Regina Palkovits,
• Jens Artz,
• Cuong Pham-Huu and
• Giuliano Giambastiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1217–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.121

• isotherm profiles typical of bimodal micro-mesoporous materials with complex and ill-defined pore networks (see Supporting Information File 1, Figures S2A,A′ and S2B,B′). As found for related CTF samples previously synthesized by us under similar reaction conditions [30], CTF2 presents a type-IV isotherm

• mixtures of 4,5-dicyanoimidazole (DCI, III) and 1,4-dicyanobenzene (p-DCB, I) or 4,4′-dicyanobiphenyl (DCBP, II), has provided amorphous polymers with variable (from moderate to high) specific surface areas and bimodal micro-mesoporous morphologies. In particular, the greater the size of the para-dicyano

Experimental study of an evanescent-field biosensor based on 1D photonic bandgap structures

• Jad Sabek,
• Francisco Javier Díaz-Fernández,
• Luis Torrijos-Morán,
• Zeneida Díaz-Betancor,
• Ángel Maquieira,
• María-José Bañuls,
• Elena Pinilla-Cienfuegos and
• Jaime García-Rupérez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 967–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.97

• Mach–Zehnder interferometers or bimodal waveguides, respectively. By using this type of structures, outstanding results have been obtained for the specific detection of a wide range of analytes, reaching detect limits even below the nanogram-per-milliliter range for protein detection [5] and below the

Polydopamine-coated Au nanorods for targeted fluorescent cell imaging and photothermal therapy

• Boris N. Khlebtsov,
• Andrey M. Burov,
• Timofey E. Pylaev and
• Nikolai G. Khlebtsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 794–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.79

• potentials under acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively. For CTAB- and PEG-coated AuNRs, DLS measurements showed similar bimodal size distributions, corresponding to rotational and translational diffusion (Figure S2A,B, Supporting Information File 1). PDA-coated nanorods in Tris buffer (pH 8.5

Gold nanoparticles embedded in a polymer as a 3D-printable dichroic nanocomposite material

• Lars Kool,
• Anton Bunschoten,
• Aldrik H. Velders and
• Vittorio Saggiomo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 442–447, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.43

• larger than 1.2 have been shown to possess dichroic properties [17]. Even a bimodal size distribution of spherical nanoparticles may present dichroism as well [18]. The presented synthesis is easy and fast, as it takes only few minutes to obtain the dichroic solution after the addition of the citrate

pH-mediated control over the mesostructure of ordered mesoporous materials templated by polyion complex micelles

• Emilie Molina,
• Mélody Mathonnat,
• Jason Richard,
• Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes,
• Martin In,
• Philippe Dieudonné,
• Thomas Cacciaguerra,
• Corine Gérardin and
• Nathalie Marcotte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.14

• until pH 6 (Table 1), then to the appearance of a bimodal distribution with dpore = 5.7 and 7.2 nm, with the fraction of the larger mesopores increasing with pH (from 12% to 48%). Accordingly, the mesopore volume increased within that pH range. Such observations reveal an increase of the mean radius of

• cylindrical mesopores, thus evolves towards a mixture of less-ordered worm-like/lamellar structures with larger pore diameter and the subsequent appearance of a bimodal distribution of mesopores at higher pH. It is noted that from pH 4.5 to 6.9, the pH increase leads to a decrease of the mean curvature of the

Effect of electrospinning process variables on the size of polymer fibers and bead-on-string structures established with a 2³ factorial design

• Paulina Korycka,
• Adam Mirek,
• Katarzyna Kramek-Romanowska,
• Marcin Grzeczkowicz and
• Dorota Lewińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2466–2478, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.231

• the fiber size was noticed. Besides, for concentrations higher than 8%, a bimodal fiber size distribution was obtained. Many authors describe the formation of bead-on-string structures during the process of electrospinning as an undesirable phenomenon. They clearly state that there is a certain limit

Nanoconjugates of a calixresorcinarene derivative with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) fragments for drug encapsulation

• Alina M. Ermakova,
• Julia E. Morozova,
• Yana V. Shalaeva,
• Victor V. Syakaev,
• Aidar T. Gubaidullin,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Vladimir V. Zobov,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Olga B. Bazanova,
• Igor S. Antipin and
• Alexander I. Konovalov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2057–2070, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.195

• using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and a the bimodal particle size distribution of 3 was observed in aqueous solution. The detailed DLS data are presented in Table S1, Supporting Information File 1. In Figure 3a the intensity-averaged size distribution is presented. It shows that in the solution are

• , Supporting Information File 1). This means that the F value mainly grows due to the release of Dox from 3 + Dox micelles, which is observed already at physiological temperature (about 40 °С). DLS method showed a bimodal particle distribution with averaged diameters of 28 and 122 nm in 3 + Dox micelles in 0.9

Imaging of viscoelastic soft matter with small indentation using higher eigenmodes in single-eigenmode amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy

• Miead Nikfarjam,
• Enrique A. López-Guerra,
• Santiago D. Solares and
• Babak Eslami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1116–1122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.103

• versatility of the instrument, it has been proposed to use higher cantilever eigenmodes, either by themselves in single-eigenmode imaging [6][7][8][9] or within multifrequency techniques [10]. For example, in the original multifrequency AFM method, introduced by Garcia and coworkers and known as bimodal AFM

• higher eigenmodes. After briefly discussing the key theoretical concepts, we present numerical and experimental results involving the use of AM-AFM with the first eigenmode, AM-AFM with the second eigenmode, and bimodal AFM using the first two eigenmodes, and offer a simple guideline for the

• eigenmode, and bimodal AFM using the first two eigenmodes. In all cases, the product(s) kiAi of the active eigenmode(s) was/were kept constant. Figure 2a presents the peak force observed during the cantilever trajectory as a function of the setpoint ratio of the modulated amplitude. Figure 2b presents the

Lyapunov estimation for high-speed demodulation in multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert,
• Michael R. P. Ragazzon and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 490–498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.47

• harmonic methods have demonstrated the ability to image relatively large biological objects, such as cells [14][15], while bimodal AFM has successfully imaged properties of protein complexes [16]. Intermodulation AFM is a novel extension to the bimodal method that focuses on the mixing products of a

• slightly below and above resonance bimodal drive. It has been shown to achieve increased image contrast [17] and lead to further insights into nanomechanical properties [18]. Regardless of which particular MF-AFM method is employed, they each require the demodulation of amplitude and phase to form

Anchoring of a dye precursor on NiO(001) studied by non-contact atomic force microscopy

• Sara Freund,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Nathalie Marinakis,
• Edwin C. Constable,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Catherine E. Housecroft and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 242–249, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.26

•  2 shows topography images of the bare NiO(001) surface measured by bimodal nc-AFM using both the first normal and torsional resonance frequency of the cantilever. In this mode high stability and resolution can be combined in order to get detailed information at the atomic scale even under room

• between the NiO surface and the dye precursor molecule DCPDMbpy. Conclusion We have presented high-resolution topographic measurements using bimodal nc-AFM at room temperature of the anchoring part of a larger dye molecule (DCPDMbpy) adsorbed on a NiO(001) crystal surface. The surface structure of NiO(001

Hyperthermic intracavitary nanoaerosol therapy (HINAT) as an improved approach for pressurised intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC): Technical description, experimental validation and first proof of concept

• Daniel Göhler,
• Stephan Große,
• Alexander Bellendorf,
• Thomas Albert Falkenstein,
• Mehdi Ouaissi,
• Jürgen Zieren,
• Michael Stintz and
• Urs Giger-Pabst

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2729–2740, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.272

• -weighted median diameter of 63 nm. This is a significant contrast to the bimodal size distribution offered by PIPAC-MIP for which a volume-weighted median droplet size of 25 µm was already observed by Göhler et al. [13]. The number-weighted median diameter of the fine PIPAC-MIP droplet fraction (i.e., <2.5

High-stress study of bioinspired multifunctional PEDOT:PSS/nanoclay nanocomposites using AFM, SEM and numerical simulation

• Alfredo J. Diaz,
• Hanaul Noh,
• Tobias Meier and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2069–2082, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.207

• fabricated by a simple solvent casting method. Nanoscale out-of-plane current is studied with conductive-AFM (C-AFM) and correlated with the film mechanical parameters obtained from contact-resonance force microscopy (CRFM). Then, high-pressure (few GPa) is applied locally to the surface by means of bimodal

• AFM, which is expected to modify the spacing of the embedded nanoclay particles, causing a change in the electrical conductivity and local mechanical properties. Bimodal AFM, together with numerical AFM simulation and SEM, is used to infer the internal distribution of the nanoclay. Finally, a one

• coatings, with the added multifunctionalities related to the nacre-like structure (i.e., gas barrier behavior, fire retardancy, etc.). Distribution of nanoclay in the film The distribution of nanoclay near the surface was investigated by bimodal AFM for the Laponite RD films. Bimodal AFM [61] is a dynamic

α-((4-Cyanobenzoyl)oxy)-ω-methyl poly(ethylene glycol): a new stabilizer for silver nanoparticles

• Jana Lutze,
• Miguel A. Bañares,
• Marcos Pita,
• Andrea Haase,
• Andreas Luch and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 627–635, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.67

• metal nanoparticles that is based on a cyano rather than a thiol or thiolate anchor group. The silver particles used to evaluate the effectiveness of the new stabilizer typically have a bimodal size distribution with hydrodynamic diameters of ca. 13 and ca. 79 nm. Polymer stability was evaluated as a

• dispersion at pH 7 via dynamic light scattering (DLS) yields a hydrodynamic radius Rh of around 60 nm after dialysis; often the samples have a bimodal size distribution (Table 1). Figure 2C shows Raman spectra of a dispersion of CBAmPEG@SNP and of an aqueous solution of the pure polymer CBAmPEG. The intense

• distributions. DLS sometimes detects bimodal size distributions and in other cases monomodal but very broad distributions. This is also reflected in the rather large deviations from the mean value of Rh (Table 1) and is consistent with the UV–vis spectra (Figure 2). Discussion Stable nanoparticle dispersions

Analysis and modification of defective surface aggregates on PCDTBT:PCBM solar cell blends using combined Kelvin probe, conductive and bimodal atomic force microscopy

• Hanaul Noh,
• Alfredo J. Diaz and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 579–589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.62

• modification of unidentified surface aggregates. The aggregates are characterized electrically by Kelvin probe force microscopy and conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM), whereby the correlation between local electrical potential and current confirms a defective charge transport. Bimodal AFM modification

• blend–electrode interface. In addition, we use bimodal AFM, a multifrequency AFM technique [18], to modify and remove the surface molecular layers. The series of AFM analyses and modification performed can be useful to better understand the nature of PSC surface defects. A detailed description of the

• considered for a proper fundamental understanding of the device physics and chemistry [32][33][34]. Nevertheless, the simulation provides useful qualitative insight for understanding C-AFM measurements on PSCs. Modification of surface aggregates by bimodal AFM Since the surface aggregates are defective with

Nanoanalytics for materials science

• Thilo Glatzel and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1674–1675, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.159

• high-sensitivity chemical information at the nanoscale are of utmost importance for future developments [1]. One of the possible approaches is based on bimodal or even multimodal nanoanalysis, which was increasingly developed during the last decade. Other important aspects that have to be considered

Tunable longitudinal modes in extended silver nanoparticle assemblies

• Serene S. Bayram,
• Klas Lindfors and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1219–1228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.113

• of a well-defined bimodal spectral response. These parameters can be chemically manipulated, resulting in tunable optical properties throughout the visible range. The optical properties of metal nanoparticles are primarily derived from interactions between electromagnetic waves and delocalized

• temperatures. These robust AgNPs assemblies are comparably thermally resistant to previously described self-assembled gold nanoparticles [38] allowing for a broader blue-shifted bimodal optical tuning of plasmonic assemblies. To further examine the influence of hydrogen bonding on the assembly, the thiol and

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques III

• Thilo Glatzel and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1052–1054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.98

• interaction in liquid media [28]. A software package, dForce, was also presented that allows for a better understanding of amplitude modulation and bimodal AFM experiments in air or liquid [29]. A method for the calibration of the torsional force by using human fibronectin and its monoclonal antibody was

Generalized Hertz model for bimodal nanomechanical mapping

• Aleksander Labuda,
• Marta Kocuń,
• Waiman Meinhold,
• Deron Walters and
• Roger Proksch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 970–982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.89

• Aleksander Labuda Marta Kocun Waiman Meinhold Deron Walters Roger Proksch Asylum Research, an Oxford Instruments company, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117, USA 10.3762/bjnano.7.89 Abstract Bimodal atomic force microscopy uses a cantilever that is simultaneously driven at two of its eigenmodes (resonant

• are sensitive to the tip–sample nanomechanical interaction parameters. To demonstrate this, a generalized theoretical framework for extracting nanomechanical sample properties from bimodal experiments is presented based on Hertzian contact mechanics. Three modes of operation for measuring cantilever

• experimental data and extract a shape and size of the tip interacting with a polystyrene surface. Keywords: bimodal atomic force microscopy; bimodal spectroscopy; contact mechanics; multifrequency; nanomechanical mapping; nanomechanics; Introduction Over the decades since its invention [1] the atomic force

Correlative infrared nanospectroscopic and nanomechanical imaging of block copolymer microdomains

• Benjamin Pollard and
• Markus B. Raschke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 605–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.53

• (Figure 5c,d) channels, which are predominantly sensitive to chemical composition. The bivariate histograms (Figure 5a,c) show a distinct bimodal distribution, more apparent than in the histogram of each channel alone (shown in projection onto respective axes), which is further exemplified by summing

• perpendicular to the direction of correlation (solid line). A bimodal distribution is apparent, indicative of separate populations of distinct chemistry and nanomechanical properties.

Nanoscale effects in the characterization of viscoelastic materials with atomic force microscopy: coupling of a quasi-three-dimensional standard linear solid model with in-plane surface interactions

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 554–571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.49

• of imaging parameters that the user can vary generally increases with the sophistication of the method; for example, bimodal AFM requires more imaging parameters than single-mode amplitude-modulation AFM [34]. With regards to the complexity in the tip–sample interactions (described in the previous

Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in pure water and in chloride solution

• Brunella Perito,
• Emilia Giorgetti,
• Paolo Marsili and
• Maurizio Muniz-Miranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 465–473, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.40

• obtained by laser ablation [32]. In order to study the long-term colloidal stability and the electrical characteristics of the NP surface, the zeta potential was measured. The obtained values are reported in Table 1. Apart from the AgNPsLiClps sample, all samples exhibited a bimodal distribution of the

• distribution, as shown in Figure 3a (diameter 2.2 nm; σ− = 1.3 nm; σ+ = 3.0 nm). Also, for samples produced with ns PLAL, the addition of LiCl to the ablation environment caused an increase in NP size, more markedly than for the ps-ablated sample. The ns-ablated sample had a bimodal size distribution, where

Charge and heat transport in soft nanosystems in the presence of time-dependent perturbations

• Alberto Nocera,
• Carmine Antonio Perroni,
• Vincenzo Marigliano Ramaglia and
• Vittorio Cataudella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 439–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.39

High-bandwidth multimode self-sensing in bimodal atomic force microscopy

• Michael G. Ruppert and
• S. O. Reza Moheimani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 284–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.26

• strain sensitivity on the fifth eigenmode leading to a remarkable signal-to-noise ratio. Experimental results using bimodal AFM imaging on a two component polymer sample validate that the self-sensing scheme can therefore be used to provide both the feedback signal, for topography imaging on the

• elimination of the piezoelectric base actuator and the OBD sensor from the cantilever instrumentation setup, avoiding tedious laser alignment and distorted frequency responses. In this contribution, we demonstrate that the self-sensing method can be extended to MF-AFM techniques such as bimodal imaging by

• to strain sensitivity. The applicability of the multimodal self-sensing principle is verified by bimodal AFM experiments to obtain qualitative phase contrast on the higher eigenmode when imaging a soft polymer blend. Modeling Piezoelectric constitutive laws By sputtering a piezoelectric layer to the

Surface coating affects behavior of metallic nanoparticles in a biological environment

• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Ivona Capjak,
• Tea Crnković,
• Marija Lovrić,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Ivana Vinković Vrček and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 246–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.23

• were monomodal only for AOTAgNPs. Volume-weighted size distributions were bimodal for all of the other investigated NPs, with the exception of CTAAgNPs for which distributions showed three peak maximums. In terms of size, the majority of AgNPs had a dH that ranged from 5 to 25 nm. As expected, the

• , remaining from the original synthesis. For CITAgNPs, PVPAgNPs, TweenAgNPs, BSAAgNPs and PLLSPIONs, characterized by a bimodal size distribution in UW, interaction with BSA led to a monomodal size distribution in which all NPs were covered by several BSA molecules. For the NPs that were agglomerated in BM