Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• corona formation (upon incubation in FBS). The nanoparticles showed low cytotoxicity for SH-SY5Y cells (viabilities of ca. 100% for nanoparticle concentrations equal or lower than 0.23 mg/mL), high cellular uptake (in SH-SY5Y cells), and dose-dependent antioxidant activity. The properties of the PIC

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• oxygen species production, and showed low dark cytotoxicity. By investigating the cellular uptake, it was established that these dots penetrated the HeLa cells and could be used as probes for bioimaging. Keywords: antibacterial; bioimaging; carbon quantum dots; precursor; reactive oxygen species

• composites has a crucial effect on the properties of CQDs/PU composites. Cellular uptake Photobleaching limits the use of hydrophobic probes (e.g., Nile red) [50]. CQDs can be used as probes for bioimaging because of the tuneable strong photoluminescence and high resistance to photobleaching. In order to

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• could be associated stably to Au-LNPs, and the release of BODIPY from AB-LNPs could be accelerated by laser irradiation. AB-LNPs are scalable and showed excellent photothermal effects. AB-LNPs showed enhanced cellular uptake efficiency compared to free BODIPY in 4T1 breast cancer cells. Under laser

• -LNPs with optimized particle size and polydispersity index (PDI), and then mixed BDP with Au-LNPs to obtain both Au- and BDP-grafted LNPs (AB-LNPs). The physiochemical characteristics, the photothermal properties, and the stabilities of AB-LNPs were studied in detail. The cellular uptake efficiency and

• 10% FBS. The cells were cultured in a humidified incubator with atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C. Cellular uptake studies 4T1 cells were grown in 12-well plates and cultured for 24 h. The cells were incubated with free BDP (30 μM) and AB-LNPs (with a BDP concentration of 30 μM and a Au concentration of

Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• carboxyl groups of PLGA at the NP surface [43]. CS is a cationic heteropolysaccharide, which promotes cellular uptake, mucoadhesiveness, and tissue penetration [42]. Therefore, CS interacts easily with negatively charged groups at the surface of the NPs and increases the tissue penetration. Morphology of

• DCX-loaded nanoparticles Morphological properties of NPs are among the most important factors influencing the efficacy of drugs and determining the fate of NP systems. It has been reported that the NP morphology significantly affects circulation time and cellular uptake of NPs [44]. Morphological

• concentration (p < 0.05). Additionally, CS/PLGA NPs exhibited a higher anticancer activity than DCX-PLGA formulations (p < 0.05). It is suggested that this is related to the positively charged surface of the CS-coated PLGA NPs and a strong cellular interaction resulting in increased cellular uptake. In the

Design and selection of peptides to block the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by molecular docking

• Kendra Ramirez-Acosta,
• Ivan A. Rosales-Fuerte,
• J. Eduardo Perez-Sanchez,
• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Josue Juarez and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 699–711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.62

• previously by Qiao & Olvera, who designed a negatively charged EELE tetrapeptide to neutralize the SARS-CoV-2-RBD–ACE2 binding [25]. It is important to note that the analyzed peptides have a nearly neutral charge, thus they have a low probability of unspecific interactions with other molecules, cellular

• uptake, or macrophage recognition [42][43][44][45][46]. It is important to note that RBD residues from Glu484 to Tyr505, Arg403 to Tyr421, and Tyr449 to Ala475 are involved in the docking of the APD peptides, as was previously reported by Othman and co-workers [6]. Figure 2 shows the mapping of these

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• living cells was observed gradually (Figure 6b and Figure 6e), indicating that GSH-Rh6G2 and GNPs-GSH-Rh6G2 could enter the cells and that the release of RGCOOH was triggered by intracellular Hg2+. Importantly, we found that the cellular uptake of GNPs-GSH-Rh6G2 was higher than that of GSH-Rh6G2. This

Systematic studies into uniform synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Nahal Habibi,
• Ava Mauser,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 274–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.22

• response at the cellular level. Several studies [28][29][30] have shown that considerations such as aspect ratio, stiffness/deformability, and particle surface roughness (deviation of circularity) can have a comparable impact on cellular uptake and/or endosomal escape. Hence, it is important to incorporate

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• -functionalized, or post-synthetically modified by adding various surfactants or dopants or organic molecules. The size of the nanomaterial also determines the type of immune response elicited by the body (endocytosis/cellular uptake) [21]. Xu et al. reported that the size of the pores is an essential parameter

• cervical tumors by incorporating zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) as photosensitizer into TiO2 nps. The result showed a higher cellular uptake of ZnPc-TiO2 and an increased PDT efficiency compared ot Zn alone [114]. Since photocatalytic absorption generally occurs at the surface, surface modification acts as the

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• time. However, a weak fluorescence signal was observed in the tumor site of the mice treated with free Ce6. Designing nanoplatforms responsive to pH, enzymes, and photothermal stimuli is critical to enhance cellular uptake and control PS release [79][80][81]. Nanoplatforms responsive to pH undergo

• conformational changes through various mechanisms, such as protonation, charge inversion, or chemical bond cleavage, promoting tumor-specific cellular uptake or drug release [82]. Sun et al. [83] coupled tryptophan-glycine (WG) to hydrophobic porphyrins (P) by an amidation reaction to obtain pH-responsive

• linked by ester bonds, which help to maintain the camptothecin ring stability. The assembly can effectively enhance blood circulation, tumor accumulation and cellular uptake. In addition, arginine-modified camptothecin can be combined with anionic cisplatin–polyglutamic acid through electrostatic

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• antibiotics of this class, like ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin. The quantification of the intra-macrophage accumulation of NOR shows that, cellular uptake is greatly facilitated by drug coated systems too, compared to free drug. Although both drug-coated nanoparticle systems enhance the drug uptake, due to

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• characteristic of the tumor microenvironment (pH 6.5) and subcellular endosomes (pH 5.0). Regarding its apoptotic effects, a high anticancer activity was found when assayed against a breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231), an effect that was accompanied by an enhanced cellular uptake in cells that overexpressed

• the expulsion of the bioactive compound and, therefore, a rapid initial release [66]. Curcumin-loaded SLN were tested in vitro against MDA-MB-231 cells, which revealed a significantly higher cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and induced apoptosis, as compared to F-CUR [67]. Curcumin-based SLN have shown

• receptors), while the enhanced effect of permeation and retention was considered for passive targeting. Results showed improved in vitro cellular uptake, targeting capability, and cytotoxicity against the human colon cancer cell line HCT116, which was related to early apoptosis after 24 h of incubation. On

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• become subjected to cavitation, thus promoting cellular uptake and delivery of entrapped drug/agents into the desired area [127]. Acoustic droplet vaporization has been carried out with many liquids whose boiling points are close to the body temperature. Fluorocarbons, especially perfluorocarbons (PFCs

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• Table 1) after 0, 1, 4, and 24 h of incubation. The media AGF, ALF, and CCM can be used to evaluate the AgNP transformation during their passage from the gastrointestinal system into the body, after entering the extracellular matrix and going through cellular uptake. Furthermore, the behaviour of AgNPs

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• . Mass balance data for each person after AgNP and AgNO3 treatments are presented in Table S1 (Supporting Information File 1). At concentrations of 10, 100, 500 and 1000 µg·L−1 PVP-AgNPs, the ratio between cellular uptake and content in the supernatant did not show any significant increase or trend

• strongly to the cells) after AgNO3 treatment compared to NP treatment at concentrations of 500 and 1000 µg·L−1, which is consistent with findings from previous studies [28]. The higher cellular uptake of Ag in the form of ions is possibly related to a higher uptake rate for dissolved Ag [51] or because of

• the effect of cell type and the kinetics of cellular uptake or sorption [40]. Human PBMCs primarily consist of monocytes and lymphocytes (mostly T cells). Monocytes are known for their phagocytic properties and phagocytosis is suggested as one of the possible mechanisms for Ag uptake by cells [7]. As

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• involved in the internalization of polyethylene glycol-coated MNPs. Our data indicate that surface engineering can contribute to an enhanced delivery efficiency of nanoparticles. Keywords: bovine serum albumin; cellular uptake; magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; polyethylene glycol; surface coating

• cellular uptake of nanoparticles. Therefore, initial experiments were focused on the expression of clathrin heavy chain (CLHC), dynamin (Dyn), caveolin-1 (Cav1), and its phosphorylated form (pCav1) in A549 cells. The expression of CLHC and Cav1 was determined at the protein (Supporting Information File 1

• distinct pathway(s) underlying cellular uptake and the parameters influencing this process is of great importance for the design of new tailored nanovectors for different cells/tissues in biomedical applications. It is well documented that the physicochemical parameters of nanoparticles substantially

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• silica is highly stable over a broad pH range. Thus, it is expected that it protects UCNP cores [40] even if the pH is reduced to values of approx. 4.5–5 in lysosomes during cellular uptake processes [41]. In the present work, the cytotoxicity of UCNP cores coated with silica shells was investigated in

• longer than 24 h can be used in future experiments to determine the influence of prolonged contact with UCNP-containing particles and a small amount of released ions on cytotoxicity. Cellular uptake Flow cytometry can provide qualitative and quantitative information about internalized particles in cells

• , consequently, their cytotoxicity. This assumption is well supported by cell viability, ion release, cellular uptake, and cell cycle assays, even if other factors (e.g., surface functionalization and subsequent effects, such as agglomeration) also influence these processes. However, it was shown that silica

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• evaluated in terms of drug loading, in vitro release, cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 cells and cellular uptake. The results showed that all CNT carriers had a high drug loading capacity. In comparison with CNTs-COOH and CNTs-PEG, CNTs-PEG-PEI showed a more rapid drug release under acidic conditions and a higher

• drugs. Keywords: antitumor activity; cellular uptake; PEG functionalization; PEI functionalization; poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG); polyethylenimine (PEI); single-walled carbon nanotubes; Introduction To date, chemotherapy is the most common therapy for cancer treatment. However, the inability of

• chemotherapy, was used as a model drug to be loaded [31]. Drug loading capacity, in vitro release characteristics, the killing efficacy of modified CNTs on the MCF-7 cell line, and cellular uptake efficacy were further investigated to assess the advantage of the difunctionalized CNT carriers over unmodified

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• gene delivery systems aimed at penetrating specific target cells, we focused on safe and non-viral gene delivery materials with a high transfection efficiency. Although various techniques have been developed, the mechanisms underlying the cellular uptake of gene delivery materials have not yet been

• advantages in using CaP for gene delivery, the transfection efficiency of CaP/DNA is relatively low according to various preparation parameters [10]. In particular, particle aggregation needs to be improved in order to reduce cellular uptake through the endocytic pathway. Hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

• , this method may provide a solution to the current problem of using calcium phosphate. The cellular uptake performance is important for a successful vector-mediated gene transfection. In the cellular uptake process, the internalization pathway is an essential factor to prevent the fate of lysosomal

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• conclusions. Which is the best coating for cellular uptake or for reduced cell uptake and longer circulation time? Or which synthesis conditions are the best for low cytotoxicity? Similar in vitro conditions led to different results, and in vivo analyses changed the entire setting, having no correspondence to

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• conjugated with each ligand and their cellular uptake by brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) was tested [153]. It was shown that the cellular uptake of liposomes functionalized with peptide-22 was significantly higher than that of liposomes conjugated with angiopep-2 or T7. A dual-crossing glioma

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

Nanoarchitectonics: bottom-up creation of functional materials and systems

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 450–452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.36

• ] gives insight into this interesting field of research which has great potential. The nanoarchitectonics concept has been applied for various bio-related applications, for example, in the small-protein-induced cellular uptake of complex nanohybrids [30], the controlled drug release from layered double

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• the formula (L·w2)/2 where L and w stand for tumor length and width, respectively. Cellular uptake of CCMV and BMV viruses. (a) Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of MCF-7 cells treated with virus–NanoOrange (green channel). (b) Representative flow cytometry data (c) and the statistical

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• the targeting ligand to its receptor [30]. Moreover, it is difficult to control the targeting ligand density and its orientation. Both factors are important for the recognition by cell receptors and can affect cellular uptake [31][32]. Several reviews have summarized these and other similar challenges

• properties on the cellular uptake and on other biological effects [145][165]. Unfortunately, still no clear predictions can be made on how certain nanoparticle properties affect uptake efficiency and the mechanisms involved, and more work along these lines will be required [145][165]. Recent debates in the