A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

• minimized and the design has to be kept as symmetrical as possible to reduce thermal drift; third, the design must allow for a precise adjustment of the pressure of the sliders towards the sapphire rails for the xy-directions. All these conditions can be fulfilled with a concentric design, where the shear

• stacks and sliders with temperature are at least partially compensated by those of the scan piezo. Together with the highly symmetric design along the x and y axes, this further reduces the thermal drift. Moreover, any mechanical excitation of the instrument, for example, from floor or acoustic

Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water

• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Emrullah Kargin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82

• twice (once for each harmonic of the electrostatic response) and the associated errors due to sample drift or other temporal changes in the state of the tip and/or the sample. (3) Performance is optimal when the first harmonic of the electrostatic force occurs on the first eigenmode. (4) Smaller VAC is

Hierachical epicuticular wax coverage on leaves of Deschampsia antarctica as a possible adaptation to severe environmental conditions

• Elena V. Gorb,
• Iryna A. Kozeretska and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 807–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.71

• important abiotic factors affecting the vegetation in Antarctica, is provided mainly by atmospheric water vapor and local melt supplies from fallen snow, drift snow, and permafrost, whereas stream runoff is extremely rare [28]. Precipitation in the Maritime Antarctica ranges from 100 mm per year (Margarita

Efficient liquid exfoliation of KP₁₅ nanowires aided by Hansen's empirical theory

• Zhaoxuan Huang,
• Zhikang Jiang,
• Nan Tian,
• Disheng Yao,
• Fei Long,
• Yanhan Yang and
• Danmin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 788–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.69

• control the temperature. To prevent sample drift, SiO2 (300 nm)/Si substrates with tested KP15 samples were attached by fixtures to the Linkam THMS600 cryostat. Results and Discussion KP15 bulks, prepared by the gas-phase-transfer method, had a flat and smooth surface shown in Figure 1a. The X-ray

Direct measurement of surface photovoltage by AC bias Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yasuhiro Sugawara and
• Yan Jun Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 712–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.63

• photocatalytic semiconductors. The local SPV is generally measured consecutively by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) in darkness and under illumination, in which thermal drift degrades spatial and energy resolutions. In this study, we propose the method of AC bias Kelvin probe force microscopy (AC-KPFM

• ), which controls the AC bias to nullify the modulated signal. We succeeded in directly measuring the local SPV by AC-KPFM with higher resolution, thanks to the exclusion of the thermal drift. We found that AC-KPFM can achieve a SPV response faster by about one to eight orders of magnitude than classical

• microscopy (AFM) [22]. KPFM measures the contact potential difference (CPD), which corresponds to the difference in work function between the tip and the sample, consecutively in darkness and under illumination, to determine the SPV values: SPV = CPDlight − CPDdark. In this method, the thermal drift between

Effect of sample treatment on the elastic modulus of locust cuticle obtained by nanoindentation

• Chuchu Li,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Hamed Rajabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 404–410, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.33

• , strain rate, harmonic displacement, and harmonic frequency were set as 2.0 μm, 0.05 s−1, 1.0 nm, and 75 Hz, respectively. The Poisson’s ratio of the tibia specimens was assumed to be 0.3 [14]. The allowable drift rate was set as 0.10 nm/s to minimize the effect of vibration and thermal drift during

Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• moderate expansion of the sample and thus a drift of the scan area after several scans. Studies of recrystallization on non-biological substrates have the advantage that the substrates are smooth, non-elastic, and have a lower thermal absorption than hydrous biological surfaces when scanned with AFM for

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• fluid drift, form clusters, and attract or repel one another [90]. The acoustic radiation force can be traced back to the publication of Lord Rayleigh in 1902, which was called “the pressure of vibrations” [91]. The radiation force exerted by sound waves was first measured by Altberg [91][92] and the

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• applied to the substrate leads to efficient surface heating and, as a consequence, the induced spatially directed drift of adatoms begins to play a significant role in the formation of surface structures during deposition [8][9][10][11]. Reorganization of the step structure of the adsorbate islands was

Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

• Abhishek Grewal,
• Yuqi Wang,
• Matthias Münks,
• Klaus Kern and
• Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

• from a tip height stabilised at I = 100 pA, V = 10 mV in the valley area and approaching the tip by −250 pm at V = 0 mV. We define this z-height as z = 0. We use the known exponential dependence of the average current on the tip retraction to compensate for any z-drift over the approx. 23 h of data

Determining amplitude and tilt of a lateral force microscopy sensor

• Oliver Gretz,
• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Thomas Holzmann,
• Korbinian Pürckhauer and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 517–524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.42

• . Note that the program will not converge to a solution if eLIM is too small because of noise and factors such as drift. Another problem is the choice of starting values. To try different combinations with equal probability, random starting values within a definable interval were generated. Care has to

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• system (RES) located in the liver and spleen. Such interactions will result in RES-induced sequestration of the NDDSs, drastically reducing its availability in the organ of interest (BM). Additionally, to effectively extravasate, a circulating NDDS firstly needs to drift to the margins of the blood

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• observables we used the nanomorphology and dynamics of lamellipodia and rim features of adhered osteoblasts in the initial phase of cellular adhesion. SICM data evaluation was performed using Gwyddion and Igor Pro. A plane was subtracted from the raw data to cancel out sample tilt and long-term drift. The

Numerical analysis of vibration modes of a qPlus sensor with a long tip

• Kebei Chen,
• Zhenghui Liu,
• Yuchen Xie,
• Chunyu Zhang,
• Gengzhao Xu,
• Wentao Song and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 82–92, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.7

• tuning fork and the wiring in the liquid, a longer tip is required. By keeping the nodes of the tip in the higher-order modes close to the liquid surface, the frequency drift of the sensor can be effectively limited, maintaining a high Q factor [16][17]. By using a qPlus sensor with a long tip, atomic

Absorption and photoconductivity spectra of amorphous multilayer structures

• Oxana Iaseniuc and
• Mihail Iovu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1757–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.158

• spectra and the kinetics of the photocurrent can provide information regarding the mechanisms of generation, recombination, and drift processes of non-equilibrium carriers in amorphous materials. Thus, investigations of stationary and transient characteristics of the photoconductivity of ternary amorphous

• Sn impurities on stationary and transient photoconductivity was demonstrated for amorphous As2Se3Snx thin films [5]. The introduction of Sn in the host material increases the drift mobility and the photosensitivity of the amorphous material. According to 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy studies of the

• , Nt is the concentration of traps, e is the electron charge, µ is the drift mobility, ε is the dielectric constant, t = Δ/(kBT) (Δ is the parameter of the trap distribution, kB is the Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature), V is the applied voltage, and d is the sample thickness. The

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources

• Nico Klingner,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Paul Mazarov,
• Wolfgang Pilz,
• Fabian Meyer and
• Lothar Bischoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1742–1749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.156

• drift are not explicitly considered in this work, since they are not a fundamental limitation but rather depend on the tool and the setup. Experimental Depending on the application, a FIB column can be operated in different modes. High currents can be obtained in a crossover mode (large-diameter

• the neglected ion beam stability, mechanical vibrations, drift, or electromagnetic fields during realistic long-term milling processes for light ions due to the small sputter yield (0.12 for 30 keV He in Au [34]). Additionally, large fluences, necessary for deep milling, often cannot be applied when

Amorphized length and variability in phase-change memory line cells

• Nafisa Noor,
• Sadid Muneer,
• Raihan Sayeed Khan,
• Anna Gorbenko and
• Helena Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1644–1654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.147

• unpredictable programming feature in phase-change memory devices can be utilized in hardware security applications. Keywords: amorphous materials; drift; electrical breakdown; electrical resistivity; phase-change memory; pulse measurement; stochastic processes; threshold switching; Introduction Phase-change

• voltage depends on the device geometry [17]. As-deposited amorphous cells of known dimensions were used in the measurements, instead of melt-quenched cells, to avoid the difficulty in determining the dimensions of the amorphized regions. However, the drift time since deposition, which is a critical

• parameter, is difficult to be extracted. Since the threshold voltage, Vthreshold(t), drifts upward in time [20], an effective threshold field, Ethreshold(t), is also expected to drift similarly, while the amorphized length, Lamorphized, is expected to remain the same over time, despite structural relaxation

A self-powered, flexible ultra-thin Si/ZnO nanowire photodetector as full-spectrum optical sensor and pyroelectric nanogenerator

• Liang Chen,
• Jianqi Dong,
• Miao He and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1623–1630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.145

• carrier diffusion, and a corresponding intrinsic electric field (Eb) is formed in the depletion zone (Figure 2, left). Under this circumstance, the electron diffusion current and drift current are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction in the heterojunction. Therefore, the net current flowing

Protruding hydrogen atoms as markers for the molecular orientation of a metallocene

• Linda Laflör,
• Michael Reichling and
• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1432–1438, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.127

• between about 0.15 and 0.8 nm. Both instruments were equipped with an atom-tracking system for drift measurement and compensation [31]. All experimental data were analysed using Gwyddion [32]. The probe particle model (PPM) [23] was used for simulating NC-AFM imaging contrast. Neutral oxygen and xenon

Effect of localized helium ion irradiation on the performance of synthetic monolayer MoS₂ field-effect transistors

• Jakub Jadwiszczak,
• Pierce Maguire,
• Conor P. Cullen,
• Georg S. Duesberg and
• Hongzhou Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1329–1335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.117

• electrical testing, these dimensions were re-measured in the SEM to obtain accurate IR values in case of beam drift throughout the procedure. Results and Discussion As shown in Figure 1c, the localized irradiation (dose = 1017 ions cm−2, IR = 7%) causes a notably higher electrical conduction to emerge in the

Growth of a self-assembled monolayer decoupled from the substrate: nucleation on-command using buffer layers

• Robby Reynaerts,
• Kunal S. Mali and
• Steven De Feyter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1291–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.113

• tunneling current reached during each pulse. For analysis purposes, recording of a monolayer image was followed by imaging the graphite substrate underneath it under the same experimental conditions, except for increasing the current and lowering the bias. The images were corrected for drift via Scanning

Thermophoretic tweezers for single nanoparticle manipulation

• Jošt Stergar and
• Natan Osterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1126–1133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.97

• optically induced temporally varying temperature gradients. By real-time object tracking and control of the position of the heating laser focus, we can precisely employ thermophoretic drift to oppose the random diffusive motion. As a result, a nano-object is confined in a micrometer-sized trap. Numerical

• electrokinetic (ABEL) trap [10][11][12] was invented. In the ABEL trap, the Brownian motion of a particle is optically monitored, and then a feedback electric field is applied so that the resulting electrokinetic forces induce a drift that exactly cancels the Brownian motion. This can also be achieved by moving

• thermophoretic drift v = −DT∇T of the particle towards the desired position, i.e., to always oppose the displacement caused by random thermal positional fluctuations. Due to the continuous thermophoretic “kicks” towards the desired location, the particle is effectively trapped in a quasi-static potential. The

Gas-sensing features of nanostructured tellurium thin films

• Dumitru Tsiulyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1010–1018, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.85

• films, grown on a nanostructured Al2O3 substrate. The NO2 exposure profile curve is shown by the green continuous line at the bottom. The operating temperature was maintained at 22 °C. There is no noticeable baseline drift in either the nanocrystalline or in the amorphous nanostructured films; however

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• ALOX surface and the crystal of the ATR module could not be achieved, therefore we employed diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT) to analyze surface-grafted polymers. Figure 7 shows the NIR spectra of the outer surface of the pPA-functionalized ALOX-membranes. All observed

• -membrane: IR (DRIFT), ν: 6477 bw, 5809 w, 5641 w, 4933 w, 4356 w, 4301 w cm−1. Synthesis of polyphenylalanine-NCA-monomer [39]. 5 g (30.2 mmol) of DL-phenylalanine was carefully degassed in a dried 250 mL three-necked flask. The flask was connected to a gas bubbler and the outlet of the gas bubbler was

• bath at each wash step. The functionalized ALOX-membranes were dried under argon atmosphere and vacuum and stored under argon atmosphere until use. Polyphenylalanine-ALOX-membrane (100 vol % DCM): NIR (DRIFT), ν: 8757 w, 6580 bm, 5956 s, 5730 m, 5241 w, 4942 w, 4847 m, 4667 m, 4610 m, 4575 m, 4364 m

Three-dimensional solvation structure of ethanol on carbonate minerals

• Hagen Söngen,
• Ygor Morais Jaques,
• Peter Spijker,
• Christoph Marutschke,
• Stefanie Klassen,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Ralf Bechstein,
• Lidija Zivanovic,
• John Tracey,
• Adam S. Foster and
• Angelika Kühnle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 891–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.74

• periodicity of approximately 0.3 nm can be observed. Note that due to lateral drift, it is not possible to quantify the lateral distance of the first-layer ethanol molecules with a precision that would allow discrimination between the different surface unit cell sizes of calcite and magnesite. Nevertheless

• ]. Electrostatics were calculated with the particle-particle-particle-mesh method [32]. In order to prevent drift of the entire system, the carbon atoms in the crystal middle layer were kept fixed during the dynamics. A time step of 1 fs was used for the integration of the equation of motion, ensuring proper energy