PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• properties of LNPs including particle size, surface charge, and encapsulation efficiency. Subsequent sections explore the roles of PEG lipids in modulating protein corona formation and cellular uptake. The latter parts highlight the potential of functionalized PEG lipids for targeted delivery and the

• -based LNPs formulated with varying DMPE-PEG2k content from 1 to 5 mol %, changes were observed in nanoparticle diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), surface charge, and payload encapsulation efficiency (EE%). Increasing the PEG lipid content led to a reduction in the hydrodynamic diameter of LNPs, with

• fraction of PEG lipids can affect LNP characterizations. In DMPE-PEG5k LNPs, increasing the PEG lipid fraction from 1.5 mol % to 5 mol % resulted in no significant change in particle size but led to a substantial encapsulation efficiency drop from over 90% to below 80%. While in LNPs incorporating Chol-PEG

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• with complex chemical composition extracted from different parts of plants [23]. They stand out for their efficiency in combating the vector at different stages of the evolutionary cycle, especially as larvicides, wherein the mosquito is at its most vulnerable stage [24]. In addition, they can act as

• efficiency reached 85.4%, according to gas chromatography analysis. In the tests, Sprague Dawley rats received the formulation applied to their backs before being exposed to 50 female Ae. aegypti for 8 hours. The average protection was 87.81%, surpassing the pure oil (54.57%) and falling below DEET (100

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• capacitance matrix), which is defined by the capacitive coupling coefficients from Equation 6. A key property of is its sparsity, which arises directly from the local connectivity of the circuit topology; each node is connected to a small subset of other nodes. To increase computational efficiency, we

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• requirement for achieving SQL is the same as for any dispersively coupled optomechanical system, that is, operating the cavity at the optimal intracavity photon number and maximizing the measurement efficiency (κex ≈ κ, nadd ≈ 0). Operating the sensor near the optimal point requires . For a given g0 and Γ we

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• -mediated AgNPs and ZnO-NPs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans biofilms [8][9][43], whereas in endodontics, their integration into irrigants and sealers improved disinfection efficiency against Enterococcus faecalis [44]. These findings underscore the translational

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• supply systems is a global concern due to their persistence and ability to adsorb toxic pollutants. Despite having effectiveness, conventional water treatment processes still have limited efficiency in removing MPs, especially smaller particles. Thus, it requires researchers to develop effective and

• efficiency of MPs in water supply systems, as well as the mechanisms and performance when applying these materials for treatment. In addition, the related risk of adsorbent nanomaterials is also considered. Microplastics from land-based sources and wastewater plants persist in water supplies, with

• daily life, and the potential application of adsorbent nanomaterials for MP removal. Sajid et al. provided an overview of various adsorbent materials and their efficiency [24]. However, the authors do not deeply explore the potential challenges related to large-scale applications or the integration of

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• pharmaceutical application by reducing bioavailability [18]. To overcome these limitations, the incorporation of phytol into nanostructured delivery systems, has been proposed to improve its solubility, stability, and intracellular delivery efficiency [19]. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems that

• formulation parameters – such as drug miscibility with the oil phase, droplet size, and size uniformity – have been directly correlated with permeation efficiency across the skin barrier [32][33]. Specifically, the encapsulation of lipophilic compounds like phytol in finely dispersed droplets within oil-in

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• phonons, and gain and loss of energy of carriers [1][2][10][17][24][25][26][27][28]. The phonon lifetime as well as the selection rules behind ph–ph and e–ph interactions determine the efficiency of such phonon emission and absorption [1][2][10][17][24][25][26][27][28]. Phonons need to be in an excited

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• different thicknesses were investigated for the piezo-photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine [6]. The ultrathin samples achieved an efficiency of 95.8% with a reaction rate constant of 0.148 min−1. This effect was attributed to the higher sensitivity of ultrathin LDH sheets to both light irradiation

• for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade norfloxacin [9]. The obtained catalyst demonstrated effective degradation within 15 min, achieving a degradation efficiency of 91.50% and a rate constant of 0.1644 min−1. In this study, the main PMS activation mechanism was non-radical. The

• -LDH alone. The authors proposed that the enhanced efficiency was due to the interaction between the lamellar structure of Zn/Al-LDH and the piezoelectric attributes of BaTiO3, along with heterojunctions within the BaTiO3/LDH composite. However, this study raises doubts concerning the successful

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• spectral range, enhancing light absorption and enabling the utilization of a broader portion of the solar spectrum [19]. These combined effects result in a significantly higher photocatalytic efficiency of implanted samples compared to their non-implanted samples, both in terms of reaction rate and quantum

• × 1012 cm−2, there is a slight increase in photocatalytic activity, but the value is significantly lower than at the same fluence with an energy of 20 keV. A similar decrease in efficiency was observed at higher fluences. It is evident that roughness can affect the photocatalytic properties of GO as seen

• implantation energy. A comparison of these morphological characteristics with the photocatalytic results shows that the highest efficiency is achieved using samples with moderate nanoscale roughness, that is, GO implanted with 20 keV at a fluence of 3.75 × 1012 cm−2 (RMS = 102 nm, k ≈ 0.0033 min−1) and PI

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• biodistribution while preventing undesirable interactions and degradation before reaching target tissues and cells [10]. Moreover, by overcoming the biological and chemical barriers of the body, nanotechnology increases the efficiency and effectiveness of therapeutic and diagnostic regimens, offering less

• adjustments in the disassembly pH can optimize this mechanism, which must occur during the endo/lysosomal pathway to minimize cytotoxic effects. This highlights the significance of polymeric chemical functionality as a key factor for escape efficiency [85]. Once endocytosis followed by endosomal escape occurs

• these mechanisms and developing optimized nanocarrier systems are essential to enhance therapeutic efficiency, minimize adverse effects, and expand the potential for oral administration of PNs. 4 Polymer based nanoparticles for oral administration 4.1 Nanoparticles: oral administration based on natural

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• efficiency. However, only a small fraction of nucleotides of the full-length aptamers obtained by SELEX are critical for interacting with the target protein. Given the propensity of non-essential nucleotide regions to induce steric constraints and nonspecific binding, systematic bioinformatic analysis

• drug loading and release efficiency with nanomaterials as carriers, significantly optimizing the treatment mode of EC. 2 Searching core literature In order to better summarize the application of aptamers in the diagnosis, treatment, and drug delivery of EC, we searched for keywords in the PubMed and

• drug delivery system may be an important means to treat EC and other diseases in the future. To enhance delivery efficiency and therapeutic outcomes, researchers have developed various aptamer–drug conjugation strategies, primarily including: (1) covalent conjugation of aptamers with siRNA for precise

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• direction, the imaged sample area is not exactly the same in both scans. Therefore, the images were cropped to the same sample region for comparability. Additionally, the bit type of the images was reduced to 8-bit for computational efficiency, which reduced the computational time with negligible loss of

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• and mechanisms in single-atom catalysis. 2D confined catalysis Confined catalysis is an emerging field that investigates how spatial constraints can influence the efficiency, selectivity, and performance of catalytic reactions. This approach leverages the principles of confinement within various

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• ]. Additionally, the use of biomimetic nanoparticles, including exosome-based delivery systems and cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, has shown promise in improving targeting efficiency and immune evasion [18][19]. Despite these advances, significant challenges remain, including nanoparticle stability in

• absence of a carrier substance [104][106][107]. In short, this technology reduces adverse effects and environmental risks, mainly due to the greater use of natural products over synthetic ones, and promotes increased stability and drug load efficiency [104][108]. For example, patent CN114129571 (2022

• editing efficiency, MTT assay, and flow cytometry tests were carried out to observe the therapeutic activity of the technology. The results demonstrated that the nanoparticles increased targeting and internalization, had a knockout rate of 80%, and exhibited better inhibition of HepG2 cell proliferation

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• polyethylenimine for loading peptides and proteins of T. serrulatus venom, and their use as a potential immunoadjuvant was evaluated. The protein loading efficiency of about 100% and the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay confirmed the success of venom loading. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential

• aim to evaluate the effectiveness of biodegradable PLA polymeric nanoparticles functionalized with PEI as an adjuvant and potential candidate for vaccine delivery against T. serrulatus venom. Results Protein loading efficiency of the Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom The T. serrulatus venom protein

• (*p < 0.05), without significantly altering the zeta potential (Table 1). A polydispersity index (PDI) smaller than 0.3 was required for all the analyses. The quantification of proteins by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay showed an encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 100% for all samples containing T

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• synthesis and characterisation techniques have enabled the detection of materials at the nanoscale, unlocking new opportunities across various streams. In the field of water treatment, nanotechnology is gaining wide attention due to its enhanced efficiency, effectiveness, affordability, and durability. The

• capabilities. By combining the principles of water treatment technologies and nanoscience, this study highlights innovative pathways for improved removal efficiency, selective pollutant targeting, and sustainable application. As the global concern over plastic pollution is a rising concern, this review sets

• particles, enhancing their removal through settling or filtration [52]. Biological treatments can entrap or partially degrade plastics via microbial activity, though typically with limited efficiency for persistent polymers. Advanced oxidation processes offer a more robust route for plastic degradation by

Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control

• Irina A. Solovykh,
• Andrey V. Pashchenko,
• Natalya A. Maleeva,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Olga V. Tikhonova and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112

• and Electronics of RAS, 125009 Moscow, Russia 10.3762/bjnano.16.112 Abstract Increasing the efficiency of quantum processors is possible by moving from two-level qubits to elements with a larger computational base. An example would be a transmon-based superconducting atom, but the new basic elements

• application of the rotating wave approximation, which makes it possible to use the relation in Equation 5, are Δω ≪ ω0 and g ≪ ω0 [44]. Here, the efficiency of the interaction between two subsystems is determined by the average photon density ⟨N⟩/Vres, which is large enough to allow field-induced transitions

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• unsatisfactory interaction with target contaminants diminishes photocatalytic degradation efficiency in water. Here, we present a mild solution method to precipitate anatase TiO2 nanowire arrays, measuring 1.5 μm in thickness, over carbon cloth to ensure substantial interactions with target pollutants and, in

• turn, a superior photoactivity. Compared to TiO2 nanowire arrays grown on metallic Ti substrates, TiO2 nanowires supported on carbon cloth substrates demonstrate markedly superior efficiency in the photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin (OFL) molecules in water when exposed to UV light. The TiO2

• nanowires remove 90–97% OFL in water with a high initial concentration of 50 ppm in 6 h under UV light irradiation for up to six cycles. The contributions of the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) additive were also studied. An enhanced efficiency could be achieved only when the H2O2 in water reaches a critical

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• are currently used, as well as fundamental features of the thin film formation processes with new composition and coatings of various types. These types of nanomaterials are very promising (in terms of computational performance and energy dissipation efficiency) for use in superconducting digital

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• Abstract Effective removal of trace heavy metal ions from aqueous bodies is a pressing problem and requires significant improvement in the area of absorbent material in terms of removal efficiency and sustainability. We propose an efficient strategy to enhance the adsorption efficiency of carbon nanotubes

• reverse osmosis [9]. The adsorption process stands out as a promising approach due to its high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, ease of processing, and capability to recover trace metal ions [10][11][12][13]. This process utilizes nanomaterials bearing appropriate functional groups to bind metal ions

• efficiency. Generally, dendrimer growth on CNT surfaces requires pre-functionalization through radiation or chemical oxidation processes involving strong acids and oxidants [31][32][33][34][35]. However, these processes can damage CNTs, thus diminishing their core properties and generating large amounts of

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• misinterpreted as successful disulfide cleavage, leading to exceptional enhancement in thiol–maleimide coupling efficiency. In order to rule out cross-reactivities with the 3,4-DHBA ligand, or its quinone form, we performed a set of coupling reactions and controls using IONP-3,5-DHBA, which offers no solution

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• caused oxidation, crystallinity loss, and reduced photoactivity due to enhanced grain boundaries. Figure 4 shows SEM images of Ba5Ta4O15 and BaTaOxNy-zp powders after successive laser fragmentation passages. Despite these challenges, prolonged fragmentation improved the photocurrent efficiency

• particles as the resulting droplets are quenched by the surrounding liquid. This process is influenced by the size-dependent optical absorption efficiency and heat capacity of the NPs [43][44]. Utilizing this method, submicrometer spherical particles can be fabricated from a variety of materials, including

• spheres can be accomplished in a shorter time frame, leading to a productivity increase of about two orders of magnitude compared to LAL. This improvement is due to the reduction in particle size from bulk material to NPs, which enhances the laser absorption efficiency. PLIL offers several advantages over

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• the range of 25–35 nm, suggesting a greater presence of AgNPrs. However, the persistence of AgNPs and round silver nanoparticles implies that the conversion efficiency from AgNPs to AgNPrs remains relatively low. After 72 h of LED irradiation, the particle size increased significantly compared to the

• ]. These hot spots significantly enhance the local electric field, thereby improving SERS efficiency relative to isotropic spherical nanoparticles. For AgNPrs, hot spots at the tip and edges play a key role in SERS enhancement, while the flat surfaces contribute less [25]. Consequently, AgNPrs with

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• such as Subgroup 10, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas. In aquatic systems, biochar serves as an efficient adsorbent, particularly for MPs larger than 10 µm, including polystyrene. Studies suggest that fixed-column models achieve superior removal efficiency (95.31% ± 5.26%) compared to batch systems (93.36

• % ± 4.92%). Specifically, for MPs ≥10 µm, fixed columns reach 99% efficiency, while magnetically modified biochar captures 96.2% of MPs as small as 1 µm. These efficiencies stem from biochar’s integration of physical and chemical mechanisms that enhance MP retention, particularly for MPs smaller than 10 µm

• . Additionally, three-dimensional graphene oxide has shown adsorption capacities of up to 617.28 mg·g−1 for polystyrene MPs of 5 µm in size [13][14]. The integration of adsorbents with appropriate treatment models has further enhanced removal efficiency. For instance, coal gasification slag-based adsorbents