An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• by adsorption [92], with rates of release depending on interaction of the drug with the porous silicon. Oxidation, covalent binding, and electrostatic interactions can all be used to immobilise the drug on the porous silicon [94], while both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules can be loaded on

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• nucleic acids are of great interest for practical SERS applications. Oligonucleotides are the most suitable biomolecules for electrostatic interaction studies because of their strong negative charge. Recently, we showed the crucial role of electrostatic interactions of oligonucleotides with NP surfaces

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• of GSH was decreased in the case of PVP and AOT coating agents due to either unfavourable steric or electrostatic interactions, respectively. In both ALF and AGF, a significant agglomeration occurred for all three types of AgNPs. Moreover, a significant precipitation, visible in the test vials

• electrostatic interactions, respectively. In most tissue homogenates, AgNPs were well dispersed; however, the crystallization of AgNPs was observed in chloride-rich media resulting in the formation of large cubic and ball-like crystals as an indirect evidence of the formation of AgCl crystals and oxidative

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• metal surfaces, which is very different in comparison to bulk water [24]. It was explained that the ordering of water molecules near to AgNPs is due to the electrostatic interactions between water and AgNPs. Some simulation studies also reported the enhancement of hydrogen bonds in the water structure

• it represents the relative slowdown of the solvent mobility induced by the presence of a fixed wall in relation to the solvent mobility in the bulk (determined for a solvent in a non-confined space). The simulation results show that even under athermal conditions (Eb = Ew – case without electrostatic

• interactions), the solvent mobility is lower near the surface in comparison to the bulk. The stronger the water interaction with the surface (in relation to water–water interactions in the bulk), the lower the solvent mobility close to the Ag surface. Moreover, this effect is not limited only to the first

Colloidal particle aggregation: mechanism of assembly studied via constructal theory modeling

• Scott C. Bukosky,
• Sukrith Dev,
• Monica S. Allen and
• Jeffery W. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 413–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.33

• natural coalescence, is decreased faster and more efficiently when the masses coalesce non-uniformly toward a state of equilibrium [10]. Similarly, Reis et al. used these principles to analyze how the electrostatic interactions between dust particles are minimized during particle agglomeration in air

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• electrostatic interactions since the zero line, Figure 1(I), is stable up to distances of Z < −5 nm. Hence, as the main source of the measured attractive forces we consider electrodynamic interactions (caused by charge fluctuations in dipoles), commonly summarized under the term van der Waals forces. For the

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Thomas Cadenbach,
• Maria J. Benitez,
• A. Lucia Morales,
• Cesar Costa Vera,
• Luis Lascano,
• Francisco Quiroz,
• Alexis Debut and
• Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

• catalyst surfaces are negatively charged, which leads to a repulsion of the negatively charged carboxylate functional groups of the dye molecule [51][54][59]. In addition, due to electrostatic interactions, RhB dimers are formed, which affects the charge density throughout the molecule and possibly leads

Gram-scale synthesis of splat-shaped Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposites for enhanced antimicrobial properties

• Mohammad Jaber,
• Asim Mushtaq,
• Kebiao Zhang,
• Jindan Wu,
• Dandan Luo,
• Zihan Yi,
• M. Zubair Iqbal and
• Xiangdong Kong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1119–1125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.96

• TiO2 NP nucleation started after adding the urea and PVP surfactant. Then, the aqueously dispersed AgNO3 solution was poured into the prepared TiO2/PVP mixture. It was assumed that the positively charged Ag+ ions interacted with the negatively charged PVP-modified TiO2 NPs due to electrostatic

• interactions. In addition, the PVP also acted as a reducing agent and facilitated the formation of small Ag nanoparticles at the surface of the TiO2 spheres to form a splat-shaped structure (Scheme 1). PVP played a significant role in generating these nanocomposites, serving as a growth modifier, stabilizer

Adsorptive removal of bulky dye molecules from water with mesoporous polyaniline-derived carbon

• Hyung Jun An,
• Jong Min Park,
• Nazmul Abedin Khan and
• Sung Hwa Jhung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 597–605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.47

• adsorption of JGB showed an opposite trend. This very opposite trend, observed in anionic AR1 and cationic JGB, could be explained via electrostatic interactions considering the opposite charges on the studied dyes. Moreover, the studied PDC or KOH-900 might have both positive and negative charges, depending

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• interact with the proteins [22]. The affinity of a protein for a certain surface and the mode of interaction rise from the interplay of electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bondings, and hydrophobic forces [32]. Both nanomaterials are negatively charged at physiological pH. However, SNPs exhibit a less

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• manipulate the shell permeability [4]. However, most of the work uses strong PEs such as polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) as one of the polymers, and thus, in order to release the payload, a disturbance in the intermolecular forces (e.g., covalent binding, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions) guarding

• various forces, mostly electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding, host–guest interactions and other interactions (e.g., hydrophobic and biospecific recognition) as shown in Figure 3. Electrostatic interactions The LbL assemblies were originally applied to both charged planar

• formation and aggregation. This sequential adsorption of layers finally leads to electrostatically bound multilayers in which charge inversion is the main driving force controlling the assembly [40]. The strength and physical principles governing electrostatic interactions was recently explored by Lytle et

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) polyplexes as novel therapeutic gene carriers for lung cancer therapy

• Gayathri Kandasamy,
• Elena N. Danilovtseva,
• Vadim V. Annenkov and
• Uma Maheswari Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 354–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.26

• differential thermal calorimetric profile (Figure 2B) reveals that the melting point of the pristine polymer is about 65 °C. Upon complexation with siRNA the melting point shifts to 98 °C. This can be attributed to the electrostatic interactions between the anionic phosphate moieties in the siRNA with the

• glycosaminoglycan associated with the inhibition of the coagulation process by activating anti-thrombin [23]. The sulfate groups present in heparin compete with the oligonucleotide sequences to associate with the polymer chains and based on the relative strength of the electrostatic interactions between the

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• principle of this system rests on the fact that ssDNA exhibits a higher affinity to the surface of metallic gold as dsDNA. This is because ssDNA molecules contain a large number of functional groups facilitating electrostatic interactions with the gold surface (Figure 3c). Therefore, at a high salt

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• different from hydrophobic interactions have been proposed. For example, electrostatic interactions can improve the photosensitizer loading. Mostly amino acid-based polymers with poly(ʟ-lysine) [46][47] or poly(aspartic acid) [48][49] charged blocks have been employed for poly ion complex assemblies (PICs

• the formation of H aggregates between photosensitizer molecules, which hampers the production of singlet oxygen [50][51]. Hence, a careful choice of the hydrophobic block of the copolymer–photosensitizer couple for electrostatic interactions is needed. Interestingly, host–guest complexation of

• diameter and ζ-potential values switch from negative to positive thus accelerating cellular internalization [36]. Poly ion complexes formed thanks to electrostatic interactions between positively charged weak bases and negatively charged weak acids are ideal pH-responsive nanocarriers. PICs formed by

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• approach results in single-stranded overhang regions, so-called sticky ends. The binding interaction between two different but complementary sticky ends guides the sequential assembly of building blocks. The weak interactions, viz., hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, act as driving forces for

• efficient FRET. In acidic pH, the N1 of adenine became protonated, which triggered the structural transition of the LMB device from a closed to an open state through reverse Hoogsteen base pairing and electrostatic interactions. The pH-responsive structural transition of LMB from a closed to an open state

• growth of polyadenine strands with a very high aspect ratio. The secondary structure of biomolecules depends on weak noncovalent interactions, especially ionic interactions, between oppositely charged moieties or surfaces. In fact, ionic or electrostatic interactions can play an important role in the

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• anions, which effectively act as cross-linkers. Electrostatic complexation allows for very mild preparative processes, carried out in water under mild and almost physiological conditions and without the use of chemical reactions. Additionally, electrostatic interactions may not only be used to hold

• polymeric structure and therefore it is not displaced by HA. We cannot, however, exclude the siRNA/chitosan interactions to be somehow weakened by the presence of HA. The TPP–HA exchange may also be facilitated by the rather low degree of protonation of chitosan, which make its electrostatic interactions

Microfluidics as tool to prepare size-tunable PLGA nanoparticles with high curcumin encapsulation for efficient mucus penetration

• Nashrawan Lababidi,
• Valentin Sigal,
• Aljoscha Koenneke,
• Konrad Schwarzkopf,
• Andreas Manz and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2280–2293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.220

• such as H-bond interaction and electrostatic interactions [15][17][20][21][22][23][24]. Moreover, NPs as a carrier system have shown the ability to protect the loaded drug from inactivation, reduce unwanted side effects and enhance the efficacy of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) due to

Porous silver-coated pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel nanocapsules

• William W. Bryan,
• Riddhiman Medhi,
• Maria D. Marquez,
• Supparesk Rittikulsittichai,
• Michael Tran and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1973–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.194

• to the collapse of the hydrogel polymer due to increased hydrophobic interactions in the polymer hydrogel network [58]. Ionizable groups such as AAc and AAm are grafted into the polymer backbone to increase electrostatic interactions. The introduction of AAc, which has ionizable COOH groups, induces

High-tolerance crystalline hydrogels formed from self-assembling cyclic dipeptide

• Yongcai You,
• Ruirui Xing,
• Qianli Zou,
• Feng Shi and
• Xuehai Yan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1894–1901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.184

• , which provide a substantial tendency for self-assembly and the formation of gels. In addition, other weak forces, such as π–π stacking, hydrophobic effect, electrostatic interactions, and van der Waals forces, are also serviceable in driving molecular self-assembly of CDPs toward the formation of gels

Janus-micromotor-based on–off luminescence sensor for active TNT detection

• Ye Yuan,
• Changyong Gao,
• Daolin Wang,
• Chang Zhou,
• Baohua Zhu and
• Qiang He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1324–1331, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.131

• hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) were alternately deposited onto the surface of 5 μm silica particles by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly [38][39][40][41]. The as-prepared particles were subsequently modified with amine-functionalized UCNPs through electrostatic interactions and then were

A biomimetic nanofluidic diode based on surface-modified polymeric carbon nitride nanotubes

• Kai Xiao,
• Baris Kumru,
• Lu Chen,
• Lei Jiang,
• Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt and
• Markus Antonietti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1316–1323, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.130

• ]. In a charged nanochannel, only one ionic component can be transported across the nanochannel when the diameter of the nanochannel matches or falls below the Debye screening length because of the electrostatic interactions between the ions and the charged channel walls. As a result, positively charged

Multicomponent bionanocomposites based on clay nanoarchitectures for electrochemical devices

• Giulia Lo Dico,
• Bernd Wicklein,
• Lorenzo Lisuzzo,
• Giuseppe Lazzara,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.129

• significant variation in the amide I and amide II vibrations of the immobilized GOx enzyme with respect to unsupported GOx. This observation strongly supports that the adsorption of GOx in HNTs occurs via non-deteriorating electrostatic interactions [57]. This physical entrapment, in contrast to

Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by phenolic compound-modified maghemite nanoparticles

• Małgorzata Świętek,
• Yi-Chin Lu,
• Rafał Konefał,
• Liliana P. Ferreira,
• M. Margarida Cruz,
• Yunn-Hwa Ma and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1073–1088, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.108

• nanoparticles via the LbL technique. Heparin was attached to the γ-Fe2O3 surface via electrostatic interactions. The TEM micrograph of the γ-Fe2O3@Hep particles showed the heparin layer as a thin bright halo around the iron oxide core (Figure 2c). Compared to γ-Fe2O3, the Dh value of the γ-Fe2O3@Hep particles

• accompanied by a decrease in the polydispersity (PD = 0.11), a decrease in the absolute ζ-potential value to ca. 28 mV, and a change in the ζ-potential value from negative to positive. These characteristics suggested that the modified chitosans were attached to the heparin layer via electrostatic interactions

• augment particle internalization compared to heparin modification alone. Previous studies have suggested that electrostatic interactions, oxidation-dependent conjugation, and hydrogen bonds between the phenolic OH groups and polysaccharide moieties and/or amino acid residues of the cell membrane may

Influence of dielectric layer thickness and roughness on topographic effects in magnetic force microscopy

• Alexander Krivcov,
• Jasmin Ehrler,
• Marc Fuhrmann,
• Tanja Junkers and
• Hildegard Möbius

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1056–1064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.106

• electrostatic interactions. Origin of these artifacts is the work-function difference between tip and sample material. Yu et al. [10] demonstrated that topographic features can be avoided by combining MFM with electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) compensating the contact potential difference by an appropriate

• SPIONs are often hidden by repulsive electrostatic interactions due to the changes in capacitive coupling. In [14] possibilities are discussed to minimize the capacitive coupling, e.g., by using a substrate with minimized work-function difference between tip and substrate or by using a sharper tip

• signal from capacitive coupling. This behavior is in accordance with our simulations combining magnetic and electrostatic interactions resulting in a ring of negative phase shift (Figure 6). Hence, MFM measurements on single SPIONs reveal contributions of electrostatic forces in form of a positive phase