Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• disease cases [13]. Advances in nanomedicine have provided effective solutions, particularly for treating DED [1]. To address challenges in topical ocular drug delivery and to develop products that mimic tear film composition, ocular nanosystems (ONSs) with diameters ranging from 50 to 300 nm are being

• ingredient [1]. NEs are designed as droplets that can potentially replenish the lipid layer in DED patients, mimicking the trilayered structure of the tear film, consisting of lipid, aqueous, and mucin layers [13][15][18][20]. According to the literature, the tear film compromises the stability of NE

• components. When NE is instilled, the oil nanodroplets merge with the lipid layer, the water in the formulation interacts with the aqueous layer of the tear film, and the surfactant interacts with the mucin layer [21][22][23]. The literature cites various lipids as components of the oily phase in

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• studies across a broad pressure range, enabling research in catalysis, corrosion, energy storage, and thin film growth. The high brilliance and small beam size of MAX IV’s synchrotron light are essential for pushing the time-resolution boundaries of APXPS, especially in the soft X-ray regime. We discuss

• heterogeneous catalysis, corrosion, and thin film growth. Given that surfaces are heavily influenced by their surroundings, it is essential to study them in situ, while exposed to realistic reaction conditions, or operando, when producing reaction products under realistic conditions. X-ray photoelectron

• fields of, among others, catalysis research, material characterization, and thin film deposition, utilizing dedicated cells. HIPPIE, on the 3 GeV ring, covers a wider photon energy range than SPECIES (250 to 2500 eV), also with variable polarization [10]. It has two branches, each with its own

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• from aquatic systems. MXenes have emerged as promising materials for antibacterial applications and have shown strong potential for the use in water purification membranes due to their excellent film-forming ability and enhanced mechanical strength. These properties also support their application in

Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control

• Irina A. Solovykh,
• Andrey V. Pashchenko,
• Natalya A. Maleeva,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Olga V. Tikhonova and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112

• also satisfied (the capacity of JJ can be estimated as CJ = εε0S/d, ε = 10, and d = 2 nm for an AlOx film). This implementation has a number of significant drawbacks; the system takes up a lot of space on the chip, and the impedance matching for the JJ system and the resonator is a problem

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• controlled film thickness of 1.5–4.5 μm, on concurrently activated carbon cloth substrates. The composite film exhibited a high efficiency towards removal of rhodamine B and sulfosalicylic acid in water under UV light illumination, mainly thanks to the highly adsorptive substrate [16]. In the current

• with the benchmark commercial P25 TiO2 nanoparticles deposited on a Ti substrate. All thin films were controlled to be of almost identical film thickness for a reasonable comparison. Both nanowire samples exhibit a photoactivity superior to that of the benchmark P25 when utilized in the form of thin

• concentration of 200 ppm, suggesting the high adsorption capacity and probably a deep mineralization capacity of the thin film photocatalyst developed in the current investigation. This work represents a new promising strategy to tackle emerging contaminants and could lead to the advancement of cutting-edge

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• previously obtained data confirmed the adequacy of the applied mathematical model. The second stage of numerical studies was devoted to the analysis of the magnetic behavior of cobalt nanofilms of different thicknesses. It was shown that the film thickness has a significant influence on the magnetic

• thin films and the formation of Neel domain walls. Keywords: ferromagnetic properties; LAMMPS; mathematical modeling; MEAM; molecular dynamics; spin dynamics; Introduction Thin film structures [1][2] are increasingly employed each year in a wide range of applications, serving as functional [3][4

• . Due to active experimental and theoretical research on thin films, significant progress has been made in recent years. Since the information in the field of thin film technologies is updated quite rapidly, there is a need for a thorough study and optimization of the main technological processes that

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• subsequently degrading harmlessly within the body. Collectively, these trends reflect a transition in materials science from an emphasis on durability to a growing emphasis on controllable disappearance tailored to specific clinical needs. Concurrently, the rapid advancement of soft and stretchable thin-film

• , opportunities exist to broaden the spectrum of bioresorbable metal materials. Research on Mg- and Zn-based bulk alloys, traditionally used as structural materials, has been extended to thin-film formats suitable for electronic applications. This transition enables fine-tuning of not only degradation profiles

• electronic devices on a large-area substrate, such as a silicon wafer, followed by backside etching to remove the handle or box layers, thereby isolating the functional thin film for transfer onto a biodegradable substrate. This wafer-level technique offers a promising route to large-area, high-resolution

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a JEOL JEM-2100F (JEOL, USA) operating with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. For TEM and SAED measurements, the NPs were drop-casted onto copper grids covered by carbon film and dried under ambient conditions. Crystalline structure

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates, and solar cells. In this review article, we describe different methods of nanocolloidal synthesis using laser-assisted processes and corresponding thin film fabrication methods, particularly those utilized for device fabrication and characterization. The four

• sections start with an introduction to the common laser-assisted synthesis for nanocolloids and different methods of thin film fabrication using these nanocolloids followed by devices fabricated and characterized for applications including photovoltaics, photodetectors, catalysis, photocatalysis

• foundational understanding, without investigating the extensive details that other reviews have already explored. The fundamental chemical and physical aspects of pulsed laser ablation (PLA) processes, with a focus on the evolution of material from the target to the deposited film, were explained by Ashfold et

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• PAN nanofibers, enhancing the hydrophilicity and antibacterial properties of the membrane [20]. Elimelech’s group introduced copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) onto the surface of thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide RO membranes through a method involving electrostatic functionalization. The functionalized

• membranes exhibited outstanding antibacterial performance against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [22]. Mayyahi introduced TiO2 nanoparticles into the polyamide layer of traditional TFC membranes by interfacial polymerization with m-phenylenediamine to create a thin film nanocomposite (TFN

• fibers boast exceptional hydrophilicity, facile film-forming ability, high salt retention rate, cost effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and resistance to chlorine; making it a promising material for water desalination [25][26][27]. However, CTA is susceptible to erosion and degradation by

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• efficiency (EE). These techniques can be categorized into conventional approaches such as thin film hydration, reverse phase evaporation, solvent injection, detergent removal, and newer innovations. Also, modern techniques are further developments or adaptations of conventional approaches. These methods

• method for clinical liposome formulations is the thin film hydration/Bangham technique [113]. DepoFoam liposome technology utilizes a proprietary liposome formulation that can be administered by injection and provides sustained release of the encapsulated drug over an extended period. DepoFoam liposomes

• traditional methods, such as thin film hydration, to produce liposomes and lipid nanoparticles [113][120]. Microfluidics offers exceptional control over particle size, lower variability, higher EE, and better scalability, making it the most advanced and practical approach for nanoparticle production [115][119

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• with large surface areas; for instance, Yun He et al. [15] reported flower-like BiVO4 photoanodes achieving a photocurrent density of 0.81 mA·cm−2 at 1.23 V vs RHE. However, the hydrothermal method often requires high temperatures and prolonged reaction times, and offers limited control over film

• produce BiVO4 thin films at high deposition rates; however, this method resulted in irregular grain structures and significant material defects, limiting the PEC performance improvements. Electrodeposition has emerged as a promising low-cost and scalable technique for BiVO4 film fabrication, offering

• better control over film morphology and crystallinity under mild conditions. Kim et al. [18] reported that BiVO4 films fabricated via electrodeposition achieved a maximum photocurrent density of 1.4 mA·cm−2 at 1.23 V vs RHE. These films exhibited a three-dimensional nanoporous structure that facilitated

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• fruit that is highly susceptible to microbial contamination and mold growth [39] to highlight its potential to extend shelf life and improve postharvest quality. The findings indicate that this bioactive film could serve as an effective alternative to conventional packaging, offering both sustainability

• structural integrity due to the strong hydrogen bonding between NC and PVA (Figure 3c) [22]. The addition of CEO further modified the film structure, forming a more compact and homogenous surface, which likely contributed to improved mechanical properties and moisture resistance (Figure 3d) [31]. Bioactive

• of the film, while the slower phase was controlled by how CEO moved through the polymer. Mass loss and appearance of the strawberry samples when covered by the biopackaging material are presented in Figure 5b,c. Strawberry is in the focus of this research since its moist and soft structure can

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• regular adhesive tape, and coated with 5 μL of the cationic polymer poly-ʟ-lysine (PLL, MW 40 kDa, Sigma-Aldrich). The drop of PLL was not allowed to dry but incubated for 10 min, and then the surfaces were repeatedly rinsed with Milli-Q water to allow the formation of a thin film. This coating promotes

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• due to, for example, defects in the thin-film structure. The third type of asymmetry may be associated with unequal signal supply into the input arms of the neuron. Below, we analyze the transformation of the TF in each of these cases and compare it with experimental results [18]. Symmetric Gauss

• ]. Indeed, the inductance of a superconducting film carrying an electric current consists of two components, namely, the magnetic inductance (originating from the magnetic field energy) and the kinetic inductance (originating from the kinetic energy of the superconducting electrons). Should one want to

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• . Results and Discussion In this study, 4× upscaled images were obtained from real measured low-resolution AFM images of Celgard® 2400 membrane and high-roughness titanium film used for tip characterization (Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively). 4× upscaling means upscaling both the x and y directions and

• beneficial to authenticate results using other microscopies such as electron microscopy, or spectroscopic techniques, where relevant. Importantly, computationally, PSNR average values are very close to 30 for the Celgard® 2400 membrane surface and above 32 for the titanium film, putting them within the

• methods, PSNR and SSIM, show no statistically significant differences between the traditional methods and the deep learning models for image fidelity, the no-reference methods for image quality, Fourier Sharpness, PI, Ma, and NIQE exhibit such differences. Importantly, while for the titanium film data set

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• ; Introduction One of the commonly used methods for the deposition of various materials for thin film optical coatings, is electron beam evaporation (EBE) [1][2][3][4][5]. Today, in many applications, including medicine, telecommunications, optoelectronics, photovoltaics, the requirements for optical coatings

• -assisted deposition (IBAD), which is the bombardment of a thin film with a beam of energetic particles during deposition, is an excellent technique for modifying the microstructure and optical, mechanical, and tribological properties of thin film coatings [8][9][10][11]. This energetic process offers many

• become one of the methods for producing high-quality optical thin film coatings. According to [13][14], IBAD support of the electron beam evaporation process affects the properties thin films like formation of new phases, modification of residual stress, elimination of the columnar-like character of the

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• ions, including radioactive nuclides in aqueous solutions. Large-area and single-layer graphene oxide (SLGO) grown on α-Al2O3(0001) was used as a model structure of GO since the aggregation and re-stacking of the GO sheets prevent the adequate analysis of the adsorption state. The SLGO film was

• typically been fabricated through casting small pieces of GO flakes onto a substrate. In this study, the SLGO film was synthesized by oxidizing single-layer graphene (SLG) grown by metal-free chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a α-Al2O3(0001) substrate. The strong interface interaction between SLG and α

• -Al2O3(0001) can minimize peeling off of SLG from the α-Al2O3(0001) substrate following the oxidation process [18]. This allows us to obtain a large-area SLGO film, which can then be subjected to evaluation of the adsorption properties. Subsequent to the synthesis of SLGO/α-Al2O3(0001), further studies

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• also illustrate the potential applications, including organic semiconductor devices, electrochemical catalysts, thin-film sensors, solar energy generation, plastic crystal electrolytes, microactuators, smart light-responsive materials, self-repairing materials, enzyme cascade sensors, healing materials

• the synthesis of covalent organic frameworks via polymer chemistry [70][71][72][73][74]. In particular, some thin-film techniques based on interface science are useful for the deliberate and rational assembly of ordered aggregated membrane structures. This is exemplified by the development of methods

• self-organization at the molecular film level offers significant potential for a range of applications. The precise separation and alignment of π-conjugated discotic liquid crystal molecular nanowires represents an attractive area of research. Kumar, Nayak, and colleagues investigated an approach to

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• melt flow rate of the samples. The standardized samples for mechanical, tribological, and physical property testing of the PBS/CNT nanocomposite were obtained from a film (Figure 7) produced using the cast film extrusion method, following a procedure similar to that described in [28]. Barrel zone

• film sample made of original PBS (denoted PBS) was also prepared. A schematic diagram of the two-stage process for obtaining the nanocomposite and the film based on it is shown in Figure 8. Characterizations A scanning electron microscope (SEM), Hitachi SU8010 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), was used to

• water absorption (n) was measured following ISO 62:2008 “Plastics – Determination of Water Absorption”, using film samples of a square shape (50 × 50 mm2) with a thickness of 350 µm. The surface tension or wettability (σ) of the films was measured according to ISO 8296:2003 “Plastics – Film and Sheeting

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• , and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure at 35 °C. The resulting film was rehydrated with an aqueous solution of 1 (50 μM) by stirring overnight at room temperature. The final solution was left to equilibrate and filtered. Encapsulation efficiency (EE %) was calculated using the formula

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• nanobubbles [127] shown in Figure 8B. The SPR of liquid metal particles, such as gold, should drastically change because of the change of the dielectric function. Nevertheless, the melting transition has never been detected spectroscopically on an ultrafast timescale. In thin-film geometry, the optical

• reflectivity has been reliably assigned to film melting [129][130]. Optical reflectivity is discussed in more detail in the following chapter. Additionally, if the NP temperature is high enough, the heat released to the liquid within a few tens of picoseconds can be sufficient to form vapor bubbles around the

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• distance-dependent data, the contrast mode assignment is questionable. Experimental RT experiments were performed on a bulk CaF2 crystal after preparing a clean CaF2(111) surface by cleaving the crystal in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) [23]. For the LT experiments, a CaF2/CaF/Si(111) thin film sample was used

• fast (horizontal) and slow (vertical) scan directions. The surface directions for the bulk crystal exposing the (111) surface can be determined by cleaving the crystal along another surface from the {111} family [31]. For CaF2 thin films grown on Si(111) surfaces, it has been established that the film

• grows in type-B epitaxy [24][25][32]. This implies that the direction of the silicon crystal surface points in opposite direction of the direction of the CaF2 thin film. The direction of the pristine Si(111) (7 × 7) surface was determined by identifying the faulted and unfaulted halves of the (7 × 7