One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• techniques [11] and laser ablation [12]) are surfactant-free and scalable. However, these approaches typically require multiple-step procedures in which the support and catalytic nanoparticles (NPs) are first produced individually and then combined in a third step (i.e., NP sedimentation in liquid phase [13

Role of redox-active axial ligands of metal porphyrins adsorbed at solid–liquid interfaces in a liquid-STM setup

• Thomas Habets,
• Sylvia Speller and
• Johannes A. A. W. Elemans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1264–1271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.110

• ascribed to the occurrence of redox reactions in which chloride is oxidized to chlorine and the Mn(III) center of the porphyrin moiety is reduced to Mn(II). The resulting Mn(II) porphyrin products were identified by UV–vis analysis of the liquid phase. For solutions of Mn(III) porphyrins with non-redox

A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• Discussion The liquid phase exfoliation of graphite was first carried out in toxic, non-biocompatible solvents due to the match in the surface energy of graphene and the solvents [33]. However, the interest in using graphene for biological applications has led to the development of new synthetic techniques

Excitonic and electronic transitions in Me–Sb₂Se₃ structures

• Nicolae N. Syrbu,
• Victor V. Zalamai,
• Ivan G. Stamov and
• Stepan I. Beril

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1045–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.89

• for lower temperatures. Sb and Se, at a semiconductor purity В5 level (99.9999%), were used as the initial precursors and placed into a container that was evacuated to a residual pressure of 10−5 mmHg. For a thorough mixing of the reacting components in the liquid phase, a rocking device and an

Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• mV·s−1. Keywords: 2-butanone; liquid-phase exfoliation; low-boiling point solvent; molybdenum trioxide (MoO3); supercapacitors; Introduction The advent of graphene has opened a new area of research in the field of two-dimensional materials [1]. The extraordinary properties of graphene have led

• crucial to exfoliate MoO3 for improved performance in a variety of applications. Liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) has been shown to be an effective technique for obtaining dispersions of two-dimensional materials. It also offers the advantages of low cost and scalability [2]. The LPE process is initiated

• . Experimental Liquid-phase exfoliation of MoO3 Bulk molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) powder was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (99% purity, 300 mesh) and 2-butanone was procured from Finar Limited (AR, 98% purity). All materials were used without further purification. Bulk MoO3 powder suspensions with different initial

Adsorptive removal of bulky dye molecules from water with mesoporous polyaniline-derived carbon

• Hyung Jun An,
• Jong Min Park,
• Nazmul Abedin Khan and
• Sung Hwa Jhung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 597–605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.47

• -presence of activating agents such as KOH, H3PO4 or ZnCl2 [39]. Even though PANI-derived carbon (PDC) was used in gas-phase adsorption [40][41], it has been scarcely applied in liquid phase adsorption. Only recently we applied PDC for the possible purification of water contaminated with organics and fuel

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• attracted wide interest. Particularly attractive is the colorimetric detection of analytes in a liquid phase, which represents a direct way to evaluate the presence of an analyte by the naked eye. This facilitates its implementation as a transduction system in point-of-care devices. Therefore, noble metal

Formation of metal/semiconductor Cu–Si composite nanostructures

• Natalya V. Yumozhapova,
• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Vyacheslav V. Syzrantsev and
• Erzhena C. Khartaeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2497–2504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.240

• and residence time in the liquid phase) in the formation, structure, and morphology of nanoparticles remains unclear. In [17], the simulation of the formation of the Si/Au core–shell nanoparticles obtained from two liquid drops of gold and silicon was presented. Additionally, the authors, using the

• comparison of EDX analysis of experimental and model nanoparticles obtained from the liquid phase for a cooling rate of 1 and 1.5 K/ps with a silicon concentration of 10 or 50 atom %. The values are obtained by summing the number of atoms in the cross section perpendicular to the axis of the nanoparticle and

• the possibility of obtaining composite nanoparticles with unique properties. Conclusion The simulation results show that the creation of a Cu–Si core–shell nanoparticles from a liquid phase of randomly distributed silicon and copper atoms in a lattice with 10 atom % silicon content is possible at a

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

• (spin–lattice relaxation) times of many hours. This is an advantage compared to other liquid-phase compounds as hyperpolarized 13C spins usually relax on timescales of T1 ≈60 s to thermal equilibrium. In [18], synthetic, inexpensive, commercial ND with a diameter ranging from a micrometer to 25 nm were

Growth dynamics and light scattering of gold nanoparticles in situ synthesized at high concentration in thin polymer films

• Corentin Guyot,
• Philippe Vandestrick,
• Ingrid Marenne,
• Olivier Deparis and
• Michel Voué

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1768–1777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.172

• slightly different way, i.e., through the reducing the Au3+ ions with PVA in the liquid phase and casting the solution on substrates to obtain supported films, they provided us some interesting trends about the AuNP growth. The resonance position is not modified by the [Au]/[PVA] mass ratio, but when the

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• liquids dissolve different species that can only come into contact at the interface. At gas–liquid interfaces, insoluble components remain only at the interface and interact with other molecules (or materials) diffused from the underneath liquid phase. These circumstances can induce the generation of low

•  15) [237][238][239]. Fullerene molecules, such as C60 and C70, are dissolved in a liquid phase (good solvent) that contacts an immiscible liquid phase in which the molecules are poorly soluble (poor solvent). The formation of crystalline assemblies of fullerene molecules is induced by supersaturation

Energy distribution in an ensemble of nanoparticles and its consequences

• Dieter Vollath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1452–1457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.143

• . Therefore, the description of fluctuations has to be expanded. This necessary extension is demonstrated using as an example of melting gold particles at different particle sizes. Figure 1 displays the free enthalpy of the solid and the liquid phase of a 2 nm gold particle in the vicinity of the melting

• bulk values were selected [4]. The probability F(Te) of the existence of the solid–liquid phase at the temperature Te is given by Figure 2 displays the probability for the solid–liquid phase in the vicinity of the transformation temperature. As examples, particles with a diameter of 2 and 5 nm were

• size distribution. This widens the actual temperature interval for fluctuations to be observed in an experiment. The probabilities for the relative amount of the solid and liquid phase given in Figure 2 are equivalent to the probabilities for fluctuations. Determination of particle size distribution

Gas sensing properties of individual SnO₂ nanowires and SnO₂ sol–gel nanocomposites

• Alexey V. Shaposhnik,
• Dmitry A. Shaposhnik,
• Sergey Yu. Turishchev,
• Olga A. Chuvenkova,
• Stanislav V. Ryabtsev,
• Alexey A. Vasiliev,
• Xavier Vilanova,
• Francisco Hernandez-Ramirez and
• Joan R. Morante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1380–1390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.136

• nanowire synthesis was developed and reported in detail in the classic work of R. Wagner and W. Ellis [1]. Recently, with the use of this method, SnO2, In2O3, WO3, ZnO and other metal oxide nanowires were obtained [1][2][3][4][5]. Liquid phase synthesis methods have also been widely implemented [6][7][8][9

Uniform Sb₂S₃ optical coatings by chemical spray method

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Ilona Oja Acik,
• Arvo Mere and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 198–210, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.18

• layers is affected more by the Sb/S molar ratio in solution or by the deposition time. Sb2S3 tends to yield different morphologies in similar deposition conditions, possibly due to liquid phase reactions between molten-boiling SbCl3 (mp 73.4 °C, bp 223.5 °C [30]) and molten thiourea (TU, mp 182 °C [14

• ], Zn(TU)2Cl2 [33], and Sn(TU)2Cl2 [34]) in the surrounding liquid phase. In summary, the most uniform and continuous Sb2S3 thin films were deposited from Sb/S 1:3 solution at 200–210 °C. Influence of vacuum treatment temperature on morphology of Sb2S3 layers The thermal treatment of X-ray amorphous

Surface energy of nanoparticles – influence of particle size and structure

• Dieter Vollath,
• Franz Dieter Fischer and
• David Holec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2265–2276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.211

• early approach, analyzing the equilibrium between a liquid phase and the surrounding vapor, Tolman [17] estimated the surface energy of small droplets. These considerations led to the relation In Equation 2 the quantity d, where d = 2R, stands for the particle diameter and R for its radius; δ is a

• -near zone of the particle. Consequently, these results support (at least in the temperature range shown in Figure 10) that the surface energy decreases with decreasing particle diameter caused by the reduced surface energy of the liquid state. The formation of a liquid phase at the surface of lead

• number of next neighbors of the surface atoms, although this tendency is at least partly compensated by an increase of the binding energy and by the formation of a quasi-liquid phase at the surface. The latter finding has been confirmed by experimental results. However, these results have not been

Phosphorus monolayer doping (MLD) of silicon on insulator (SOI) substrates

• Noel Kennedy,
• Ray Duffy,
• Luke Eaton,
• Dan O’Connell,
• Scott Monaghan,
• Shane Garvey,
• James Connolly,
• Chris Hatem,
• Justin D. Holmes and
• Brenda Long

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2106–2113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.199

• the liquid phase enhances this re-oxidation. Therefore, precautions are taken to ensure a minimal re-oxidation, i.e., solvents are thoroughly degassed, and processing is carried out in a N2 environment using a Schlenk line. XPS analysis of samples immediately after functionalization indicated that

Cryochemical synthesis of ultrasmall, highly crystalline, nanostructured metal oxides and salts

• Elena A. Trusova and
• Nikolai S. Trutnev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1755–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.166

• solid microgranules. The resulting cryogel was vacuum-freeze-dried to remove the liquid phase at a temperature of 80–100 °C and a pressure of ≤3 × 10−2 mmHg. The heat treatment of the as-prepared product was continued in an oven in air at a temperature of 500 °C for 1–3 h, and as a result, well

Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• synthesize TiO2 photocatalysts with controlled crystallinity while maintaining a high surface area. Since many photocatalysis reactions are a liquid phase reaction, a well-dispersible colloidal TiO2 nanostructure should be one of the most ideal forms. In order to maximize the active surface area as well as

• ethanol and acetonitrile, and the relationship between the synthetic parameters and the properties of the final TiO2 products were systemically studied. The resulting TiO2 particles exhibited beneficial properties towards the liquid phase photocatalysis, including uniform particle dimensions, well

Toward the use of CVD-grown MoS₂ nanosheets as field-emission source

• Geetanjali Deokar,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Junjie Li,
• Francis Leonard Deepak,
• Wei Ou-Yang,
• Nicolas Reckinger,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Jean-Francois Colomer and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1686–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.160

• ][16] and the number of layers [16]. Various methods have been used to synthesize vertically aligned MoS2 NSs: liquid-phase exfoliation [17], hydrothermal synthesis [8] or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [15][17][18]. CVD is regarded as the most promising method to synthesize high-quality MoS2 with

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• activity, especially at lower temperature, an alternative approach known as the liquid-phase method was applied in preparing the Mn–CeOx/CNT catalyst [83]. Interestingly, excellent NO activity at low reaction temperatures was demonstrated by the developed catalysts. Even at a low catalytic temperature of

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• band positions shift by about 5 cm−1 for νas(CH2) and 6 cm−1 for νs(CH2) modes above the isotropisation temperature. This shows the increase of conformational disorder and mobility in hydrocarbon chains as liquid phase is formed. Figure 3b illustrates the evolution of the IR spectrum of SP2 at

Blister formation during graphite surface oxidation by Hummers’ method

• Olga V. Sinitsyna,
• Georgy B. Meshkov,
• Anastasija V. Grigorieva,
• Alexander A. Antonov,
• Inna G. Grigorieva and
• Igor V. Yaminsky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 407–414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.40

• larger the height and the smaller the diameter, the greater the pressure in the blister should be [21]. But the shape of small blisters is almost a hemisphere, which minimizes the ratio of the surface area to volume for a nucleated liquid phase. When the diameter reaches a certain critical value of ≈120

Photocatalytic and adsorption properties of TiO₂-pillared montmorillonite obtained by hydrothermally activated intercalation of titanium polyhydroxo complexes

• Mikhail F. Butman,
• Nikolay L. Ovchinnikov,
• Nikita S. Karasev,
• Nataliya E. Kochkina,
• Alexander V. Agafonov and
• Alexandr V. Vinogradov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 364–378, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.36

• follows: where Ce (mg/L) is the equilibrium liquid phase concentration of the adsorbate; Qe (mg/g) the equilibrium solid phase concentration of adsorbate; qL (mg/g) is the maximum sorption capacity; KL (L/mg) and KF (mg/g) are the Langmuir and Freundlich constants, respectively; Qm (mg/g) and KS (L/mg

Periodic structures on liquid-phase smectic A, nematic and isotropic free surfaces

• Anna N. Bagdinova,
• Evgeny I. Demikhov,
• Nataliya G. Borisenko,
• Sergei M. Tolokonnikov,
• Gennadii V. Mishakov and
• Andrei V. Sharkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 342–352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.34

• temperature of the isotropic liquid phase was set, and the behavior of the droplet was studied using ISSA. In some experiments, the droplet was thinly spread on the substrate with a metal blade in the isotropic liquid. To measure the liquid crystal layer thickness, the ISSA was focused on the upper boundary

BN/Ag hybrid nanomaterials with petal-like surfaces as catalysts and antibacterial agents

• Konstantin L. Firestein,
• Denis V. Leybo,
• Alexander E. Steinman,
• Andrey M. Kovalskii,
• Andrei T. Matveev,
• Anton M. Manakhov,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Pavel V. Slukin,
• Nadezda K. Fursova,
• Sergey G. Ignatov,
• Dmitri V. Golberg and
• Dmitry V. Shtansky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 250–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.27

• p-nitrophenol reduction to p-aminophenol, i.e., for liquid phase reaction [12][13][14], we utilized the 3D BN/Ag HNMs for the methanol oxidation reaction, i.e., for the gas phase reaction. In the latter case, the usage of 3D BN NPs appears to be preferential because of higher specific surface area