Recent highlights in nanoscale and mesoscale friction

• Andrea Vanossi,
• Dirk Dietzel,
• Andre Schirmeisen,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Marcin Kisiel,
• Shigeki Kawai and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1995–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.190

• -scale friction and mechanical control of specific single-asperity combinations, e.g., nanoclusters on layered materials, then scaling up to the meso/microscale of extended, occasionally lubricated, interfaces and driven trapped optical systems, and eventually up to the macroscale. Currently, this “hot

• friction was recently observed for micro- and macroscale systems based on incommensurate sliding between graphene-covered spheres or “nanoscrolls” and substrates [76][77]. Also a decrease of friction shear stress with increasing number of layers has been observed for graphene over Si/SiO2 in vacuum

• shown low-friction properties for extended periods of time. Early examples of superlubricity at the nano- and microscale and even at the macroscale were observed [44][77][177][178]. In addition to the role of friction in energy conservation, the control and reduction of adhesion has a great

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• incidental NMs; additionally, engineered NMs can be purposely designed to exploit novel features that stem from their small size. It is known that metal NPs may be spontaneously generated from synthetic objects, which implies that humans have long been in direct contact with synthetic NMs and that macroscale

Bioinspired self-healing materials: lessons from nature

• Joseph C. Cremaldi and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 907–935, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.85

• great deal of research has been put into the current understanding of muscle movement, as described by [42]. Through regulation and interaction, these two proteins slide past one another, causing a reversible extension/contraction and then relaxation of muscle on a macroscale, as detailed by [43]. This

Optimal fractal tree-like microchannel networks with slip for laminar-flow-modified Murray’s law

• Dalei Jing,
• Shiyu Song,
• Yunlu Pan and
• Xiaoming Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 482–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.46

• numerous theoretical and experimental studies, it is obtained under a no-slip condition assumption at the channel wall–liquid interface [12][14][15][16][17][18]. This no-slip condition assumption is reasonable for fluid flow in a macroscale channel, however, for a microscale channel, this assumption is

• , the effect of slip on the macroscale fluid flow is usually weak and negligible; however, for microscale fluid flow, slip is believed to effectively reduce the hydraulic resistance of fluid flow and should be considered [23][24][25][26]. Nevertheless, there is less study on the fluid flow in the

• flow on the macroscale is usually neglected. The present work indicates that although the slip can effectively reduce the hydraulic resistance as shown in Equation 4 and Figure 3, it increases the complexity of the optimal design of the fractal tree-like microchannel network to achieve the minimum

Exploring wear at the nanoscale with circular mode atomic force microscopy

• Olivier Noel,
• Aleksandar Vencl and
• Pierre-Emmanuel Mazeran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2662–2668, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.266

• roads, brakes or car engines [6]. The use of lubricants to reduce wear is also a source of pollution as they are often in the form of unfriendly environmental chemicals discarded into the environment [7]. Advances in tribology have allowed for a better understanding of wear mechanisms at the macroscale

High-stress study of bioinspired multifunctional PEDOT:PSS/nanoclay nanocomposites using AFM, SEM and numerical simulation

• Alfredo J. Diaz,
• Hanaul Noh,
• Tobias Meier and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2069–2082, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.207

• of tens of nanometers, for example in polymer solar cells [59]. It is also worth noting that in both cases, thick and thin, there was a decrease in the average contact-resonance frequency for MTM compared to LAP. In macroscale tension testing, MTM has shown higher stiffness than LAP [11]. CRFM

• properties measured at the surface suggest that it is less stiff than LAP. This contradicts the macroscale results and, as also stated above, suggests that skin formation plays a prominent role in the properties of the film, as measured with AFM. On the other hand, the addition of Laponite RD to PEDOT:PSS

A comparative study of the nanoscale and macroscale tribological attributes of alumina and stainless steel surfaces immersed in aqueous suspensions of positively or negatively charged nanodiamonds

• Colin K. Curtis,
• Antonin Marek,
• Alex I. Smirnov and
• Jacqueline Krim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2045–2059, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.205

• the nanoscale and macroscale tribological attributes of alumina and stainless steel surfaces immersed in aqueous suspensions of positively (hydroxylated) or negatively (carboxylated) charged nanodiamonds (ND). Immersion in −ND suspensions resulted in a decrease in the macroscopic friction coefficients

• existing protective boundary layers in the case of stainless steel contacts. This study therefore reveals atomic scale details associated with systems that exhibit starkly different macroscale tribological properties, enabling future efforts to predict and design complex lubricant interfaces. Keywords

• steel/gold contacts in water using both nano- and macroscale measurements and found the contact to be highly sensitive to the sign of the charge on the NDs in suspension [9]. The authors suggested that the −ND suspensions were more likely to improve the tribological performance in macroscale settings

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids used as additives in the nanolubrication of silicon surfaces

• Patrícia M. Amorim,
• Ana M. Ferraria,
• Rogério Colaço,
• Luís C. Branco and
• Benilde Saramago

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1961–1971, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.197

• lubrication of silica surfaces at the macro- and the nanoscale with mixtures of trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate and apolar base oils, such as octane and hexadecane. Macroscale studies were done with a pin-on-disk tribometer under loads of 2 N and 10 N, while an atomic

• force microscope was used in the nanoscale investigation. Different lubrication regimes were observed at both scales: boundary lubrication at the nanoscale and mixed lubrication the macroscale. In the former case, lubricity was a function of the density of the adsorbed layer; in the latter one, the

• between humid and dry PEG: The presence of water slightly increases the friction coefficient. Similar results were reported by the group of Spencer who found that water negatively affects the lubrication efficiency of ILs, at both the nanoscale [30] and the macroscale [31]. They used an extended surface

α-Silicene as oxidation-resistant ultra-thin coating material

• Ali Kandemir,
• Fadil Iyikanat,
• Cihan Bacaksiz and
• Hasan Sahin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1808–1814, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.182

• for all application areas. As a well-known mechanism of electrochemical corrosion, the formation of rust is an un-solicited reaction between a metal and oxygen. For that reason, protection of surfaces from oxygen has become an important field. Although macroscale and microscale coatings have been used

Nanotribological behavior of deep cryogenically treated martensitic stainless steel

• Germán Prieto,
• Konstantinos D. Bakoglidis,
• Walter R. Tuckart and
• Esteban Broitman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1760–1768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.177

• martensitic matrix [10]. This carbide refinement improved the macroscale wear resistance of the material by 35% under lubricated and by 90% under dry sliding conditions compared to the conventionally treated specimens [11]. A slight reduction in the macroscale friction coefficient has also been observed [11

Studying friction while playing the violin: exploring the stick–slip phenomenon

• Santiago Casado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 159–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.16

• compared to the macroscale, indicating that more exploration at the mesoscale is needed to bridge the models from the two regimes [2][3]. Amongst the possible friction effects, the stick–slip regime is present in many familiar cases. For instance, it influences the behavior observed in many braking systems

• , the frequencies corresponding to wavelengths around 9 µm along the bow axis appear more blurred in the second case. These morphological asymmetries at the microscale may cause the distinct friction control at the macroscale. Clearly, a rough surface like that shown in sample 1 can tear stronger from

• on the string, can provide valuable information regarding friction dependence on the roughness at the mesoscale. These experiments will have the advantage of testing minimized interfaces checking clear macroscale sound effects, and comparing them with results obtained from modelling. Understanding

Tandem polymer solar cells: simulation and optimization through a multiscale scheme

• Fanan Wei,
• Ligang Yao,
• Fei Lan,
• Guangyong Li and
• Lianqing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 123–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.13

• evidence to support the contribution of internal morphology to the photon absorption in active layers. Bridging macroscale and microscale through mesoscale simulation As discussed above, the distribution of material at the microscale also affects device performance. To quantize this affect, we need to

• bridge the gap between microscale and macroscale in the simulation system. In our previous work [27], a mesoscale simulation, i.e., a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, has been developed to meet this requirement. At the mesoscale, with the weight ratio and average domain size as input parameters, MC

Manufacturing and investigation of physical properties of polyacrylonitrile nanofibre composites with SiO₂, TiO₂ and Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles

• Tomasz Tański,
• Wiktor Matysiak and
• Barbara Hajduk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1141–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.106

• phase (≤10 wt %) compared to what is achievable using filler in the macroscale of the traditional composites. The used nanoparticles have a decisive effect on the properties of the produced composite. Therefore, by selecting the type of reinforcing phase and its amount, optical, magnetic, mechanical

Nanoscale rippling on polymer surfaces induced by AFM manipulation

• Mario D’Acunto,
• Franco Dinelli and
• Pasqualantonio Pingue

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2278–2289, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.234

• of the probe. They are dependent on the probe movement direction, i.e., along parallel or slightly tilted (zig-zag) lines [15][16][31][33][34][35]. However, an analogy between the macroscale and microscale formations of ripples can be only drawn if the feeding is small enough that the whole scan can

• of an AFM tip on polymer films are basically three: Schallamach waves [28], stick–slip behavior [52][53], and fracture-based descriptions [15][48]. On the macroscale, Schallamach waves are a reversible phenomenon that occurs at the surface of an elastomer when it slides past a stiff surface under

• when the tip is withdrawn and the sample is left unperturbed. Furthermore, the formation of the Schallamach waves on the macroscale was found to be dependent on a peeling phenomenon within the whole area of contact. The ripple periodicity on the nanoscale is found to be much larger than the actual

Electroviscous effect on fluid drag in a microchannel with large zeta potential

• Dalei Jing and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2207–2216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.226

• surface charge, boundary slip, nanobubble and surface roughness, which can be neglected in macroscale fluidics, are believed to significantly affect the micro/nano fluid flow [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. When a droplet of certain liquid contacts with a solid surface, the solid–liquid interface

Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1541–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.158

• . Similarly, AC-TEM has contributed significantly to the fundamental understanding of graphene. Its superior physical properties derived from its unique 2D nanostructure triggered extensive research about how defects in graphene can influence its properties and can further be utilized to tailor its macroscale

Probing fibronectin–antibody interactions using AFM force spectroscopy and lateral force microscopy

• Andrzej J. Kulik,
• Małgorzata Lekka,
• Kyumin Lee,
• Grazyna Pyka-Fościak and
• Wieslaw Nowak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1164–1175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.118

• between surfaces observed on the macroscale is typically modelled using Amonton’s law, where a frictional force is linearly dependent on a load force. The proportionality factor is the constant friction coefficient. To verify whether any friction force is observed between the FN-coated surface and the FN

Scale effects of nanomechanical properties and deformation behavior of Au nanoparticle and thin film using depth sensing nanoindentation

• Dave Maharaj and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 822–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.94

• understand the details of these mechanisms to determine which ones apply and best explains the results. As physical dimensions reach the nanoscale, an increase in yield stress or hardening is observed compared to the macroscale. These changes are driven by the presence or absence of sets of atoms that

• (right) compared to the macroscale (left), resulting in a greater number of dislocations per unit area or density (ρ). This entanglement of dislocations impedes the formation and motion of new dislocations and multiplication of existing dislocations necessary to accommodate strain gradient and subsequent

• were performed at room temperature (23 °C) and 50–55% relative humidity. Macromechanical characterization For comparison to the macroscale, data from polycrystalline bulk Au was used from experiments presented by Lozinskii [39]. The Vickers hardness was obtained by using a four sided diamond tip under

The softening of human bladder cancer cells happens at an early stage of the malignancy process

• Jorge R. Ramos,
• Joanna Pabijan,
• Ricardo Garcia and
• Malgorzata Lekka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 447–457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.52

• cancerous cells in the tumor progression [1][2]. The best example is breast cancer, whose solid tumors are detectable in macroscale by palpation whereas single cells show a larger deformability [3]. In this context, it has also been proposed that tumorigenesis in breast tissues is driven by changes in the

Dynamic nanoindentation by instrumented nanoindentation and force microscopy: a comparative review

• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Estelle Kalfon-Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 815–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.93

• is not accurate for materials that display small phase lags on the same order of that of the reference sample. The modulation source In the classical dynamic test at the macroscale the phase lag is measured from the strain response to a sinusoidal tensile/flexural stress. In contrast the phase lag in

Highly ordered ultralong magnetic nanowires wrapped in stacked graphene layers

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Jean-Luc Duvail,
• Eric Gautron,
• Wei Xu,
• Chang-Hwan Choi,
• Benoit Angleraud,
• Agnès Granier and
• Pierre-Yves Tessier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 846–851, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.95

• ][23]. Such a technique allows accurate controlling over the characteristics (i.e., density, length, tube diameter, etc.) of the vertically grown metal-filled nanotubes. Despite this accurate growth control, CVD does not allow the growth of metal-filled nanotubes with a length up to the macroscale

Effect of spherical Au nanoparticles on nanofriction and wear reduction in dry and liquid environments

• Dave Maharaj and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 759–772, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.85

• applications in liquids requiring controlled manipulation and targeting. On the macroscale, nanoparticles in solids and liquids have been shown to reduce friction and wear. On the nanoscale, atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies have been performed in single- and multiple-nanoparticle contact, in dry

• nanoscale with AFM as well as on the macroscale by using a ball-on-flat tribometer to relate friction and wear reduction on the nanoscale and macroscale. Results indicate that the addition of Au nanoparticles reduces friction and wear. Keywords: AFM; drug delivery; friction; gold nanoparticles; MEMS/NEMS

• to the commercialization of MEMS/NEMS [1]. As one moves from the macroscale to the micro/nanoscale, surface to volume ratio increases. Therefore, adhesive and friction forces, which are dependent on surface area, become more significant. With MEMS/NEMS devices, the initial start-up forces and torques

Friction and durability of virgin and damaged skin with and without skin cream treatment using atomic force microscopy

• Bharat Bhushan,
• Si Chen and
• Shirong Ge

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 731–746, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.83

• /bjnano.3.83 Abstract Skin can be damaged by the environment easily. Skin cream is an effective and rapid way to moisten the skin by changing the skin surface properties. Rat skin and pig skin are common animal models for studies and were used as skin samples in this study. The nano- and macroscale

• . The nanoscale studies were performed by using atomic force microscope (AFM), and macroscale studies were performed by using a pin-on-disk (POD) reciprocating tribometer. It was found that damaged skin has different mechanical properties, surface roughness, contact angle, friction and durability

• differences between friction and durability of normal and damaged skin and the role of cream treatment of the damaged skin on friction and durability is of importance. Many studies have focused on the macroscale friction and durability of normal and damaged skin, but the skin properties are related to the

Combining nanoscale manipulation with macroscale relocation of single quantum dots

• Francesca Paola Quacquarelli,
• Richard A. J. Woolley,
• Martin Humphry,
• Jasbiner Chauhan,
• Philip J. Moriarty and
• Ashley Cadby

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 324–328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.36

Parallel- and serial-contact electrochemical metallization of monolayer nanopatterns: A versatile synthetic tool en route to bottom-up assembly of electric nanocircuits

• Jonathan Berson,
• Assaf Zeira,
• Rivka Maoz and
• Jacob Sagiv

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 134–143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.14

• the application of this methodology to the fabrication of an entire addressable nanocircuit, the present nanoscale metallization processes need to be combined with analogous CET processes applicable on much larger length scales [30], which would enable the assembly of micro- and macroscale metal