Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• [11]. The basic steps of the general CVD process are classified and described in [12]. The optimization of this technique improves the properties of the films; however, the complexity of the CVD processes makes it difficult to understand clearly the different mechanisms involved in such optimization

• reactor in zero dimensions (0D); the model used was solved using CHEMKIN III and AURORA software. In the model, a set of reactions was established that approximately describe the mechanisms of the material growth, and the model results were compared with those obtained by experimental measurements [21

• condition. The simulations give us a broad overview on the probable reaction mechanisms during the deposition of thin films in the HFCVD reactor. This allows us to get an estimate of the types of species that will be deposited for the growth of thin films, which depend strongly on the parameters and

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• or active targeting mechanisms. In the passive strategy, coated nanocarriers can traverse permeable vessels (as observed in tumors, for example) and exhibit tropism toward specific pathological targets based on the size, surface charge, and physicochemical properties of the nanostructure. The active

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• ]. Adhesive properties Seed dispersal is a crucial factor for many plants, allowing for the genetic continuity as well as for occupying new habitats. Through diverse mechanisms developed by the plants, seeds can be dispersed at a local scale (in the vicinity of mother plant) or transported over longer

• distances between islands or continents [28][118]. Plants developed diverse morphological mechanisms for the diaspore transport. One of the ways of promoting long-distance dispersal is the proper interaction between the plant diaspores and animals [118][119][120]. Epizoochory is the way of diaspore

• , Salvia hispanica, and Lepidium sativum) gave us further insight into seed mucilage adhesion mechanisms (see below). Adhesion of the hydrated mucilage Biological functions of hydrated mucilage have been described for diverse diaspores. Adhesion under wet conditions appears just after hydration. The

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• ]. Fe3O4 NPs larger than 5 nm are unable to participate in these mechanisms [20]. Thus, the evaluation of the biocompatibility and hepatotoxicity of Fe3O4 NPs is relevant for their potential biomedical applications. The combination of phytotherapy with nanotechnology can enhance the pharmacological

• , it can be concluded that the effects of all investigated samples on liver tissue exhibit a multifaceted character and diverse mechanisms of activity. These mechanisms depend on the size of Fe3O4 NPs, the hydrophilic shell diameter, solubility, aggregation, stability, and various other physicochemical

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• -car-AgNPs for both heavy metal ion detection and catalytic degradation of P-NP, indicating their suitability for environmental monitoring and remediation applications. Further optimization and research are needed to expand their environmental applications and to understand their interaction mechanisms

• highlights their potential as cost-effective and environmentally friendly catalysts for the remediation of industrial effluents. Future studies will focus on optimizing these nanoparticles for broader applications and understanding their interaction mechanisms at the molecular level. Schematic representation

Ultrablack color in velvet ant cuticle

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Wencke Krings,
• Juliana Reis Machado,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1554–1565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.122

• examples observed in some organisms, scientists are committed to unraveling the mechanisms underlying the development of ultrablack technical surfaces, seeking to replicate such structures in synthetic and natural materials with equivalent properties [3][4][5][6][7][8]. Ultrablack colors are a rare

• ultrablack colors in animals underscores the convergent evolution of anti-reflective mechanisms as an important strategy for survival and reproductive success across diverse habitats and ecological contexts. The evolution of ultrablack colors in animals highlights nature’s ingenuity in achieving structurally

• assisted absorption to reduce specular reflectance. This demonstrates how organisms have developed sophisticated mechanisms to modulate the interaction between light and biological surfaces, resulting in highly absorptive and minimally reflective colors. These adaptations play a role in animal survival and

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

• ]. The digital twin serves as a powerful tool for predictive modelling, optimization, and design of materials, allowing researchers to assess performance under different conditions, predict degradation mechanisms, and optimize material properties. It also facilitates virtual experimentation, reducing the

• scales. Physics-based models provide insights into the fundamental mechanisms governing materials phenomena, such as structural changes, phase transitions, and mechanical responses. Empirical models, in contrast, are derived from experimental observations and statistical analyses. These models rely on

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• for the color, flavor, and aroma of plants, but more importantly, they contribute to the plant’s defense mechanisms against pathogens, pests, and environmental stresses. Beyond their role in plant biology, phytochemicals have gained significant attention for their potential health benefits in humans

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• boundaries. These two cases represent different mechanisms for defect annihilation and can lead to different steady-state concentrations of defects depending on the material and irradiation conditions [17][21]. The time-dependence of the vacancy concentration, Cv, and interstitial concentration Ci can be

• different mechanisms, characterized by Δg > 0 and Δgp < 0. In this area, irradiation plays a crucial role in increasing the stability of the α phase (bcc). While without irradiation, the α-phase particle is unstable, the α phase becomes stable under irradiation. This increase in stability under irradiation

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• the metal of interest. Furthermore, as the volatile species escape the system, they can collide with adsorbed material leading to a cascade of momentum transfer events [43]. In contrast to FIBID, FEBID occurs via different electron stimulated mechanisms, namely, dissociative electron attachment (DEA

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• , goblet cells, and basal cells [55]. Transport mechanisms for N2B delivery The transport mechanisms for the N2B delivery are yet to be fully understood. It is suggested that olfactory and trigeminal nerves are responsible for direct transport to the brain through the nasal route (Figure 3). For the

• ]. N2B drug transport includes intracellular, paracellular, and extracellular mechanisms [42]. While the intracellular pathway is based on the drug’s internalization by the neurons followed by axonal transport, the extracellular pathway is based on the drugs’ transport through the paracellular space [61

• through sheep nasal mucosa compared to their non-coated PLGA counterparts [80]. In another study by Spindler et al., the researchers prepared PLGA NPs in batches of different sizes, as well as chitosan-coated PLGA NPs, to study the uptake mechanisms of these particles into the olfactory mucosa through ex

Various CVD-grown ZnO nanostructures for nanodevices and interdisciplinary applications

• The-Long Phan,
• Le Viet Cuong,
• Vu Dinh Lam and
• Ngoc Toan Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1390–1399, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.112

• sensitive in gas-sensing applications [58][59], and can be used to tune second harmonic polaritons coupling with nanocavity modes and generating polariton cavity modes [60]. The aforementioned results indicate the variety of ZnO nanostructures as well as complex physical mechanisms occurring during their

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• surfaces of insects are marvels of natural engineering, displaying a remarkable array of adaptations that enable them to thrive in diverse environments [1][2][3]. Insects have developed a variety of mechanisms to cope with the challenges posed by their habitats, from specialized structures for attachment

• and movement to unique features that enhance survival and reproductive success [4]. These adaptations may provide valuable insights for biomimetic and bioinspired technological advancements [1]. Hence, understanding these mechanisms not only sheds light on the evolutionary ingenuity of insects but

• surfaces can prevent the wear of moving parts in devices such as hard drives and printers, ensuring longer operational life and reliability. The mechanisms behind the cuticle’s friction-reducing properties also include the ability to repel dust and contaminants, which further extends the applications of

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) undergoes multiple transformations when introduced to biological and environmental media. GO surface favors the adsorption of biomolecules through different types of interaction mechanisms, modulating the biological effects of the material. In this study, we investigated the

• , phototransformation, and degradation [8]. Furthermore, because of the presence of sites for different types of interaction mechanisms (i.e., hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interaction, and π–π stacking), its structure favors the adsorption of different molecules (i.e., biomolecules and organic pollutants) and metal

• C. elegans at low concentrations (e.g., above 0.1 mg·L−1) [11][14]; the main mechanisms of toxicity reported in literature are damage to intestinal cavity and secondary organs, such as reproductive organs and neurons [14][34][35]. The sensibility of the nematode to GO made it a good model to

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• samples are summarized in Table 3. Morphology, microstructure, and anisotropy mechanisms significantly impact the magnetic properties of ferrite materials [38]. It is known that antiphase boundaries (APBs) and grain size in Fe3O4 thin films, which are strongly influenced by substrate or buffer layer, can

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• should be carried out to better understand the effect of complex heat transfer mechanisms. In addition, other FIB processing parameters, such as scan strategies, should be incorporated and the effect evaluated in future work to further reduce the local heating, as demonstrated by Schmied et al. in an

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• between feature values and impact. Conversely, CVsim(LK) predominantly affects the model predictions negatively, as evidenced by its SHAP values being mainly on the left side. Mechanisms of ZHE1 enzyme inhibition The incorporation of third-generation descriptors significantly improves the predictive power

• likely to penetrate cell membranes, thereby decreasing their potential to cause cellular damage and toxicity. However, MONPs with increased molecular bulk can enhance toxicity via several mechanisms. They can physically damage cell membranes, potentially causing cell death. Their size may lead to

• , through aggregation, cause localized toxicity to zebrafish. Additionally, their size affects biodistribution and clearance, with larger MONPs tending to accumulate within the zebrafish organism, further exacerbating toxicity (Figure 3). In zebrafish, these mechanisms can manifest in several ways

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• the primary electrons may enhance diffusion of silver and related reordering processes in the carbonaceous matrix [14]. Under our conditions, this energy input is about 0.3 eV for a silver atom and 2.6 eV for a carbon atom, which would be available for rearrangement mechanisms. The clarification of

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• their derivatives, and inorganic NPs. We also discuss the underlying mechanisms of some nanocarriers to yield selective liver accumulation and enhance therapeutic action. In the final section, we mention the future perspective of the development of nanomedicine-based drug delivery for liver fibrosis

• progression. Among the various molecular mechanisms causing liver fibrosis, activation of HSCs is considered a central link. This is because of the dominant contribution of activated HSCs in ECM production, making HSC activation a preferred target for antifibrotic therapy [67]. In any of the aforementioned

• overexpressed in activated HSCs and strongly related to the transformation of HSCs into matrix-producing myofibroblasts during liver fibrinogenesis [68][69]. The HSC-mediated antifibrotic drugs work through several mechanisms, including inhibition of fibrogenesis (ECM synthesis), inhibition of HSC proliferation

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• pathways and the existence of a tunnel barrier between graphene flakes [43]. Accordingly, the transparency of the interface between different flakes determines whether the inter-flake transport is diffusive or hopping-type regardless of the intrinsic mechanisms responsible for intra-flake transport in

• response. The mechanisms involved in inflammation related to NDs are not yet clear, but authors suggest that the process is started by serum protein deposition triggering the inflammatory cascade. Moreover, polymeric films containing NDs were optimum substrates for osteoblast proliferation as reported by

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• studies, and transport in vivo also holds true for these particles. We will start by describing the status and challenges when it comes to cellular uptake mechanisms, and in the last part discuss interactions of NPs with tissues and biodistribution of these particles. Endocytic Pathways Involved in

• Nanoparticle Uptake The complexity of endocytosis The field of endocytosis has undergone a remarkable development during the last decades. Today it is clear that there is a variety of uptake mechanisms in cells, and adding to the complexity, they are partially cell-type specific [7][8][9][10]. In Figure 1, we

• step in FEME is blocked by a number of inhibitors that target other mechanisms [11]. Importantly, dynamin is required for the formation of vesicles by numerous mechanisms [7][8], but was recently reported to stabilize some caveolae [12]. Furthermore, when interfering with one uptake mechanism, the cell

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• bending between the carriers. However, when the gate bias that is supplied is greater than the threshold voltage of the device, the type of the channel is inverted which permits the current to flow and turns on the transistor [52]. The FET-based biosensors consist of two dissimilar transduction mechanisms

• to differences in current injection mechanisms [125], exemplified by PKD TFET-based biosensors [114], and especially the NC DG TFET-based biosensors, which offer the best sensitivity [119] due to the incorporation of negative capacitance (NC) and the tunneling mechanism, offering ideal subthreshold

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• designed biomimetic adhesives were discarded in favor of the more well-known and well-characterized mushroom-shaped fiber structures, and many groups developed similar shapes around the same time [2]. I will not cover the exact mechanisms by which these mushroom shapes have proven effective, as several

• mushroom-shaped adhesives included the introduction of multiheight caps [25] or asymmetric caps [26], which produce different directional adhesion without significantly altering the manufacturing process of the caps themselves (Figure 1), and multimaterial adhesives for different adhesion mechanisms in a

• easily adhered to in its soft state (Figure 2). Thus, it served as a dual-mechanism dry adhesive, although it could not operate with both mechanisms simultaneously. SMP materials are finding increasing use in newer versions of dry adhesives [30][31][32], and their full capabilities for switchable

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• , osteoclasts, and bone lining cells [24]. Actually, there are two basic mechanisms, namely, direct and indirect bone healing. Direct healing without callus formation is rarely seen in the natural healing process. Therefore, indirect healing is to be detailed here [25]. In general, three successive stages, that

Effects of cutting tool geometry on material removal of a gradient nanograined CoCrNi medium entropy alloy

• Yu-Sheng Lu,
• Yu-Xuan Hung,
• Thi-Xuyen Bui and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 925–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.76

• transform into a mixed structure of face-centered cubic and hexagonally close-packed phases. The sliding and twisting of grain boundaries and the merging of grains are essential mechanisms for polycrystalline deformation. Regarding the cutting parameters, the average resultant force, the material

• /molecularly parallel simulator (LAMMPS) software [16][17], and the GNG model substrates were built from the ATOMSK software [18]. Deformation response, molecular structure, and atomic strain behavior were observed using the Open Visualization Tool (OVITO) software [19][20]. The mechanisms of phase transitions