Modelling focused electron beam induced deposition beyond Langmuir adsorption

• Dédalo Sanz-Hernández and
• Amalio Fernández-Pacheco

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2151–2161, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.214

• adsorption processes. Two types of adsorption energies, describing both physisorption and spontaneous chemisorption, are included. Steady state solutions under no diffusion are investigated and compared under a wide range of conditions. The different growth regimes observed are fully explained by relative

• various growth regimes when considering a single adsorbate, and has been restricted to physisorption processes, except for a few exceptions [28][29]. Relevant effects present in common FEBID precursors, such as autocatalytic effects [15][16][30][31][32] cannot be described either. Moreover, current

• employed in FEBID for physisorption [1]. The ML model presented here assumes several simplifications. First, chemisorption processes considered are spontaneous; energy barriers for activated chemisorption, which can be modelled via the inclusion of Arrhenius terms in the sticking coefficient [29], are not

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• of the depositing molecules decreases exponentially with penetration depth not only by diffusion but also by deposition losses, which causes a steeply dropping layer thickness. The reaction can occur in the gas phase as well as during or after the process of condensation (physisorption). By diluting

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• /IG of CP6 suggests the extent of graphitization of the obtained carbon nanospheres is still very low. This is due to the fairly low carbonization temperature. The pore structure of the carbonized sample CP6 was characterized by nitrogen physisorption. As shown in Figure 8a, CP6 displayed a IV-type

Application of visible-light photosensitization to form alkyl-radical-derived thin films on gold

• Rashanique D. Quarels,
• Xianglin Zhai,
• Neepa Kuruppu,
• Jenny K. Hedlund,
• Ashley A. Ellsworth,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Jayne C. Garno and
• Justin R. Ragains

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1863–1877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.187

• (bpy)3Cl2. While this film deposition is poorly understood, a combination of the physisorption of molecules and processes owing to radicals generated through uncatalyzed processes may explain this outcome. In particular, Overman and co-workers have demonstrated that visible-light irradiation of

Fabrication of hierarchically porous TiO₂ nanofibers by microemulsion electrospinning and their application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

• Jin Zhang,
• Yibing Cai,
• Xuebin Hou,
• Xiaofei Song,
• Pengfei Lv,
• Huimin Zhou and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1297–1306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.131

• porous TiO2 nanofibers were characterized with a physisorption analyzer (ASAP 2020, Micromeritics). Electrochemical measurements The electrodes were prepared by mixing thoroughly porous TiO2 nanofibers (60 wt %), carbon black (20 wt %) and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (20 wt %) to form a homogeneous paste

CVD transfer-free graphene for sensing applications

• Chiara Schiattarella,
• Sten Vollebregt,
• Tiziana Polichetti,
• Brigida Alfano,
• Ettore Massera,
• Maria Lucia Miglietta,
• Girolamo Di Francia and
• Pasqualina Maria Sarro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1015–1022, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.102

• than a more realistic environment (i.e., by employing synthetic air) was chosen because of the undesired influence of oxygen. The number of active sites on the graphene surface decreases due to binding of O2 molecules via weak physisorption [26]. This phenomenon tends to impair the quantitative study

Impact of air exposure and annealing on the chemical and electronic properties of the surface of SnO₂ nanolayers deposited by rheotaxial growth and vacuum oxidation

• Monika Kwoka and
• Maciej Krzywiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.55

• annealing of the air-exposed samples the XPS survey spectrum is very similar to that observed for the pristine RGVO SnO2 nanolayers. Most importantly, after annealing the C 1s peak almost disappeared. It could indicate that the C contamination is mainly the physisorption of carbonaceous species from ambient

• nanolayers. The porosity of the nanolayers was confirmed by AFM investigation. The XPS data analysis performed for SnO2 nanolayers after UHV annealing suggested that most of the ambient–layer interactions during air exposure were based on physisorption or weak chemisorption. The air exposure process caused

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of self-assembled thiol monolayers and supported lipid membranes on thin anodic porous alumina

• Marco Salerno,
• Amirreza Shayganpour,
• Barbara Salis and
• Silvia Dante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.8

• the physisorption of coating layers of functional materials [20][21]. The main component of the biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all living cells from the outside environment is a phospholipid bilayer. For this reason, as well as for the complexity of real samples of

• coated onto them by electrostatically-driven physisorption. We used two thiols, namely 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MbA) and 11-amino-1-undecanethiol hydrochloride (AT), from Sigma (Milan, Italy), and three lipids, namely 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero

• unilamellar vesicles. Preparation of the Raman target analytes: SLBs The lipid vesicles were diluted to 0.5 g/L in the PBS buffer and vortexed immediately before use. The thiol SAM was incubated overnight with the lipid vesicle dispersion, to allow vesicle physisorption and fusion onto the substrate. The

Scanning probe microscopy studies on the adsorption of selected molecular dyes on titania

• Jakub S. Prauzner-Bechcicki,
• Lukasz Zajac,
• Piotr Olszowski,
• Res Jöhr,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Bartosz Such,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Marek Szymonski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1642–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.156

• layers of physisorbed species. Interestingly, an increased density of the molecular adsorbates leads to changes in the adsorption mode from physisorption to chemisorption, leaving the molecules arranged in a well-ordered brick-wall-like structure. In a more recent study, the same authors examined the

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• functionalization. It will be beyond the scope of this review to give a detailed account; only a few examples can be depicted. One simple and often used way to functionalize a surface non-specifically with molecules is by simple physisorption, often after enhancing the surface charge of hardly adhesive surfaces

• [139]. The latter is typically achieved by oxidizing the surface. Surface oxidation can be performed by means of oxygen plasma treatment, ultra violet (UV) light (for polymers) or chemical treatment [140][141][142][143][144]. Physisorption of molecules is typically an easy method for coating a surface

Mesoporous hollow carbon spheres for lithium–sulfur batteries: distribution of sulfur and electrochemical performance

• Anika C. Juhl,
• Artur Schneider,
• Boris Ufer,
• Torsten Brezesinski,
• Jürgen Janek and
• Michael Fröba

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1229–1240, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.114

• application of unsuitable high-vacuum methods for the analysis of sulfur distribution. Here we describe the distribution of sulfur in hollow carbon spheres by powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy along with results from scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen physisorption. The results of these

• analysis of sulfur distribution in hollow carbon spheres with a mesoporous shell by combining the results from non-vacuum methods, namely X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, with those from vacuum-based ones (SEM and nitrogen physisorption). Moreover, we examined the influence of the pressure

• carbon structure [38]. From the nitrogen physisorption isotherm (Figure 4a) of the HCS a Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface of 1123 m2·g−1 can be determined. The pore size distribution (Figure 4b) was calculated by a quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) model from the adsorption branch and

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

• electrical properties [20]. Moreover, transistor-type devices from the same molecule have displayed fundamentally different transport characteristics [21][22]. The organization of the molecules within the junction is usually based on some sort of self-assembly using chemisorption or physisorption methods to

• monolayers with a well-defined bonding configuration on gold substrates. Film formation from solution was investigated in situ by second harmonic generation (SHG) and ellipsometry, which revealed a two-step process (fast adsorption ≈ physisorption, followed by slow film ordering ≈ chemisorption). The SAMs

• revealed that the π orbitals of the pyridines contributed to the physisorption of the tripodal platform on gold. Measurements of single-molecule conductance were successfully carried out using modified STM techniques for single-molecule junctions that consisted of the tripodal anchors and a diphenyl

Controlled graphene oxide assembly on silver nanocube monolayers for SERS detection: dependence on nanocube packing procedure

• Martina Banchelli,
• Bruno Tiribilli,
• Roberto Pini,
• Luigi Dei,
• Paolo Matteini and
• Gabriella Caminati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.2

• means of two procedures differing for the method used in the assembly of the silver nanocubes onto the surface: Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) transfer and direct sequential physisorption of silver nanocubes (AgNCs). Adsorption of graphene oxide (GO) flakes on the AgNC assemblies obtained with both procedures

• with two different approaches: Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) transfer onto the solid support of a floating monolayer of AgNCs (procedure A) and sequential self-assembly of AgNCs by physisorption onto the surface (procedure B). The standard LB technique implies the preparation of a stable floating monolayer at

• aggregates [36]. AgNC arrays were prepared with two different approaches: Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) transfer onto the solid support of a floating monolayer of AgNC (procedure A) and sequential self-assembly of AgNCs by physisorption onto the surface (procedure B). Procedure A. Controlled assembly of AgNCs by

Continuum models of focused electron beam induced processing

• Milos Toth,
• Charlene Lobo,
• Vinzenz Friedli,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1518–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.157

• simulate a wide range of processes reported in the FEBIP literature. These include: (i) etching and deposition performed using precursors that interact with a surface through physisorption and activated chemisorption, (ii) gas mixtures used to perform simultaneous focused electron beam induced etching and

• temperature. The simplest case of gas-molecule adsorption onto a substrate surface is that of physisorption, described by a single potential well at the surface as shown in Figure 2. The flux Λa of precursor molecules physisorbing to vacant surface sites is given by: where sa is the sticking coefficient (in

• that can undergo physisorption and activated chemisorption can be described by the potential energy diagram shown in Figure 12 [68], comprised of a physisorbed state (denoted “p”) and a chemisorbed state (denoted “c”) separated by an activation barrier for conversion between these states. The

Scalable, high performance, enzymatic cathodes based on nanoimprint lithography

• Dmitry Pankratov,
• Richard Sundberg,
• Javier Sotres,
• Dmitry B. Suyatin,
• Ivan Maximov,
• Sergey Shleev and
• Lars Montelius

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1377–1384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.142

• 39 s−1, respectively (Supporting Information File 1, Table S1), whereas kcat in homogeneous solution was 57 s−1 (see above). Thus, the kcat and kcatapp values do not differ much, suggesting retention of enzymatic activity after physisorption, which is in good agreement with our recently published

Pt- and Pd-decorated MWCNTs for vapour and gas detection at room temperature

• Hamdi Baccar,
• Atef Thamri,
• Pierrick Clément,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Adnane Abdelghani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 919–927, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.95

• physisorption, as shown by the large bond length (≈3.9 Å) and a low binding energy (0.193 eV), with no significant charge transfer between the adsorbed molecule and the Au–carbon nanotube system [26]. This indicates that Au-decorated carbon nanotubes are not suitable for detecting benzene. This is in contrast

Morphology control of zinc oxide films via polysaccharide-mediated, low temperature, chemical bath deposition

• Florian Waltz,
• Hans-Christoph Schwarz,
• Andreas M. Schneider,
• Stefanie Eiden and
• Peter Behrens

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 799–808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.83

• both of which charged molecules can be chemisorbed by electrostatic interactions. In addition, the uncharged {100} faces of ZnO can support the physisorption of molecules. Such adsorption phenomena can influence the growth rates of the corresponding faces, leading to different crystal habits. Solvent

A versatile strategy towards non-covalent functionalization of graphene by surface-confined supramolecular self-assembly of Janus tectons

• Ping Du,
• David Bléger,
• Fabrice Charra,
• Vincent Bouchiat,
• David Kreher,
• Fabrice Mathevet and
• André-Jean Attias

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 632–639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.64

• molecular weight molecules under UHV conditions, in our approach, the self-assembly is achieved at the liquid–solid interface, additionally allowing the physisorption of higher molecular weight molecules. Conclusion Using the molecular clip concept as a tool for supramolecular bonding on C(sp2)-based

Self-assembled anchor layers/polysaccharide coatings on titanium surfaces: a study of functionalization and stability

• Ognen Pop-Georgievski,
• Dana Kubies,
• Josef Zemek,
• Neda Neykova,
• Roman Demianchuk,
• Eliška Mázl Chánová,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Milan Houska and
• František Rypáček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 617–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.63

• titanium surfaces. Bio-related titanium surface modifications based on polysaccharides and synthetic polymers have been performed by physisorption and electrostatic interactions. In comparison with polylactide coatings, physisorbed alginate coatings are capable of exhibiting pronounced cell adhesion [17

Kelvin probe force microscopy in liquid using electrochemical force microscopy

• Liam Collins,
• Stephen Jesse,
• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Alexander Tselev,
• M. Baris Okatan,
• Sergei V. Kalinin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 201–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.19

• observed in decane (85 ± 2 mV). The discrepancies between the measured CPD values likely result from physisorption of molecules at the solid–liquid interface [39]. The error is greater for the measured CPD recorded in ionically-active polar solvents than in decane due to gradual changes of the measured CPD

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms

• Toma Susi,
• Thomas Pichler and
• Paola Ayala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 177–192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.17

• needed to elucidate which, if any, of these suggestions play an important role, and in which materials. Finally, values between 404–405 eV (possibly shifted due to physisorption) have been typically assigned to N2 molecules trapped inside carbon nanotubes or between graphene layers (e.g., [120][137][140

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

• ]. The number of walls and the diameter of each wall affect the hydrogen molecule storing capacity of the BNNT. The hydrogen physisorption capacity of the SWBNNTs and MWBNNTs was theoretically investigated by grand canonical Monte Carlo theoretical studies [95]. The simulations showed that the triple

Spectroscopic mapping and selective electronic tuning of molecular orbitals in phosphorescent organometallic complexes – a new strategy for OLED materials

• Pascal R. Ewen,
• Jan Sanning,
• Tobias Koch,
• Nikos L. Doltsinis,
• Cristian A. Strassert and
• Daniel Wegner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2248–2258, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.234

• overall molecule–substrate interaction cannot be large. This is indeed reflected in the above comparison. For the ligand orbitals, the major consequence of adsorbing the complex onto the Au substrate is a broadening of the levels due to weak hybridization with substrate states (i.e., physisorption) and

• states in both measurements? For this we have to consider the possibility of strong physisorption (or even chemisorption). While weak physisorption only leads to a broadening of the MO levels (as described above), a strong molecule–substrate hybridization (i.e., strong physisorption or chemisorption) can

In situ metalation of free base phthalocyanine covalently bonded to silicon surfaces

• Fabio Lupo,
• Cristina Tudisco,
• Federico Bertani,
• Enrico Dalcanale and
• Guglielmo G. Condorelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2222–2229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.231

• flat Si(100) and porous Si was performed through thermally activated hydrosilylation and the functionalized samples (Si-1-Pc and PSi-1-Pc, respectively) were characterized through XPS. In addition, further experiments were performed to demonstrate that the surface anchoring is not due to physisorption

• physisorption phenomena play a much less relevant role. The surface density of 1-Pc on flat Si(100) was estimated from XPS data (Table 1) [25][26][27]. The obtained value, ca. 2 × 1013 molecules/cm2, points to a molecular footprint of 5 nm2 for each molecular unit, which is intermediate between the cross

• becomes much lower and the spectrum becomes similar to the typical spectra of M–Pc in which a single band at low B.E. is present [36]. Note, in addition, that eventual interferences due to triethylamine physisorption on PSi, which would lead to the increase of the N 1s component around 400 eV, can be

Advances in NO₂ sensing with individual single-walled carbon nanotube transistors

• Kiran Chikkadi,
• Matthias Muoth,
• Cosmin Roman,
• Miroslav Haluska and
• Christofer Hierold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2179–2191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.227

• sensor after exposure to NO2 is in the range of several hours [12][30][37][38]. This alone suggests that the desorption barrier for NO2 on the nanotube is relatively high – of the order of −1 eV. However, many theoretical calculations (see Figure 3) contend that pure NO2 adsorption is physisorption [19

• ][39][40][41][42][43]. Although the first calculations [39][40] suggested a charge transfer upon physisorption, Santucci et al. [43] showed that this charge transfer disappeared when spin-polarized treatment was used in the calculations. Yim et al. [44] have suggested that a pairwise chemisorption of

• is a charge transfer mediated physisorption. In their studies, both semiconducting and metallic nanotubes showed evidence of NO2 physisorption, but the interaction energy was twice as high (as indicated by the C–N peak intensity ratios in their spectroscopic measurements) for metallic nanotubes