Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• , the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based post-functionalization of pH-responsive click capsules of biodegradable PLL and poly(ʟ-glutamic acid) (PGA) rendered their low fouling capability against specific protein binding [94]. Hydrogen bonded films and hollow capsules of alkyne-modified PVP and PMA were

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• -mediated endocytosis did not seem to be a relevant pathway for neither positively nor negatively charged nanomaterials, while cholesterol-mediated uptake seems to be equally important for both [142]. Similarly, another study suggested that both negatively and positively charged poly(ethylene glycol)-ᴅ,ʟ

• required to wrap a lipid membrane around a nanoparticle with high aspect ratio [148]. However, also in relation to this aspect, conflicting results were found in which cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels or mesoporous silica particles with higher aspect ratio were internalized quicker and more

• than those with low aspect ratio [125][149]. A few studies have investigated the effect of nanoparticle shape not only on uptake efficiency but also on the endocytic mechanisms involved in uptake [125][134][150]. Cylindric cationic poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels with two different aspect ratios (1 and

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• bodies and taken care of by opsonins, leading to their handling by the mononuclear phagocyte system. Carriers avoiding detection by opsonins had then to be developed and very common polymers, namely poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), were found to fulfil this requirement [6]. In

• introducing an imidazole functionality on a poly[(ethylene glycol)-co-(aspartic acid)] backbone. The imidazole group can act as a singlet oxygen scavenger, which will transform it into a urea moiety. Upon light excitation, the encapsulated chlorin-e6 produces ROS species and the urea formation induces a size

• addition of Gd3+ ions (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) or 64Cu2+ (positron emission tomography, PET). A pH-sensitive acetal bond between poly(ε-caprolactone) and porphyrin was used to release porphyrin at pH 5 (Figure 5c) [79]. In a poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) polymer conjugated with

Fully amino acid-based hydrogel as potential scaffold for cell culturing and drug delivery

• Dávid Juriga,
• Evelin Sipos,
• Orsolya Hegedűs,
• Gábor Varga,
• Miklós Zrínyi,
• Krisztina S. Nagy and
• Angéla Jedlovszky-Hajdú

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2579–2593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.249

• these gels although CYS represents only 20% of the total cross-linker molecules. For other permanent cross-linkers, such as DAB [21] or poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether [34], the reduction of the disulfide bonds leads to a lower swelling degree, which also proves the previously mentioned theory

pH-Controlled fluorescence switching in water-dispersed polymer brushes grafted to modified boron nitride nanotubes for cellular imaging

• Saban Kalay,
• Yurij Stetsyshyn,
• Volodymyr Donchak,
• Khrystyna Harhay,
• Ostap Lishchynskyi,
• Halyna Ohar,
• Yuriy Panchenko,
• Stanislav Voronov and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2428–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.233

• potentially be used not only for cellular imaging but also as “smart” surfaces, nanotransducers and nanocarriers. Experimental Materials Pyridine and other organic solvents were purified as reported by Riddick et al. [46]. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-9) was supplied by Merck Chemical Co.; acrylic acid and

Mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) as multivalent lectin-binding nanomaterials

• Stefania Ordanini,
• Wanda Celentano,
• Anna Bernardi and
• Francesco Cellesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2192–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.212

• , Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy 10.3762/bjnano.10.212 Abstract A class of linear and four-arm mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) is presented here. The synthesis through ring-opening and atom transfer radical

• : atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP); glycopolymer; lectin; poly(ethylene glycol); poly(ε-caprolactone); ring-opening polymerization (ROP); Introduction Carbohydrate–protein interactions are involved in many biological processes, including cell recognition and cell–cell adhesion. These

• ]. In addition, the high surface area of spherical self-assembled structures can confer glycopolymers a high affinity towards lectins [18]. Among different synthetic macromolecules used in biomedical applications, copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) are found

Colloidal chemistry with patchy silica nanoparticles

• Pierre-Etienne Rouet,
• Cyril Chomette,
• Laurent Adumeau,
• Etienne Duguet and
• Serge Ravaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2989–2998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.278

• , i.e., well-calibrated silica nanospheres or core–shell nanoparticles, were obtained according to a seeded-growth protocol [22] and a method using methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-thiol as a coupling agent [23], respectively. Their surface functionalization with carboxylic acid groups was performed by a

Cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-conjugated poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-modified γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles towards human tumor cells

• Zdeněk Plichta,
• Yulia Kozak,
• Rostyslav Panchuk,
• Viktoria Sokolova,
• Matthias Epple,
• Lesya Kobylinska,
• Pavla Jendelová and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2533–2545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.236

• high molecular weight, such as silica, chitosan, poly(amino acids), poly(acrylic acid), hyaluronic acid, alginic acid, poly(vinyl alcohol), polyethylenimine, dextran, or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) [10][11][12]. The latter one is known to escape recognition by reticuloendothelial system prolonging thus

Nanoconjugates of a calixresorcinarene derivative with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) fragments for drug encapsulation

• Alina M. Ermakova,
• Julia E. Morozova,
• Yana V. Shalaeva,
• Victor V. Syakaev,
• Aidar T. Gubaidullin,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Vladimir V. Zobov,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Olga B. Bazanova,
• Igor S. Antipin and
• Alexander I. Konovalov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2057–2070, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.195

• a non-toxic amphiphilic calixresorcinarene capable to form nanoconjugates for drug encapsulation, tetraundecylcalixresorcinarene functionalized by methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) chains has been synthesized. The macrocycle obtained is characterized by low hemotoxicity. In aqueous solution it forms

• use as a supramolecular drug-delivery system. Keywords: calixresorcinarene; drug encapsulation; hemotoxicity; methoxy poly(ethylene glycol); temperature-controlled release; Introduction One of the acute problems of modern medicinal therapy is the development of novel drug-delivery systems with low

Fabrication of photothermally active poly(vinyl alcohol) films with gold nanostars for antibacterial applications

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Maria Moros,
• Claudia Tortiglione,
• Serena Bertoldi,
• Nicola Contessi,
• Silvia Faré,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Agnese D’Agostino,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2040–2048, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.193

• . Results and Discussion Crosslinked PVA films containing GNSs were prepared using a slightly modified protocol reported previously [20]. Crosslinking of the PVA matrix, together with addition of a plasticizer, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 200), is favorable as it can improve the stability and the mechanical

• lead to new, easily prepared, NIR-activated, reusable, antibacterial materials suitable for surface coating. Experimental Materials PVA with an average molecular weight of 72000 g/mol (degree of hydrolysis 98%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Anhydrous citric acid and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-200

• ) were commercially available from Fluka. Poly(ethylene glycol) thiols ( = 5000 g/mol; SH-PEG5000–OCH3 and SH-PEG5000–COOH), polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether (Triton X-100), chloroauric acid, ascorbic acid, silver nitrate, and sodium borohydride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as

Atomic-level characterization and cilostazol affinity of poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles conjugated with differentially charged hydrophilic molecules

• María Francisca Matus,
• Martín Ludueña,
• Cristian Vilos,
• Iván Palomo and
• Marcelo M. Mariscal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1328–1338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.126

• in the medical field [13], the applications of PLA are limited, mainly due to its weak hydrophilicity and low drug loading of polar drugs [14]. However, PLA nanoparticles conjugated with hydrophilic molecules like poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are a singular kind of functionalized NPs. Several studies

• differentially charged polymeric NPs PEGylated with DSPE–PEG(2000) (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[poly(ethylene glycol)-2000]) carboxylic acid-, methoxy- and amino-terminated NPs prepared by the nanoprecipitation method and to study the NP–drug complexation for a model antiaggregant compound

Surface characterization of nanoparticles using near-field light scattering

• Eunsoo Yoo,
• Yizhong Liu,
• Chukwuazam A. Nwasike,
• Sebastian R. Freeman,
• Brian C. DiPaolo,
• Bernardo Cordovez and
• Amber L. Doiron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1228–1238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.114

• /bjnano.9.114 Abstract The effect of nanoparticle surface coating characteristics on colloidal stability in solution is a critical parameter in understanding the potential applications of nanoparticles, especially in biomedicine. Here we explored the modification of the surface of poly(ethylene glycol

• biocompatible polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) [32][33]. PEG and PEG-containing copolymers tend to increase the circulation time of nanoparticles by reducing opsonization [32][34]. A polymeric pseudotannin has been designed to mimic natural tannin structures and form nanoscale interpolymer complexes

• (DMSO), dichloromethane (DCM), dimethylformamide (DMF), Pd black, sodium ascorbate, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and dextrans were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ammonium hydroxide (28–30 wt %) was purchased from BDH (Poole, Dorset, UK). Poly(ethylene glycol) 6000 (PEG 6000) was

The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics

• Ioannis Kanelidis and
• Tobias Kraus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2625–2639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.263

• case of polymethacrylic acid due to its potential to carry negative charge [94]. Que et al. reported that the size of the polystyrene block affected the stability of gold nanoparticles coated with a poly(ethylene glycol)-b-polystyrene diblock copolymer in water. A shorter polystyrene chain length led

• and obtain conductive composites. When this is done from dispersion (rather than via melt compounding), ligands are required to keep the particles stable in the polymer solution [135]. For example, poly(ethylene glycol) thiol with an average number molecular weight of 1000 g/mol as capping agent kept

Cationic PEGylated polycaprolactone nanoparticles carrying post-operation docetaxel for glioma treatment

• Cem Varan and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1446–1456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.144

• film formulations as post-surgical local delivery systems for docetaxel (DOC). PCL and its derivative poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ε−caprolactone) methyl ether (mePEG-PCL) were used to prepare these nanoparticles by the nanoprecipitation technique with surface modification by coating with CS. The

Low uptake of silica nanoparticles in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial barriers

• Dong Ye,
• Mattia Bramini,
• Delyan R. Hristov,
• Sha Wan,
• Anna Salvati,
• Christoffer Åberg and
• Kenneth A. Dawson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1396–1406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.141

• ][33] and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and poly(lactic acid) with attached poly(ethylene glycol) [31][32] nanoparticles and to be temperature-dependent [29][30][31][32][33]. Despite uptake, transport across differentiated Caco-2 barriers (grown for 21 days) has been shown to be very limited for

Evaluation of quantum dot conjugated antibodies for immunofluorescent labelling of cellular targets

• Jennifer E. Francis,
• David Mason and
• Raphaël Lévy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1238–1249, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.125

• ligands (such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) [3][4]) or they are encapsulated in amphiphilic polymers [5]. Antibodies that recognise specific biological targets can then be conjugated to these Qdots for use in immunofluorescence. Conventional immunocytochemistry (ICC) protocols involve the chemical

α-((4-Cyanobenzoyl)oxy)-ω-methyl poly(ethylene glycol): a new stabilizer for silver nanoparticles

• Jana Lutze,
• Miguel A. Bañares,
• Marcos Pita,
• Andrea Haase,
• Andreas Luch and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 627–635, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.67

• -29049 Madrid, Spain Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Golm, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.8.67 Abstract The article describes the synthesis and properties of α-((4-cyanobenzoyl)oxy)-ω-methyl poly(ethylene glycol), the first poly(ethylene glycol) stabilizer for

• suggesting that α-((4-cyanobenzoyl)oxy)-ω-methyl poly(ethylene glycol) is a good stabilizer for metal nanoparticles in aqueous media unless very high pH conditions are present in the system. The study thus demonstrates that cyano groups can be viable alternatives to the more conventional thiol/thiolate

• anchors. Keywords: cyano anchor group; poly(ethylene glycol); polymer coating; silver nanoparticles; Introduction Nanoparticles (NPs), especially metal NPs such as gold and silver NPs (SNPs), are currently among the most popular research subjects and many particles have been suggested for applications

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• chemical interaction was also found from IR and Raman spectra. The high versatility of the SFE permits the processing of liquid (poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 400) and solid (PVP 40k) polymers to tune the RDX particle size distribution from the nanometer to the micrometer scale with controlled shapes [121

Comparison of four methods for the biofunctionalization of gold nanorods by the introduction of sulfhydryl groups to antibodies

• Xuefeng Wang,
• Zhong Mei,
• Yanyan Wang and
• Liang Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 372–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.39

• solution and the CTAB bilayer density [15]. The common ligand exchange is the replacement of the CTAB of GNR with thiol-terminated ligands, such as thiolated poly(ethylene glycol) and mercaptoundecanoic acid [10][11]. These agents can link the amino groups of biomolecules with the carboxylic group from

• functionalization strategy is through the reaction of amino groups of thiol-poly(ethylene glycol)amine (SH-PEG-NH2) with carboxyl groups in the anti-IgG by using EDC. The thiol moiety of SH-PEG-NH2 can be directly conjugated to GNRs through the Au–S bond. In the current work, we compared the four abovementioned

• )trimethoxysilane (MPTMS), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether thiol (PEG-SH, Mw ≈ 5000), goat anti-human IgG, dithiotreitol (DTT), thiol-poly(ethylene glycol)amine (SH-PEG-NH2), and human serum IgG were provided by Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Traut’s reagent, ZebaTM spin

Effective intercalation of zein into Na-montmorillonite: role of the protein components and use of the developed biointerfaces

• Ana C. S. Alcântara,
• Margarita Darder,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1772–1782, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.170

• Nedi et al. [21] in thermoplastic zein films modified with 5 wt % of MMT and using 25 wt % poly(ethylene glycol) as plasticizer. This loading of Z-MMT_S2 seems to act simultaneously as reinforcing filler and plasticizer in the zein matrix, reducing its brittleness even in the absence of glycerol

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• for vascular cell studies are poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) [6][61][103][104][105][106], poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-derived polymers [5][87][98][107][108][109][110][111][112][113] poly(acrylamide) (PAA) [50][114][115][116] and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) [117][118]. Alternative materials used for micro

Photothermal effect of gold nanostar patterns inkjet-printed on coated paper substrates with different permeability

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Anni Määttänen,
• Petri Ihalainen,
• Maddalena Collini,
• Elisa Cabrini,
• Giacomo Dacarro,
• Piersandro Pallavicini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1480–1485, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.140

• this factor is studied in this letter. Therefore, GNS with well-controlled structure and with LSPR centred at about 760 nm were synthesized, decorated with poly(ethylene glycol) thiol (PEG-SH) [18], and inkjet-printed onto three differently coated paper substrates at various drop density values (δ

• the amphiphilic nature of the poly(ethylene glycol) chains [18]. PEG-SH decoration causes LSPR of GNS to red-shift by about 10 nm, because of the slight local increase in the refractive index related to thiols grafting on the gold surface [18]. GNS decorated with PEG-SH are stable even after repeated

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• + sponge, Fe-L3-oMWCNT#Kuźnik, able to absorb 14% iron over its entire mass [26]. We used the same acid chloride of the oMWCNT intermediate to covalently bond PEG–OH (PEG: poly(ethylene glycol)) chains and then to anchor the iron cations (Fe-PEG-oMWCNT#Kuźnik). Finally, the last group of oMWCNT

• amphiphilic, bipolar diblock copolymer poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride]-block-poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate (PMETAC-b-PEGMA). Characterization of MWCNT hybrids The hybrids were investigated using several methods. The morphology is well visible in transmission electron

Orthogonal chemical functionalization of patterned gold on silica surfaces

• Francisco Palazon,
• Didier Léonard,
• Thierry Le Mogne,
• Francesca Zuttion,
• Céline Chevalier,
• Magali Phaner-Goutorbe,
• Éliane Souteyrand,
• Yann Chevolot and
• Jean-Pierre Cloarec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2272–2277, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.233

• . Second, while biotinylated poly(ethylene glycol) [5][6][7][8] may be well suited to immobilize some biomolecules (avidin derivatives), it is worth considering other surface chemistries. For instance, carboxylic acid-based [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], amine-based [22][23][24][25][26

• functionalization with biologically pertinent molecules (antifouling poly(ethylene glycol) silane and biotinylated thiols) was used for the selective immobilization of proteins onto metallic nanostructures relevant to the development of LSPR biosensors and characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results and

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• interactions with cells and proteins [12]. Biodegradable polymers that are generally used for coating magnetic nanoparticles include poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(D,L-lactide), poly(lactic acid), poly(D,L-glycolide), poly(lactide-co-glycolide