Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• stability compared to flat tissue culture polystyrene surface (TCPS) and PLLA scaffold. It is well-accepted that polysaccharides containing sulfate groups can mimic the physicochemical and biological properties of sulfated GAGs [113]. In this context, Irani et al. used sulfated alginate as a heparin

• microcarriers could be developed into microtissues enabling MSC differentiation, which could subsequently be used for in vivo cartilage repair. In addition, ECM derived from MSCs was used to coat polystyrene plastic tissue culture surfaces and led to dramatically increased MSC proliferation, migration, and

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• common synthetic polymer membranes such as polycaprolactone (PCL), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polysulfones (PSF), polyimides (PI), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and natural polymers such as gelatin, keratin

A photonic crystal material for the online detection of nonpolar hydrocarbon vapors

• Evgenii S. Bolshakov,
• Aleksander V. Ivanov,
• Andrei A. Kozlov,
• Anton S. Aksenov,
• Elena V. Isanbaeva,
• Sergei E. Kushnir,
• Aleksei D. Yapryntsev,
• Aleksander E. Baranchikov and
• Yury A. Zolotov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 127–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.9

• ability to control selectivity in molecularly imprinted sensors and the simple visual response in photonic crystal sensors make it promising and even mandatory to combine these two approaches. In our previous study, the optimal parameters of polystyrene (PS) particles for sensor matrices for saturated

• are a CCA of polystyrene submicrometer particles embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer. The matrix interaction was responsible for the main mechanism, which was monitored by configuration changes of the photonic bandgap using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Results and Discussion

• effective refractive index of the photonic crystal can be obtained [37][38]. The effective refractive index of the structure without PDMS is 1.525, with PDMS it is 1.599, and the average diameter of the particles is 197.5 nm and 201.5 nm, respectively. The obtained average diameters of the polystyrene

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• (low-melting and normal) were purchased from Thermo Fischer Scientific and Hydra Gene Co., Ltd, respectively. Ethanol, trichloroacetic acid (TCA, 99%), trypan blue, fetal bovine serum (FBS, sterile filtered), orange G, sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99%), and dibutylphthalate polystyrene xylene (DPX, research

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• /nanorobots, for example, the flagella or cilia of swimming microorganisms. Behkam and Sitti [45] suspended droplets of bacteria, such as E. coli, and polystyrene in a solution of water and glucose. After absorbing the glucose nutrient, the rotating flagella of the bacteria pushed the droplets forward, and

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• also adsorb H+ in water to form the polymer/water interface. Tian et al. [70] prepared several BT-based polymer dots (Pdots) with functionalized polystyrene (PS-PEG-COOH) (Figure 5) to improve the wettability of polymers. In contrast to the pristine BT-based polymers (P49–P51) (Figure 5), the Pdots

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• circulation half-life of polystyrene colloidal particles [21][22]. In their experiments, besides the groundbreaking work on the steric barrier and the so-called “stealth” effect of the poloxamer, they have further noticed that the adsorbed poloxamer 338 and 407 shells directed the polystyrene beads to the

• sinusoidal endothelial cells of rabbit BM [23]. Even though the authors eliminated the possibility of a BM distribution mediated through macrophage phagocytosis, the exact mechanism of localization remained unknown. Moreover, the poloxamer-coated polystyrene beads circulated in the blood for up to eight days

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• particles [45]. Xia et al. investigated cell type-dependent cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7, epithelial (BEAS-2B), human microvascular endothelial (HMEC), hepatoma (HEPA-1), and pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells after exposure to amine-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles (NH2-PS) [64]. They observed that

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• modes including scanning under continuous contact wear and damage the sample and/or alter the surface roughness, the results of point CR measurements on bulk and thin films are presented. Though Young’s moduli of bulk polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) could be determined through the presented

• on imprecise parameters such as the tip position on the cantilever. This article shows quantitative CR measurements on polymer films of polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PnBMA), as well as glass. Current analysis methods are simplified to a point that

• moduli. Experimental Materials Contact-resonance measurements have been performed on films of polystyrene (PS, average Mw ≅ 280,000), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, average Mw ≅ 120,000), and poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PnBMA, average Mw ≅ 337,000). All polymers have been purchased from Sigma-Aldrich

Design of V-shaped cantilevers for enhanced multifrequency AFM measurements

• Mehrnoosh Damircheli and
• Babak Eslami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1525–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.135

• dimensions, the optimum V-shaped cantilever that can provide the maximum phase contrast in bimodal AFM between gold (Au) and polystyrene (PS) is found. Based on this study, it is found that as the length of the cantilever increases the 2nd eigenmode phase contrast decreases. However, the base width exhibits

• an optimum rectangular cantilever. Two sets of bimodal AFM experiments are carried out on Au-PS and PS-LDPE (polystyrene and low-density polyethylene) samples to verify the simulation results. Keywords: bimodal AFM; optimization; soft matter; surface characterization; V-shaped cantilevers

• optimum dimensions, two different commercial V-shaped cantilevers are compared by performing bimodal AFM on a polymer blend of polystyrene and low-density polyethylene (PS-LDPE). Additionally, two V-shaped cantilevers are compared with an optimum rectangular cantilever [42] which is a common choice of

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• are incompatible with PAN, such as polystyrene (PS), poly(ʟ-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) [20][21][22][23]. During the carbonization process at a high temperature, PAN and the blended polymers undergo phase separation, forming a large number of pores which increases the

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• ][23] and CuO [24][25][26], are also well described in the literature. The antibacterial activity of polymeric nanoparticles, such as the polystyrene sulfate coated with a bilayer of dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide [27] and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) loaded with gentamicin [28], were also

Thermophoretic tweezers for single nanoparticle manipulation

• Jošt Stergar and
• Natan Osterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1126–1133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.97

• , we analyze the distribution of the recorded particle positions and the corresponding effective trapping potential for 200 nm diameter polystyrene beads in aqueous 1 mM TRIS solution on a sapphire substrate. (A real-time video is available as Supporting Information File 1). It can be seen that the

• coefficient. For 1 μm diameter polystyrene beads in the same solution (D = 0.5 µm2/s and ST = 10/K) we obtained k = 15kBT/µm2 = 61.5 fN/µm, which is a value approximately 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than the stiffness of typical optical tweezers experiments. The stiffness of a parabolic trapping

• substrate. Thermo-optical trapping of a 200 nm polystyrene particle in water (Plas = 44 mW). (a) 2D histogram of particle positions. (b) Histogram of x- and y-positions. (c) Corresponding trap potentials in x- and y-directions obtained from (b), fitted with parabolic functions. Simulation results: (a

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• proteins that can interact with nanoparticles and drastically hinder their diffusion [137]. By densely coating 40 nm and 100 nm fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles with PEG, the nanoparticles were able to diffuse through the brain ECS of live mice, thanks to PEG limiting the adhesive interactions between

Integrated photonics multi-waveguide devices for optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy: design, fabrication and performance demonstration

• Gyllion B. Loozen,
• Arnica Karuna,
• Mohammad M. R. Fanood,
• Erik Schreuder and
• Jacob Caro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 829–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.68

• -waveguide and a 16-waveguide device, using 1 and 3 μm polystyrene beads. Study of the confined Brownian motion of the trapped beads yields experimental values of the normalized trap stiffness for the in-plane directions. The stiffness values for the 16-waveguide device are comparable to those of tightly

• focused Gaussian beam traps and are confirmed by our own simulations. The Raman spectra of the beads (in this work measured via an objective) show clear peaks that are characteristic of polystyrene. In the low-wavenumber range, the spectra have a background that most likely originates from the Si3N4

• spectra are induced and collected by an external spectroscopy system. This work was extended in [4] by using fibers for both trapping of single polystyrene beads and for inducing and collecting Raman signals for the trapped beads. In our previous work [5], we used integrated photonics Si3N4 waveguides of

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• of composite nanobeads with antibacterial properties. The particles consist of polystyrene cores that are surrounded by sulfonic gel shells with embedded silver nanoparticles. The nanocomposite beads are prepared by sulfonation of polystyrene particles followed by accumulation of silver ions in the

• [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. The resulting composites exhibit a double function, they support the metal nanoparticles and prevent their aggregation. For example, polystyrene microspheres have been decorated with silver nanoparticles and were used as catalysts, Raman-enhancing materials

• , optoelectronic elements and biomedical devices [18][19]. Polystyrene beads are also a versatile material that can be quite easily functionalized with sulfonic groups. The particles are incubated with concentrated sulfuric acid at elevated temperature, which results in gradual etching of their surface. Through

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• currently not clear which properties lead to the activation of the coagulation. For example, positive charged dendritic NPs were found to be more thrombogenic than negatively charged ones while positive and negative charged polystyrene NPs both induce platelet activation [7][8]. Carbon and silica

• polystyrene cuvette, at 25 °C. PBS 0.01 M, pH 7.4, Sigma-Aldrich, was used as the diluent in the case of the evaluation of the size after the protein corona formation. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) An analysis of the size distribution and concentration of CNPs and SNPs were performed by NTA using a

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• manipulate the shell permeability [4]. However, most of the work uses strong PEs such as polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) as one of the polymers, and thus, in order to release the payload, a disturbance in the intermolecular forces (e.g., covalent binding, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions) guarding

• polystyrene (PS) were the few originally employed as sacrificial templates. Upon dissolution of these templates at pH < 1.6 or by organic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and tetrahydrofuran, the capsule showed swelling and retraction of the shell in

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside

• Gennady L. Burygin,
• Polina I. Abronina,
• Nikita M. Podvalnyy,
• Sergey A. Staroverov,
• Leonid O. Kononov and
• Lev A. Dykman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 480–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.39

• medium) at 37 °C for 25 days. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Detection of serological reactions of antisera with mycobacterial cells was carried out by ELISA in 96-well polystyrene plates using the standard procedure, as previously described [120]. Aliquots (50 μL) of each bacterial suspension in

• polystyrene. This solution was replaced with 50 μL of primary antibodies (antisera to glyco-GNPs, or intact serum, or antiserum to LPS of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 [99] as negative control) diluted 1:100 in PBS containing 0.02% Tween 20 and 0.005% PEG (for prevention of nonspecific antibody sorption). After

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• ][126][127]. For example, in one study using HEK293 cells, spherical polystyrene nanoparticles of 100 nm were internalized through actin-dependent but clathrin-independent processes, and vice versa, 200 nm nanoparticles entered by clathrin-mediated endocytosis [127]. Similarly, the uptake of 500 nm

• could be internalized by HeLa cells [125]. Moreover, the effects of nanoparticle size on the mechanism of uptake may be different in different cell types. For example, it has been shown that murine RAW 264.7 macrophages have a higher uptake efficiency for carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles compared

• to human endothelial HCMEC or epithelial HeLa cells [131]. In another study using carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles of different sizes in different cell types, actin was required for the internalization of nanoparticles of 200 nm, but not for those of 40 nm in 1321N1 astrocytes. Instead, in lung

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• inspiration from red blood cells, which transport oxygen via haemoglobin, the poly(acrylic acid) block in poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(acrylic acid)-block-polystyrene self-assemblies was conjugated to haemoglobin via carbodiimide chemistry [61]. The resultant carrier loaded with zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc

Nonclassical dynamic modeling of nano/microparticles during nanomanipulation processes

• Moharam Habibnejad Korayem,
• Ali Asghar Farid and
• Rouzbeh Nouhi Hefzabad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 147–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.13

• of the classical method on polystyrene nanorods. The results for cylindrical gold nanoparticles indicate that the material length scale has a major effect on the exact positioning of cylindrical nanoparticles. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; modified couple stress theory; nanomanipulation

• of the results with other studies” that for a polystyrene nanorod that is softer than gold the same conclusion can not be reached. Table 4 shows the maximum deflections for the analyzed sample. The rotation angle of the modeled cylindrical gold nanoparticle along the nanoparticle length for the four

• studies are presented in Figure 18 and Figure 19 by employing contact mechanics models that are in compliance with other studies. Moradi et al. [8] studied the manipulation dynamics of a cylindrical nanorod made from polystyrene using a classical theory of continuum mechanics. In this section, by

Fabrication of Ag-modified hollow titania spheres via controlled silver diffusion in Ag–TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures

• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Marta Michalska-Domańska,
• Krzysztof Kopczyński and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 141–146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.12

• NP-modified TiO2 HSs are based mainly on multistep processes including hard-templating methods [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Au-modified TiO2 HSs of regular shape were prepared using a multistep process in which sulfonated polystyrene spheres were used as a hard-template [10]. The

A review of demodulation techniques for multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 76–91, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.8

• fundamental resonance frequency of 156.75 kHz. The sample is a blend of polystyrene (PS) and polyolefin elastomer (LDPE) available from Bruker (PS-LDPE-12M). Due to the different elastic moduli of the PS and LPDE regions, the sample is used for evaluating imaging methods that are sensitive to elasticity