Simple synthesis of nanosheets of rGO and nitrogenated rGO

• Pallellappa Chithaiah,
• Madhan Mohan Raju,
• Giridhar U. Kulkarni and
• C. N. R. Rao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 68–75, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.7

• , 560064, India 10.3762/bjnano.11.7 Abstract A green and facile approach has been developed for the large-scale synthesis of nanosheets of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and nitrogenated reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO). This has been achieved by direct thermal decomposition of sucrose and glycine at 475 °C

• hydrogen treated (H-rGO) samples. Keywords: nanosheets; nitrogenated reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO); reduced graphene oxide (rGO); supercapacitors; thermal decomposition; Introduction Graphene, the one atom thick two-dimensional material of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms has attracted much attention after

• its discovery [1][2]. It is a fascinating material used in various applications owing to its excellent electrical, optical, mechanical and thermal properties [3][4][5]. It has a unique electronic structure with a linear dispersion of Dirac electrons. Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO

Advanced hybrid nanomaterials

• Andreas Taubert,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Pierre Rabu and
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2563–2567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.247

• ]. The mesostructures are highly pH-sensitive, adopting 2D-hexagonal, wormlike or lamellar organization depending on the extent of the electrostatic complexing bonds and on the condensation rate. More complex assemblies involving ternary compositions in “Ternary nanocomposites of reduced graphene oxide

Synthesis and acetone sensing properties of ZnFe₂O₄/rGO gas sensors

• Kaidi Wu,
• Yifan Luo,
• Ying Li and
• Chao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2516–2526, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.242

• of ZnFe2O4 and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with different rGO content were prepared via a simple solvothermal method followed by a high-temperature annealing process in an inert atmosphere. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the introduction of rGO had no effect on the spinel structure of

• ; composites; gas sensor; reduced graphene oxide (rGO); ZnFe2O4 hollow spheres; Introduction As a synthetic raw material in industrial production, acetone is chemically active and extremely flammable. It is toxic if its concentration exceeds 173 ppm, and long-term exposure to acetone poses a serious threat to

• ][25][26][27][28]. An optimum ratio of the composition and the fine nanostructure will contribute to obtaining better gas-sensing properties. A gas sensor with 3 wt % reduced graphene oxide (rGO) incorporated into In2O3 showed a rapid response, an improved stability and a low limit of detection of NO2

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• composite with both large surface area and high porosity for the use as advanced electrode material in lithium–sulfur batteries. Double modified defect-rich MoS2 nanosheets are successfully prepared by introducing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and amorphous carbon. The conductibility of the cathodes can be

• construction of other high-performance metal disulfide electrodes for electrochemical energy storage. Keywords: annealing; double modification; high-performance electrodes; lithium–sulfur battery; molybdenum disulfide (MoS2); reduced graphene oxide (rGO); Introduction Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• reported. Jayavel, Shrestha, and co-workers demonstrated the enhanced performance of electrochemical supercapacitors using composites of cobalt oxide nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide, which are zero-dimensional and two-dimensional nanomaterials, respectively [86]. Leong and co-workers reported a

Hierarchically structured 3D carbon nanotube electrodes for electrocatalytic applications

• Pei Wang,
• Katarzyna Kulp and
• Michael Bron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1475–1487, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.146

• graphene oxide, etc.) have been recently studied to improve the reaction performance, enhance stability and thus reduce the cost [37][38][39][40][41]. It was reported that Pt supported on these optimized catalyst supports provides higher electrocatalytical activity towards methanol oxidation and increased

• provide optimized pore structure and retain the high surface area of the catalyst to guarantee a high availability of active sites and unhindered mass transport for high efficiency. Besides the classical carbon blacks, different carbon-based catalyst supports (e.g., modified CNTs, functionalized reduced

Trapping polysulfide on two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide for Li–S batteries through phase selection with optimized binding

• Sha Dong,
• Xiaoli Sun and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 774–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.77

• Mo by Re atoms [28], electron-beam irradiation [31] and hot-electron injection [32]. Recently, it was reported that MoS2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/S cathodes for Li–S batteries exhibit outstanding performance. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy showed that few-layered MoS2 is

A porous 3D-RGO@MWCNT hybrid material as Li–S battery cathode

• Yongguang Zhang,
• Jun Ren,
• Yan Zhao,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Fuxing Yin and
• Yichao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.52

• , Geelong, Vic 3216, Australia 10.3762/bjnano.10.52 Abstract In this work, a unique three-dimensional (3D) structured carbon-based composite was synthesized. In the composite, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) form a lattice matrix in which porous spherical reduced graphene oxide (RGO) completes the 3D

• cathode. It was believed that a carbon-based material network with specific morphology will not only allow for a high sulfur loading but will also provide both the chemical and physical restraints on the polysulfide shuttle effect. In the previous report, we synthesized porous 3D reduced graphene oxide

• lattice network for the composite that is supported by porous spherical reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Furthermore, the functional groups on RGO provide bonding sites for the active sulfur material. The 3D porous carbon structure enabled high sulfur loading and confined the sulfur within the 3D MWCNT

Reduced graphene oxide supported C₃N₄ nanoflakes and quantum dots as metal-free catalysts for visible light assisted CO₂ reduction

• Md Rakibuddin and
• Haekyoung Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.44

• , we report the synthesis of novel reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-supported C3N4 nanoflake (NF) and quantum dot (QD) hybrid materials (GCN) for visible light induced reduction of CO2. The C3N4 NFs and QDs are prepared by acid treatment of C3N4 nanosheets followed by ultrasonication and hydrothermal

• conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB) edge positions, exhibit efficient charge separation, have a large surface area, and it must be cost effective. Considering the above factors, nontoxic metal-free catalysts, such as graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have received wide

• the help of protons. Conclusion Reduced graphene oxide supported C3N4 NF and QD hybrid (GCN) materials have been successfully synthesized via a sol–gel and hydrothermal method and are characterized in this work. The formation of g-C3N4 NFs (20–45 nm) and QDs (2–3 nm) can be controlled by varying the

Zn/F-doped tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by laser pyrolysis: structural and optical properties

• Florian Dumitrache,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Elena Dutu,
• Ion Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Alina Ilie,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Cristian Mihailescu,
• Adriana Smarandache and
• Gabriel Prodan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.2

• values. A clear optical behavior influence of the presence of carbon layers on tin dioxide can be observed for the SnO2@C and SnO2@SiO2@C nanostructured microspheres (C symbolizing here reduced graphene oxide, rGO) reported in [53], where the UV–vis spectra show a clear increase in absorbance (mostly in

Ternary nanocomposites of reduced graphene oxide, polyaniline and hexaniobate: hierarchical architecture and high polaron formation

• Claudio H. B. Silva,
• Maria Iliut,
• Christopher Muryn,
• Christian Berger,
• Zachary Coldrick,
• Vera R. L. Constantino,
• Marcia L. A. Temperini and
• Aravind Vijayaraghavan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2936–2946, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.272

• nanocomposite composed of polyaniline (PANI), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and hexaniobate (hexNb) nanoscrolls. Atomic force microscopy images show an interesting architecture of rGO flakes coated with PANI and decorated by hexNb. Such features are attributed to the high stability of the rGO flakes prepared at

• bipolaronic to polaronic segments compared to the neat polymer and a superior thermal stability (the doped form of PANI is observed even after heating at 150 °C for 90 min). The literature has shown that PANI and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) show enhanced properties when combined at the nanoscale domain and

• hexagonal carbon lattice (removal of functional groups) may be required and this process is performed by thermal or chemical reduction of GO, resulting in reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in which some of the properties of graphene are almost recovered, such as mechanical resistance and thermal and electrical

Graphene-enhanced metal oxide gas sensors at room temperature: a review

• Dongjin Sun,
• Yifan Luo,
• Marc Debliquy and
• Chao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2832–2844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.264

• -sensing material. Therefore, further reduction of GO is necessary and the product after reduction is called reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Some oxygen functional groups remain after the reduction, some defects and vacancies are generated during the reduction, which are beneficial for the gas adsorption [13

• of semiconductor interfaces Reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which plays the role of a p-type semiconductor, can form heterojunctions when forming composites with most metal-oxide semiconductors. In the example of a SnO2–rGO sensor [45], SnO2 and rGO formed p–n heterojunctions. The enhancement mechanism

• room-temperature sensors, and further optimization is needed to control the drift. In another work, p–p junctions were accounted for the outstanding sensitivity to NO2 of Co3O4–rGO sensors at room temperature [60]. Liu et al. [61] prepared sulfonated reduced graphene oxide (S-rGO) via adding a solution

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

Sheet-on-belt branched TiO₂(B)/rGO powders with enhanced photocatalytic activity

• Huan Xing,
• Wei Wen and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1550–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.146

• -on-belt branched TiO2(B) powder was synthesized with the simultaneous incorporation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The monophase, hierarchically nanostructured TiO2(B) exhibited a reaction rate constant 1.7 times that of TiO2(B)/rGO and 2.9 times that of pristine TiO2(B) nanobelts when utilized to

• assist the photodegradation of phenol in water under UV light illumination. The enhanced photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the significantly increased surface area and enhanced charge separation. Keywords: branched nanostructure; photocatalysis; reduced graphene oxide; TiO2(B); Introduction

• harvesting efficiency, which also contributes to increased photocatalytic activity [22][27]. Herein, we report a novel approach to synthesize branched TiO2(B) nanobelts incorporated at the same time with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The unique sheet-on-belt nanostructure demonstrates a high specific surface

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• six sections. The optical and electrochemical characteristics of modified TiO2 photocatalysts are discussed in the first section. In the second section, we have reviewed how carbon-based advanced materials like reduced graphene oxide (RGO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon dots (CDs) improve the

• TiO2 are listed in Table 1. Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) over reduced graphene oxide modified TiO2 Graphene is a single layer of two-dimensional carbon material with graphite structure. Because of its low cost, excellent conductivity, superior chemical stability and exceptionally high specific

• with visible light, in the second step. Third step involves either release of Cr(III) species into the solution due to their electrostatic repulsion from the protonated surfaces of TiO2–RGO or their adsorption by deprotonated surfaces. Li et al. fabricated a composite of TiO2 and reduced graphene oxide

Electrodeposition of reduced graphene oxide with chitosan based on the coordination deposition method

• Mingyang Liu,
• Yanjun Chen,
• Chaoran Qin,
• Zheng Zhang,
• Shuai Ma,
• Xiuru Cai,
• Xueqian Li and
• Yifeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1200–1210, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.111

• attention due to its appealing applications for sensors, supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. However, there are still some limitations in the current electrodeposition methods for graphene. Here, we present a novel electrodeposition method for the direct deposition of reduced graphene oxide (rGO

• , which can then be used for electrochemical detection. Keywords: chitosan; coordination; electrodeposition; nanocomposite films; reduced graphene oxide; Introduction Graphene has attracted tremendous attention due to its large surface area, excellent mechanical strength, high electronic conductivity

• and good adsorption capacity [1][2].Graphene has a diverse range of applications in solar cells, hydrogen storage materials, electroluminescent devices and electrode materials [3][4][5]. In particular, graphene or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and biopolymer (e.g., gellan gum, chitosan, and alginate

Electrostatic force spectroscopy revealing the degree of reduction of individual graphene oxide sheets

• Yue Shen,
• Ying Wang,
• Yuan Zhou,
• Chunxi Hai,
• Jun Hu and
• Yi Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1146–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.106

• reduced one-atom-thick GO sheets at the nanoscale. In this paper, using thermally or chemically reduced individual GO sheets on mica substrates as examples, we characterize their degree of reduction at the nanoscale using EFS. For the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets with a given degree of reduction

• reduction methods with high yield. Reducing GO to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a key step toward the large-scale use of graphene [6]. Different reduction processes that partially restore the structure and properties result in different properties of rGO, which in turn affect the final performance of rGO

Nanoscale mapping of dielectric properties based on surface adhesion force measurements

• Ying Wang,
• Yue Shen,
• Xingya Wang,
• Zhiwei Shen,
• Bin Li,
• Jun Hu and
• Yi Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 900–906, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.84

• studies and applications. Here, we report a novel method for the characterization of local dielectric distributions based on surface adhesion mapping by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The two-dimensional (2D) materials graphene oxide (GO), and partially reduced graphene oxide (RGO), which have similar

• : adhesion; atomic force microscopy (AFM); graphene oxide (GO); nanoscale dielectric properties; reduced graphene oxide (RGO); Introduction The local dielectric distribution is a key factor that influences the physical properties and functionalities of various materials such as polymer nanocomposites [1][2

• samples [39] or lifting of the AFM tip to scan for a second time [40], which may result in a lower spatial resolution. The method was validated by local dielectric mapping of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), which have similar thicknesses but large differences in their dielectric

Mechanistic insights into plasmonic photocatalysts in utilizing visible light

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Azrina Abd Aziz,
• Lan Ching Sim,
• Pichiah Saravanan,
• Min Jang and
• Detlef Bahnemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 628–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.59

• photoreduction of graphene oxide (GO) to graphene or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by Wu et al. Their study revealed the photocatalytic Ag NP reduction at λ > 390 nm [95]. The schematic diagram representing the interaction of GO with Ag is shown in Figure 8. The LSPR effect on the Ag NPs generated a strong

Anchoring Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in a reduced graphene oxide aerogel matrix via polydopamine coating

• Błażej Scheibe,
• Radosław Mrówczyński,
• Natalia Michalak,
• Karol Załęski,
• Michał Matczak,
• Mateusz Kempiński,
• Zuzanna Pietralik,
• Mikołaj Lewandowski,
• Stefan Jurga and
• Feliks Stobiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 591–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.55

• Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.9.55 Abstract Reduced graphene oxide–magnetite hybrid aerogels attract great interest thanks to their potential applications, e.g., as

• ; polydopamine; reduced graphene oxide; Introduction Preparation of hybrid aerogels based on two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials with unique physicochemical properties is among the most popular recent nanotechnological trends [1]. With this respect, graphene oxide (GO) is one of the most exploited aerogel

• critical point drying [6]. During hydrogel formation, GO undergoes reduction. Therefore, after solvent removal, it forms a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) porous structure [7]. Currently, lots of research has been focused on the potential applications of rGO-based aerogels in energy storage systems (i.e., Li

Blister formation during graphite surface oxidation by Hummers’ method

• Olga V. Sinitsyna,
• Georgy B. Meshkov,
• Anastasija V. Grigorieva,
• Alexander A. Antonov,
• Inna G. Grigorieva and
• Igor V. Yaminsky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 407–414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.40

• , lithium-ion batteries, catalysts, systems for water pollution treatment, nonlinear optical devices and sensors [1][2][3][4]. One of the most important applications of graphene oxide is the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide, which exhibits properties similar to graphene [4][5]. The formation of GO

L-Lysine-grafted graphene oxide as an effective adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue and metal ions

• Yan Yan,
• Jie Li,
• Fangbei Kong,
• Kuankuan Jia,
• Shiyu He and
• Baorong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2680–2688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.268

• , a MoSx/3D-graphene hybrid material as an electrode material enhanced the efficiency of hydrogen-producing in a fuel cell [8]. Mo et al. reported reduced graphene oxide covalently functionalized with L-lysine [9], which could be used for the electrochemical recognition of tryptophan (Trp) enantiomers

• . Reduced graphene oxide as an effective adsorbent can be used for the removal of malachite green dye and metal ions [10][11]. A high-performance hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride/graphene oxide (PVDF/GO)–lysine composite membrane can be used for sea water desalination and purification [12]. However, the

• applications for the removal of metal ions from wastewater. However, L-lysine failed to be grafted onto the reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Results showed a slightly lower absorbing capacity for copper ions (Cu2+). Herein, L-lysine was attached to the surface of GO by amidation between –COOH and –NH2 to form Lys

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• functionalities. Results and Discussion Transition-metal amidinates [M(AMD)n; M = Fe(II), Co(II), Pr(III)] as well as Eu(dpm)3 were dissolved or suspended under nitrogen atmosphere in the dried and deoxygenated ionic liquid together with the selected type of thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO). Complete

• water the IL was dried under ultra-high vacuum (10−7 mbar) at 60 °C for several days. Thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) was prepared in a two-step oxidation/thermal reduction process using natural graphite (type KFL 99.5 from AMG Mining AG, former Kropfmühl AG, Passau, Germany) as raw material

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

• nature and it is responsible for the easy dispersal in many solvents such as water, which is helpful for the formation of various composites [50]. The reduction of GO in various reducing conditions forms reduced graphene oxide (RGO) in which electrical conductivity is partly revived. This RGO is also

A biofunctionalizable ink platform composed of catechol-modified chitosan and reduced graphene oxide/platinum nanocomposite

• Peter Sobolewski,
• Agata Goszczyńska,
• Małgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Karolina Urbaś,
• Joanna Derkowska,
• Agnieszka Bartoszewska,
• Jacek Podolski,
• Ewa Mijowska and
• Mirosława El Fray

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1508–1514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.151

• , Szczecin, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.8.151 Abstract We present an ink platform for a printable polymer–graphene nanocomposite that is intended for the development of modular biosensors. The ink consists of catechol-modified chitosan and reduced graphene oxide decorated with platinum nanoparticles (rGO–Pt). We

• . First, we prepare dispersions of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) decorated with platinum nanoparticles (rGO–Pt) in ethylene glycol (EG). As the polymer matrix, we utilize chitosan (CHI), a polycationic biopolymer that provides excellent film-forming properties and easy-to-functionalize amine groups [8

• graphene oxide (rGO) functionalized with Pt nanoparticles (rGO–Pt) Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by oxidation of graphite flakes (Aesar, 325 mesh), using a modified Hummers method [19], as described previously [20]. Next, GO was reduced and functionalized with Pt nanoparticles (Figure 5). First, 75