Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• deposition Microstructured masks can be applied to cover parts of the substrate in order to prevent deposition of polymer on these locations [8][9]. Chen and Lahann developed the vapor-assisted micropatterning in replica structures (VAMPIR) method using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) masks to pattern reactive

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• order to give an overview of different microfabrication techniques, relevant examples for different approaches such as optical (photolithography [49]), mechanical (hot embossing [50] and surface cracking [51][52]) or chemical (replica molding [53][54], phase separation micromolding [55][56][57], gas

• form the topography of the features in the plastic. Similar to replica molding in soft lithography, features down to around 10 nm can be replicated. Like soft lithography hot embossing is a cheap method suitable for large-scale manufacturing of substrates [50]. In principle, it can be used with many

• cell adaptation to dynamic changes of the substrate topography [51][52]. Replica molding is a soft lithography technique that uses an elastomeric soft material to replicate patterns (Figure 4B) [53][54]. With that method mainly micrometer-sized topographies are produced in the elastomer. Structures

A single-source precursor route to anisotropic halogen-doped zinc oxide particles as a promising candidate for new transparent conducting oxide materials

• Daniela Lehr,
• Markus R. Wagner,
• Johanna Flock,
• Julian S. Reparaz,
• Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres,
• Alexander Klaiber,
• Thomas Dekorsy and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2161–2172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.222

• , is assigned to a donor-bound exciton recombination at a structural defect [74]. The spectra of the 2.5% sample are dominated by the D0X shallow donor-bound exciton recombination with one phonon replica of the D0X visible. The low-temperature PL spectrum of the highest doped Cl@ZnO sample resembles

Polymer blend lithography for metal films: large-area patterning with over 1 billion holes/inch²

• Cheng Huang,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1205–1211, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.123

• a lift-off process. As a consequence, the resulting metal nanostructure is an exact replica of the pattern of the selectively removed polymer (either a perforated metal film or metal islands). The minimum diameter of these holes or metal islands demonstrated here is about 50 nm. Au, Pd, Cu, Cr and

• replica of the selectively dissolved polymer. Figure 1e,f,j,k show the SEM images of the polymer lithographic masks and the gold islands together with the perforated gold film respectively, which were fabricated applying these masks. The density of the holes shown in Figure 1k is about 130 million/cm2

Hollow plasmonic antennas for broadband SERS spectroscopy

• Gabriele C. Messina,
• Mario Malerba,
• Pierfrancesco Zilio,
• Ermanno Miele,
• Michele Dipalo,
• Lorenzo Ferrara and
• Francesco De Angelis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 492–498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.50

• exposed polymer is insoluble and remains attached to the membrane, representing an exact replica of the milled structure. Finite element method simulations were performed using the software COMSOL Multiphysics. Raman spectra were recorded with a Renishaw InVia spectrometer using 633 nm and 514 nm laser

Bright photoluminescence from ordered arrays of SiGe nanowires grown on Si(111)

• D. J. Lockwood,
• N. L. Rowell,
• A. Benkouider,
• A. Ronda,
• L. Favre and
• I. Berbezier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2498–2504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.259

• were obtained from the other samples. Figure 4 shows that the NW spectral region of interest (from approximately 950 to 1050 meV) is dominated by the boron (≈1017 cm−3)-doped Si substrate phonon-replica spectrum at the lowest temperatures (6 and 10 K). On increasing the sample temperature up to 20 K

Effects of palladium on the optical and hydrogen sensing characteristics of Pd-doped ZnO nanoparticles

• Anh-Thu Thi Do,
• Hong Thai Giang,
• Thu Thi Do,
• Ngan Quang Pham and
• Giang Truong Ho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1261–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.140

• the third peak at around 570 nm decreased. Interestingly, the obtained result is confirmed by the similarity of the luminescence bands of ZnO and ZnO:Cu [19][20][21]. The fine structure is assigned to the longitudinal optical phonon replica with an energy spacing of about 72 meV. This suggests that a

Fringe structures and tunable bandgap width of 2D boron nitride nanosheets

• Peter Feng,
• Muhammad Sajjad,
• Eric Yiming Li,
• Hongxin Zhang,
• Jin Chu,
• Ali Aldalbahi and
• Gerardo Morell

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1186–1192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.130

• the featureless low intensity background at lower wave number. The FTIR peak at ≈1469 cm−1 could be assigned as bands bound by impurities or defects, or a phonon replica of bands. The comparison between the normalized FTIR spectra measured with increased spectral resolution from 1200 cm−1 to 1800 cm−1

Measuring air layer volumes retained by submerged floating-ferns Salvinia and biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces

• Matthias J. Mayser,
• Holger F. Bohn,
• Meike Reker and
• Wilhelm Barthlott

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 812–821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.93

• present a new method to measure the volume of air retained by biological and artificial superhydrophobic surfaces quantitatively. Air layers of four Salvinia species and of well defined replicas were analysed. Results and Discussion Air volume on wafer replica For the validation of the method we use the

• wetting state thereby reducing the air volume of the sample. In two cases the measured values were higher than the calculated one. These higher air volumes were probably caused by small air pockets on top of the structured surface or bubbles below the sample, which could appear if the replica was

• silicone was removed from the ice and represented the shape of the air–water interface of the air layer under water (Figure 7). This silicone replica was examined by an optical 3D microscope (Modell VHX-1000, Keyence Corporation, Osaka, Japan) and the depth and width of the sagging was measured. Leaf of

Nanoscale patterning of a self-assembled monolayer by modification of the molecule–substrate bond

• Cai Shen and
• Manfred Buck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 258–267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.28

• defined. In contrast to other patterning schemes, in which the final structure is a replica of the lithographic pattern, this allows to enlarge features and, thus, reduce the effort in the lithographic step, which is of advantage in high resolution patterning that use serial tip or beam based techniques

Cyclic photochemical re-growth of gold nanoparticles: Overcoming the mask-erosion limit during reactive ion etching on the nanoscale

• Burcin Özdemir,
• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Alfred Plettl and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 886–894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.100

• substrate and, finally, an array of nanopillars is obtained by forming a replica of the original NP pattern. To develop this idea into a flexible nanolithographic tool, a number of additional requirements should be fulfilled: 1) The control over the size of the NP with size distributions as narrow as

Dimer/tetramer motifs determine amphiphilic hydrazine fibril structures on graphite

• Loji K. Thomas,
• Nadine Diek,
• Uwe Beginn and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 658–666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.75

• innate graphitic fibril-like objects [25][26][27]. Further, we note that all reported high-resolution graphitic strands exhibit a replica-type arrangement with strands appearing as a replica of each other with bright blobs aligned perfectly on a line against the long axis, while for our molecular

• structures such a replica pattern is not observed. We have extensively studied innate planar and fibril-like graphitic artefacts at large scales (micrometres) as well as with high-resolution (few nanometres) and found the graphitic structures to be similar to those reported previously but different from the

Spontaneous dissociation of Co₂(CO)₈ and autocatalytic growth of Co on SiO₂: A combined experimental and theoretical investigation

• Kaliappan Muthukumar,
• Harald O. Jeschke,
• Roser Valentí,
• Evgeniya Begun,
• Johannes Schwenk,
• Fabrizio Porrati and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 546–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.63

• electrodes was formed, whose outline represents a slightly blurry replica of the previously activated region. According to our Monte Carlo simulations using CASINO V2.42 [51] the extent of the blurred region corresponds roughly to the range of the backscattered electrons. Additional islands of the

Self-assembled monolayers and titanium dioxide: From surface patterning to potential applications

• Yaron Paz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 845–861, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.94

• SAMs are transferred from stamps of a polymer (for example poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)) onto oxide substrates upon contact between the stamps and the substrate. Other so-called “soft-lithography” methods (replica molding, microtransfer molding, micromolding in capillaries, and solvent-assisted

Plasmonic nanostructures fabricated using nanosphere-lithography, soft-lithography and plasma etching

• Manuel R. Gonçalves,
• Taron Makaryan,
• Fabian Enderle,
• Stefan Wiedemann,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Othmar Marti and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.49

• at 20 °C. Afterwards the cover slide was detached from the PDMS stamp. The topography of the epoxy resin surface was a replica of the original colloidal array. Between the hemispheres there were “valleys” of approximately one beads radius in depth (Figure 1e). Nanostructures etched on quartz The

The effect of surface anisotropy in the slippery zone of Nepenthes alata pitchers on beetle attachment

• Elena V. Gorb and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 302–310, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.35

• = −2.327, p = 0.036; replica, upward versus downward: t = −3.060, p = 0.003, d.f. = 14, paired t-test) (Figure 4B, Table 1). In experiments with these beetles, forces on polymer replicas were lower compared to those on de-waxed pitchers (de-waxed pitcher upward versus replica upward: t = 4.006, p = 0.001

• ; de-waxed pitcher downward versus replica downward: t = 2.834, p = 0.013, d.f. = 14, paired t-test). Tests with clawless insects showed no significant differences in force values between upward and downward directions on either de-waxed plant samples or replicas (de-waxed pitcher, upward versus

• downward: W = −14.000, T+ = 53.000, T− = −67.000, p = 0.720, Wilcoxon signed rank test; replica, upward versus downward: t = 0.079, d.f. = 14, p = 0.938, paired t-test) (Figure 4C, Table 1). Just as in experiments with intact insects, clawless ones also produced lower forces on replicas than on de-waxed

Hierarchically structured superhydrophobic flowers with low hysteresis of the wild pansy (Viola tricolor) – new design principles for biomimetic materials

• Anna J. Schulte,
• Damian M. Droste,
• Kerstin Koch and
• Wilhelm Barthlott

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 228–236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.27

• µl) water droplets, which cannot provide self-cleaning properties. One simple and precise method to transfer petal surface structures into an artificial material is a soft lithography technique called replica moulding [26]. Specifically, for the replication of biological surfaces Koch et al. [27][28

• between the papillae shape of the original petals and the replicas may arise from critical point preparation of the petals (Figure 2; 1a–4a). The replicas were made from fresh turgescent flowers and the replication material used can mould a master structure to a high precision (replica deviations <2 nm

• , all uncoated polymer replicas feature a lower CA than their biological model and thus did not show the same wetting behavior. This suggests that the replica material is more hydrophobic than the cuticle of the Cosmos petal and more hydrophilic than the cuticles of the other species investigated. The

Moisture harvesting and water transport through specialized micro-structures on the integument of lizards

• Philipp Comanns,
• Christian Effertz,
• Florian Hischen,
• Konrad Staudt,
• Wolfgang Böhme and
• Werner Baumgartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 204–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.24

• unstructured resin (data not shown). However, if a droplet is applied for some time (ranging from several seconds to about a minute) onto the replica, the water spreads spontaneously (Figure 6). After this, if the replica is not dried throughout, the replica stays highly wettable in contrast to the

• condensed water on epoxy replica and on non-structured epoxy surfaces. The replicas were cut to a diameter of exactly 15 mm so all samples had about the same projected area for condensation. The replicas were thermally equilibrated at 20.5 °C. The mass was determined by weighing and then the replicas were

• unstructured resin as tested by an unpaired two-sided t-test. A replica of the non-moisture harvesting S. scincus hardly shows an improved condensation in comparison to the unstructured resin. If the resin is simply made rough (average roughness Ra ≈ 3 µm) by means of sand paper, the condensation is improved

Pore structure and surface area of silica SBA-15: influence of washing and scale-up

• Jörg P. Thielemann,
• Frank Girgsdies,
• Robert Schlögl and
• Christian Hess

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 110–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.13

• suited material for various applications. It can be used in environmental analytics for adsorption and separation [3][4], advanced optics [5][6], as a support material for catalysts [7][8] and as a template for the production of nanostructured carbon or platinum replica [9][10]. SBA-15 is synthesized in

Biomimetics inspired surfaces for drag reduction and oleophobicity/philicity

• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 66–84, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.9

• well as the shark skin replica as an example from an aquatic animal. Article objective This article reviews drag data on artificial surfaces inspired from shark skin and lotus leaf. Oleophobic and self-cleaning surfaces inspired from aquatic animals are then discussed. Fabrication and Characterization

• for hydrophobic surfaces [21]. Fabrication and characterization of biomimetic structures A shark (Squalus acanthias, L. Squalidae) was used for creating a shark skin replica [21]. A shark is an aquatic animal, and its skin is permanently exposed to contamination from marine organisms, e.g., bacteria

• and algae. The shark was conserved in FAA (formaldehyde/acetic acid/ethanol) solution. The detailed structure varies from one location to another for the shark. The scales are present over most of the shark’s body. To create a replica, the right front of shark body was selected. Before replicating the