The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics

• Ioannis Kanelidis and
• Tobias Kraus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2625–2639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.263

• increasing length of the alkanethiol chain. Shorter alkanethiols (C2–C8) could not prevent aggregation and sedimentation of the nanoparticles; longer thiols (C12 & C14) resulted in higher colloidal stability. The effect was interpreted using an extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory that

• alkyl part of the thiols was deemed responsible for a decreased interparticle distance that improved film conductivity (to 2 × 10−5 S/cm) by electron hopping [111]. Films of silver nanoparticles exhibited a similar trend. Thiocarboxylic acids having three (Figure 3, 3-mercaptopropionic acid) and eleven

• pyrrole-, bithiophene-, or terthiophene-thiols were reacted with gold nanoparticles and oxidatively coupled gold particles in solution or in the solid state. Electron transport in the films was reported to reach conductivities in the range of 10−7 to 10−2 S/cm [121]. 3.3 Sintering Instead of linking

Amplified cross-linking efficiency of self-assembled monolayers through targeted dissociative electron attachment for the production of carbon nanomembranes

• Sascha Koch,
• Christopher D. Kaiser,
• Paul Penner,
• Michael Barclay,
• Lena Frommeyer,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Patrick Stohmann,
• Tarek Abu-Husein,
• Andreas Terfort,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2562–2571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.256

• approximately 1:0.7:0.6. Inspired by these results, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of the respective biphenyl-4-thiols, 2-Cl-BPT, 2-Br-BPT, 2-I-BPT as well as BPT, were grown on a Au(111) substrate and exposed to 50 eV electrons. The effect of electron irradiation was investigated by X-ray photoelectron

• cross-linking efficiency, self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of biphenyl-thiols (BPTs) and halogenated biphenyl-thiols (2-Cl-BPT, 2-Br-BPT and 2-I-BPT) were prepared on an Au(111) substrate from solution (see Experimental section). Subsequently, these were irradiated by electrons at an electron energy of

• -linking efficiency upon electron irradiation of SAMs produced from 2-I-BPT as compared to 2-Br-BPT, 2-Cl-BPT and BPT. XPS was used to follow the effect of electron irradiation on the bonding in the halogenated biphenyl-thiols, while a direct test of the mechanical strength and optical microscopy was used

Direct writing of gold nanostructures with an electron beam: On the way to pure nanostructures by combining optimized deposition with oxygen-plasma treatment

• Domagoj Belić,
• Mostafa M. Shawrav,
• Emmerich Bertagnolli and
• Heinz D. Wanzenboeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2530–2543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.253

• is essential for successful binding of ligands, such as thiols [80]. From that point of view, our cleaning procedure presents a valuable approach for experimental realization of structurally sound, precisely patterned nanostructures of a high Au content, with exposed Au surfaces available for

Application of visible-light photosensitization to form alkyl-radical-derived thin films on gold

• Rashanique D. Quarels,
• Xianglin Zhai,
• Neepa Kuruppu,
• Jenny K. Hedlund,
• Ashley A. Ellsworth,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Jayne C. Garno and
• Justin R. Ragains

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1863–1877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.187

• lithography; photosensitization; TOF SIMS; Introduction The deposition of radical-derived organic thin films has emerged as an attractive alternative to the grafting of molecules such as thiols, chlorosilanes and alkoxysilanes [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23

Deposition of exchange-coupled dinickel complexes on gold substrates utilizing ambidentate mercapto-carboxylato ligands

• Martin Börner,
• Laura Blömer,
• Marcus Kischel,
• Peter Richter,
• Georgeta Salvan,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Maria E. N. Fuentes,
• Carlos C. B. Bufon,
• Daniel Grimm,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Daniel Breite,
• Bernd Abel and
• Berthold Kersting

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1375–1387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.139

• rather indicative than definitive, is in good agreement with the value of ≈0.6 V reported for monolayers of conjugated thiols on gold (≈0.6 V) [65]. According to these data, layers of paramagnetic complexes of 2 on gold behave as ultrathin insulating tunnel barriers, comparable to the self-assembled

Triptycene-terminated thiolate and selenolate monolayers on Au(111)

• Jinxuan Liu,
• Martin Kind,
• Björn Schüpbach,
• Daniel Käfer,
• Stefanie Winkler,
• Wenhua Zhang,
• Andreas Terfort and
• Christof Wöll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 892–905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.91

• the IRRA spectra (Figure 2). IRRAS also gives evidence of the binding mode of the molecules to the gold surface, namely formation of the thiolates and selenolates from the respective thiols or selenols. This is in complete analogy to numerous other sulfur-based [1] and selenium-based SAMs [6] on Au

α-((4-Cyanobenzoyl)oxy)-ω-methyl poly(ethylene glycol): a new stabilizer for silver nanoparticles

• Jana Lutze,
• Miguel A. Bañares,
• Marcos Pita,
• Andrea Haase,
• Andreas Luch and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 627–635, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.67

• be desirable (such as situations, where thiols may form thiyl radicals leading to protein degradation and cause diseases such as cancer) [34][35]. Hence, there is an interest in alternative anchoring groups with a similar or better anchoring efficiency. Among the possible candidates are the amine and

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of self-assembled thiol monolayers and supported lipid membranes on thin anodic porous alumina

• Marco Salerno,
• Amirreza Shayganpour,
• Barbara Salis and
• Silvia Dante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.8

• with ≈160 nm pore diameter and ≈80 nm corresponding wall thickness to be prepared. The tAPA surfaces were made SERS-active by coating with a thin (≈25 nm) gold (Au) layer. The as obtained tAPA–Au substrates were incubated first with different thiols, namely mercaptobenzoic acid (MbA) and aminothiol (AT

• ), and then with phospholipid vesicles of different composition to form a supported lipid bilayer (SLB). At each step, the SERS substrate functionality was assessed, demonstrating acceptable enhancement (≥100×). The chemisorption of thiols during the first step and the formation of SLB from the vesicles

• ; SERS; nanopores; supported lipid bilayers; thiols; Introduction Anodic porous alumina (APA) is a layered material usually obtained in thick form (≈10 µm thickness scale) from electrochemical anodization in the acidic aqueous electrolyte of aluminum (Al) foils [1]. In APA, the control of pore size

Solvent-mediated conductance increase of dodecanethiol-stabilized gold nanoparticle monolayers

• Patrick A. Reissner,
• Jean-Nicolas Tisserant,
• Antoni Sánchez-Ferrer,
• Raffaele Mezzenga and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2057–2064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.196

• thiols or amines [3][9][10]. The conductance between neighboring nanoparticles depends on a multitude of factors including the conductivity of surrounding molecules, the type of bond between molecules and nanoparticles and the interparticle distance [3][5][6]. The conductivity of the entire network

Functionalized platinum nanoparticles with surface charge trigged by pH: synthesis, characterization and stability studies

• Giovanna Testa,
• Laura Fontana,
• Iole Venditti and
• Ilaria Fratoddi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1822–1828, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.175

• suspensions and the potential applications in biotechnology, for example, in the case of mercaptosuccinic acid [28] and ammonium bearing thiols, such as trimethyl(11-mercaptoundecyl)ammonium [29]. Pt nanoparticles stabilized with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid were developed for the detection of volatile organic

• free thiol at about 2500 cm−1 can be due to the absence of free unreacted thiols. In the far infrared spectrum, as reported in Figure 5, the presence of the Pt–S stretching bands at about 330 cm−1 confirms the functionalization on the Pt surface with DEA thiol [41][42]. FESEM images of Pt-DEA

Hydrophilic silver nanoparticles with tunable optical properties: application for the detection of heavy metals in water

• Paolo Prosposito,
• Federico Mochi,
• Erica Ciotta,
• Mauro Casalboni,
• Fabio De Matteis,
• Iole Venditti,
• Laura Fontana,
• Giovanna Testa and
• Ilaria Fratoddi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1654–1661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.157

• ]. On the other hand, the wet reduction is the most common synthetic technique for the fabrication of metal nanoparticles, using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent and thiols as a capping agent to prevent nanoparticles aggregation [44][45][46]. In the present article, we report the fabrication and

• 25 ppm, the number of ions exceeds the number of nanoparticles at least by a factor of 1000. Under these conditions, small changes of the number of ions do not affect the SPR band since all the external thiols present on the NP surface are saturated. On the other hand, for lower ion concentrations in

• the colloidal suspension occurs. In the intermediate region (0.3 to 1 ppm) the number of ions is comparable with the number of thiols surrounding the metal NPs and aggregation between NPs can easily occur. Finally, in the region below 0.3 ppm, the ions do not cause aggregation, but only a slight shift

Photothermal effect of gold nanostar patterns inkjet-printed on coated paper substrates with different permeability

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Anni Määttänen,
• Petri Ihalainen,
• Maddalena Collini,
• Elisa Cabrini,
• Giacomo Dacarro,
• Piersandro Pallavicini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1480–1485, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.140

• the amphiphilic nature of the poly(ethylene glycol) chains [18]. PEG-SH decoration causes LSPR of GNS to red-shift by about 10 nm, because of the slight local increase in the refractive index related to thiols grafting on the gold surface [18]. GNS decorated with PEG-SH are stable even after repeated

Straightforward and robust synthesis of monodisperse surface-functionalized gold nanoclusters

• Silvia Varela-Aramburu,
• Richard Wirth,
• Chian-Hui Lai,
• Guillermo Orts-Gil and
• Peter H. Seeberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1278–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.118

• discovered by serendipity. The resultant monodisperse gold nanoclusters are more stable than those generated using some other common methods. The carboxylic acid contained in the stabilizing agent on the cluster surface serves as anchor for nanocluster functionalization. Alternatively, the addition of thiols

• spectroscopy (XPS). Coupling to the carboxylic acids or addition of thiols functionalizes the NCs that are taken up by cells but are less cytotoxic than NCs prepared by other methods. During experiments exploring different methods for the synthesis of gold tetrapods [26], we found that simply the addition of 1

Novel roles for well-known players: from tobacco mosaic virus pests to enzymatically active assemblies

• Claudia Koch,
• Fabian J. Eber,
• Carlos Azucena,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Alexander M. Bittner,
• Holger Jeske,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Fania C. Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 613–629, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.54

• ] served as a carrier rod with more than 2,000 addressable thiols. These were equipped with maleimide-reactive bifunctional linkers (maleimide-PEG11-biotin; see [165] for details on bioconjugation techniques), resulting in biotinylated TMVCys/Bio. The PEG11 linker spacer provided increased degrees of

Investigating organic multilayers by spectroscopic ellipsometry: specific and non-specific interactions of polyhistidine with NTA self-assembled monolayers

• Ilaria Solano,
• Pietro Parisse,
• Ornella Cavalleri,
• Federico Gramazio,
• Loredana Casalis and
• Maurizio Canepa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 544–553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.48

• systems. In [37], about mixed layers of bis-NTA thiols with inert OEG thiols, the authors thoroughly reported on imaging ellipsometry measurements at a single wavelength. They exploited variations of Δ and Ψ to obtain information about the thickness and homogeneity of the mixed layers while their

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

• -defined spatial arrangement of the tailor-made functional molecules on a solid surface is of paramount importance in the design of single-molecule devices. So far, many anchoring groups such as thiols (–SH) [26][27][28][29], amines (–NH2) [15][26][30], phosphines [31], pyridines [9][32][33][34][35

• (thiols, disulfides), and related moieties on coinage metals, particularly Au(111), Ag, Cu as well as Pt, Hg, GaAs(100) and InP(100) surfaces [23]. Particularly, the sulfur–gold bond is the most popular and the most extensively investigated junction for anchoring organic molecules on metal surfaces

• around 0.8 eV [66], which can lead to the removal of small gold clusters by mechanically removing thiols. The versatility of the thiol anchoring guarantees a dense coverage of both flat and rough gold surfaces. The clean close packed Au(111) surface exhibits a hexagonal arrangement of atoms with a well

Hemolysin coregulated protein 1 as a molecular gluing unit for the assembly of nanoparticle hybrid structures

• Tuan Anh Pham,
• Andreas Schreiber,
• Elena V. Sturm (née Rosseeva),
• Stefan Schiller and
• Helmut Cölfen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 351–363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.32

• major requirements for the protein adaptor approach binding NPs via the sulfur of the cysteine: The NPs need to be able to covalently bind to thiols like Au or at least very strongly attach to thiols via physical forces. The size of the NPs is limited to 4 nm on the lower end (Figure S3, Supporting

Case studies on the formation of chalcogenide self-assembled monolayers on surfaces and dissociative processes

• Yongfeng Tong,
• Tingming Jiang,
• Azzedine Bendounan,
• Makri Nimbegondi Kotresh Harish,
• Angelo Giglia,
• Stefan Kubsky,
• Fausto Sirotti,
• Luca Pasquali,
• Srinivasan Sampath and
• Vladimir A. Esaulov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 263–277, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.24

• particular the characteristics of charge transport through such a sulfidic interface layer would be strongly affected. In the context of the use of nanoparticles in various applications [49][50][51][52] such as in catalysis, sensing or hydrogen storage, capping the nanoparticles using thiols leads to

• described below. Studies of alkane and phenyl thiols do exist and they conclude that an ordered thiol layer is formed [76][77][78]. BDMT evaporative adsorption was studied on Au(111), Cu(100) and Cu(111) surfaces by Alarcón et al. [25][79] using time-of-flight ion scattering [80], which allows the study of

• . The thiols attach to these “extracted adatoms”. In order to shed light on characteristics of thiol adsorption, we first studied [48] sulfur adsorption on Pd(111) since CLBEs for S on the √7 phase were not known. Thereafter, dodecanethiol (C12T) adsorption was performed on pristine Pd. We also

Surface-site reactivity in small-molecule adsorption: A theoretical study of thiol binding on multi-coordinated gold clusters

• Elvis C. M. Ting,
• Tatiana Popa and
• Irina Paci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 53–61, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.6

• . The most extensively investigated class of metal–molecule complexes is the adsorption of thiols on gold. Results: In the present manuscript, we investigate the dependence of methylthiol adsorption structures and energies on the degree of unsaturation at the metal binding site. We designed an Au20

• atom sites spanning an array of coordination numbers Ni, with i = 3–9, and investigated the binding behavior of single molecules of methylthiol in its non-dissociated and dissociated forms, as a model for the surface-binding group of physisorbed and chemisorbed thiols. The cluster itself was built to

• model various coordination sites that may be found on planar substrates, or along the surface of much larger Au clusters, and was thus held unoptimized, as discussed in some detail below. The adsorption of methylthiol, and other thiols, at Au substrates has been the focus of a large number of studies

Nanostructured surfaces by supramolecular self-assembly of linear oligosilsesquioxanes with biocompatible side groups

• Maria Nowacka,
• Anna Kowalewska and
• Tomasz Makowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2377–2387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.244

• . A similar trend can be observed for samples adsorbed on supports pretreated with mica-TG or mica-NAC (Figure 8 and Figure 9). Thiol groups are present on both surfaces. Thiols are more nucleophilic than hydroxyls and thus their ability for the formation of hydrogen bonds is different. P1 produces

Orthogonal chemical functionalization of patterned gold on silica surfaces

• Francisco Palazon,
• Didier Léonard,
• Thierry Le Mogne,
• Francesca Zuttion,
• Céline Chevalier,
• Magali Phaner-Goutorbe,
• Éliane Souteyrand,
• Yann Chevolot and
• Jean-Pierre Cloarec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2272–2277, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.233

• functionalization protocol to selectively bind different thiols and silanes (mixed in organic solvent at room temperature) onto the gold and silica areas of a patterned surface. The chemical functionalization was verified by direct characterization using XPS and ToF–SIMS mapping. To this end, microscale gold

• structures were used to evaluate the different materials separately (especially for XPS characterization, whose spatial resolution is on the order of 10 µm) and combined with perfluorinated thiols and silanes that give a strong fluorine signal both in XPS and ToF–SIMS measurements. Finally, an orthogonal

• functionalization with biologically pertinent molecules (antifouling poly(ethylene glycol) silane and biotinylated thiols) was used for the selective immobilization of proteins onto metallic nanostructures relevant to the development of LSPR biosensors and characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results and

Nano-contact microscopy of supracrystals

• Adam Sweetman,
• Nicolas Goubet,
• Ioannis Lekkas,
• Marie Paule Pileni and
• Philip Moriarty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1229–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.126

• scenario where we have both a thiol-terminated tip and thiol-coated nanocrystal, and where the thiols on both the tip and nanocrystal would be relatively free to relax as the tip approaches the sample. These observations are also consistent with the numerous reconfiguration events that we observe during

Polymer blend lithography for metal films: large-area patterning with over 1 billion holes/inch²

• Cheng Huang,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1205–1211, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.123

• applications [23]. The surface of the metal can be selectively modified with molecules such as thiols and used for immobilization of biomaterials [33]. The perforated metal films, which can be fabricated on large areas based on spin-coating and physical vapor deposition (PVD), have the potential to be used as

Electrical characterization of single molecule and Langmuir–Blodgett monomolecular films of a pyridine-terminated oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) derivative

• Henrry M. Osorio,
• Santiago Martín,
• María Carmen López,
• Santiago Marqués-González,
• Simon J. Higgins,
• Richard J. Nichols,
• Paul J. Low and
• Pilar Cea

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1145–1157, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.116

• pseudolinear (ohmic) region of the I–V curves. This value is higher than that of the conductance values of LB films of phenylene-ethynylene derivatives contacted by amines, thiols, carboxylate, trimethylsilylethynyl or acetylide groups. In addition, the single molecule I–V curve of 1 determined using the I(s

• groups have been studied in an attempt to find an ideal combination of molecular backbone, contact and metallic electrodes. Particularly prominent examples of metal–molecule contacting groups include thiols [46][47], selenols [48][49], dithiocarbamates [50][51], carbodithioates [52], amines [53][54

Influence of gold, silver and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles on germ cell function and embryo development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 651–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.66

• nanoparticles may lead to a decrease in motility (i) either by production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or (ii) by binding to free thiols present on the sperm surface as gold nanoparticles posses a high affinity to thiol groups. The thiols on the sperm surface are part of membrane bound Na+/K+-ATPases and

• Ca2+-ATPases, whose inhibition has been reported to induce a rapid loss in motility [57]. While increased ROS production in sperm due to nanoparticle exposure could not be confirmed, a decrease of free thiols on the sperm surface was noted, which indicates the validity of the second hypothesis [49