Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• in this work. The wafer was divided into 1 × 1 cm2 pieces, which were then cleaned with an ultrasonic cleaner in acetone (20 min), ethanol (15 min), and deionized water (10 min). The wafer pieces were oxidized in hot Piranha solution (45 mL of H2SO4/15 mL of H2O2) for 5 min. To perform metal-assisted

Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• reach a higher doping level around 2.5 × 1019 cm−3. Before starting the KPFM analysis, the sample was cleaved, and a surface cleaning was carried out to expose a clean cross section. We performed a chemical treatment based on sequential ultrasonic baths of acetone, ethanol, and deionized water. The

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

ZnO-decorated SiC@C hybrids with strong electromagnetic absorption

• Liqun Duan,
• Zhiqian Yang,
• Yilu Xia,
• Xiaoqing Dai,
• Jian’an Wu and
• Minqian Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 565–573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.47

• provide locations for the deposition of Zn2+ via electrostatic interactions. Cao et al. [26] have reported the growth of ZnO particles on MWCNTs through a similar mechanism. However, in their case, the functional groups on the MWCNTs were obtained by ultrasonic treatment in concentrated nitric acid. Four

Carbon nanotube-cellulose ink for rapid solvent identification

• Tiago Amarante,
• Thiago H. R. Cunha,
• Claudio Laudares,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Ana Carolina dos Santos,
• Cíntia L. Pereira,
• Vinicius Ornelas,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• André S. Ferlauto and
• Rodrigo G. Lacerda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 535–543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.44

• composite MWCNTs were mixed with DI water (1% w/v) and sonicated in an ultrasonic bath for 2 h. The obtained suspension was centrifuged for 5 min at 2500 rpm, and the supernatant (0.6% w/v) was reserved. MFC was dispersed in DI water (0.5% w/v) using a Silverson homogenizer (10,000 rpm) for 10 min and then

Conjugated photothermal materials and structure design for solar steam generation

• Chia-Yang Lin and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 454–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.36

• ratio, high porosity, and high mass transport. Therefore, they are often applied to SSG absorbers along with other macrostructures such as membranes and foams [29][52][53][54][55]. One noticeable example is the study of nanofiber-based light-trapping coatings [29]. Ma et al. proposed an ultrasonic spray

• , Copyright (2021), with permission from Elsevier. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. Fabrication process of PPy nanofiber light-trapping coatings by ultrasonic spray coating. (Figure 9 was reproduced with permission from [29], Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society). Surface morphology of (a) filter

A novel approach to pulsed laser deposition of platinum catalyst on carbon particles for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Bogusław Budner,
• Wojciech Tokarz,
• Sławomir Dyjak,
• Andrzej Czerwiński,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz and
• Bartłomiej Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 190–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.19

• ™ (1100 e.w., Ion Power Inc., United States) by ultrasonic mixing. The ratio of the ionomer to the studied Pt-based catalyst mass in a dry electrode was 0.1. The disc-ring electrode surfaces were polished and checked for purity before applying the catalyst layer by cyclic voltammetry in a 0.5 M H2SO4

• solution deoxygenated with N2 (purity 5.0). The catalyst ink was mixed and suspended using an ultrasonic cannon (750 W, Cole-Parmer, United States), impulse sonication with 150 W energy for approximately 1 min. A 20 µL drop of the suspension was placed with a micropipette on the disc of the spinning

• catalyst containing 20 wt % Pt deposited on Vulcan XC-72R (Fuel Cell Store, United States) subjected to the same method as the cathode layer by painting to the opposite side of the Nafion membrane (Nafion™ 112, DuPont, United States). The anode and cathode ink were prepared using an ultrasonic cannon (750

Liquid phase exfoliation of talc: effect of the medium on flake size and shape

• Samuel M. Sousa,
• Helane L. O. Morais,
• Joyce C. C. Santos,
• Ana Paula M. Barboza,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• Elisângela S. Pinto and
• Mariana C. Prado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 68–78, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.8

• nanosheets [6]. The energy may be provided by an ultrasonic bath, a shear force mixer, or a tip sonicator. The solution serves three purposes: it provides a medium to propagate the mechanical energy, suspends the exfoliated nanosheets, and prevents them from agglomerating again. The versatility of the method

• solution, and butanone. The mechanical energy necessary to delaminate the mineral was provided by an ultrasonic bath. We report a statistical analysis of the dimensions (measured by atomic force microscopy) of the nanoflakes obtained employing the four routes, evidencing that the exfoliation medium has an

• powder was exfoliated in each liquid medium by exposure to mechanical energy provided by an ultrasonic bath (full details in the Experimental section). Talc was manually milled down to a fine powder and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Figure 1a displays the results. All peaks are assigned to

Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition

• Mykhailo Nahorniak,
• Pamela Pasetto,
• Jean-Marc Greneche,
• Volodymyr Samaryk,
• Sandy Auguste,
• Anthony Rousseau,
• Nataliya Nosova and
• Serhii Varvarenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 11–22, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.2

• supernatant was eliminated by decantation, and the precipitate was suspended in 5 mL of hexane using an ultrasonic bath UM-2, 140 W (Olsztyn, Poland). The remains of propanone were removed under vacuum, and the resulting nanoparticles were resuspended in toluene. Then a stable colloidal solution of NPM was

Single-step extraction of small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of riboflavin

• Polina M. Kalachikova,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Eldar M. Khabushev,
• Timofei V. Eremin,
• Timofei S. Zatsepin,
• Elena D. Obraztsova,
• Konstantin V. Larionov,
• Liubov Yu. Antipina,
• Pavel B. Sorokin and
• Albert G. Nasibulin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1564–1571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.130

• biocompatibility of nucleic acids can support biomedical applications of such dispersions. Unfortunately, an extensive ultrasonic treatment required to obtain a dispersion of individual nanotubes might destroy fragile nucleic acid molecules so that their applications are somewhat inhibited. Flavin compounds are

• added to a 2 mM riboflavin solution in deionized water and stored for 14 days at room temperature in a dry chamber without exposure to direct sunlight. The final concentration of SWCNTs in dispersion was 1 mg/mL. Then, the dispersions were processed with ultrasonic treatment using Branson 450 digital

Induced electric conductivity in organic polymers

• Konstantin Y. Arutyunov,
• Anatoli S. Gurski,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Azat R. Yusupov,
• Danfis D. Karamov and
• Alexei N. Lachinov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1551–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.128

• without exposure to room atmosphere between cycles of formation of different layers. Glass or oxidized silicon were used as substrates. The substrates were preliminarily cleaned in ethanol and distilled water in an ultrasonic bath. The surfaces were hydrophilized by treating the substrates with

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• synthesized as described earlier [39][40][41]. To combine with TNAs, 5 mg of MoS2 or g-C3N4 powder was dispersed in 2 mL of a solution containing 50 vol % ethanol and 50 vol % nafion solution as described in [40]. The solution was stirred for 30 min before ultrasonic treatment for 3 h to obtain a homogeneous

• ultrasonic treatment peeled the MoS2 material into thinner layered structures. This is in agreement with the SEM images, in which material with rather small and thinner structures scattered on the surface of TNAs was observed. The functional groups and chemical bonds of the as-prepared materials were

Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• of 0.2% [77]. The organic phase was added to the aqueous phase on a magnetic stirrer at 550 rpm. The resulting o/w emulsion was sonicated on an ice bath with an ultrasonic probe at 25% power for 1 min (four times at 10 s intervals), and PLGA nanoparticles were obtained. The nanoparticles were stirred

Laser-processed antiadhesive bionic combs for handling nanofibers inspired by nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders

• Sebastian Lifka,
• Kristóf Harsányi,
• Erich Baumgartner,
• Lukas Pichler,
• Dariya Baiko,
• Karsten Wasmuth,
• Johannes Heitz,
• Marco Meyer,
• Anna-Christin Joel,
• Jörn Bonse and
• Werner Baumgartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1268–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.105

• inter-line separation of Δ = 5 µm. The linear laser beam polarization was kept parallel to the scan direction. Immediately after laser processing, the samples were cleaned for 5 min in acetone in an ultrasonic bath and stored in a desiccator. Figure 10 indicates the presence of the LIPSS at the entire

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• , and ultrasonic synthesis. In the bottom-up methods, CDs are formed from molecular precursors by various techniques such as hydrothermal treatment [25][26][27][28][29], microwave synthesis [30], and pyrolysis [31]. A tremendous amount of work has been done regarding the synthesis and different

• –31G diffused and polarized basis sets. An excellent agreement was found between theoretical data and experimental results [73]. An ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction approach was employed to synthesize CDs from rice fried Codonopsis pilosula (CP). The CP-CDs possess good sensitivity and

Interaction between honeybee mandibles and propolis

• Leonie Saccardi,
• Franz Brümmer,
• Jonas Schiebl,
• Oliver Schwarz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 958–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.84

• was then measured between the two lines. Furthermore, different solvents were used to wash fresh mandibles in order to try removing any potential surface coating. Mandibles were washed in an ultrasonic bath with distilled water for 10 min or with either chloroform (Rotisolv® HPLC stabilised with 1

• to remove hydrophobic substances and the wax layer from mandibles [27]. The ultrasonic bath facilitates the dissolving procedure and particle removal from the surface. To visualise the effect of washing, dry untreated mandibles and mandibles treated with the different solvents were examined using a

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• experimental triplicate. Atomic force microscopy For AFM measurements, GNPs were electrostatically fixed on positively coated silica specimens. Samples for AFM measurements were prepared according to the following protocol: Silica wafers were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath (Elmasonic B, Elma Schmidbauer GmbH

Reliable fabrication of transparent conducting films by cascade centrifugation and Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of electrochemically exfoliated graphene

• Teodora Vićentić,
• Stevan Andrić,
• Vladimir Rajić and
• Marko Spasenović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 666–674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.58

• wavelength of 660 nm is obtained for these films, which is in agreement with earlier works on Langmuir–Blodgett assembled ultrasonic-assisted liquid-phase exfoliated graphene. Our work demonstrates that films that are in all respects on par with films of graphene obtained through other solution-based

• the range of 1–10 layers, in a range of different liquids, at a wide range of concentrations [13][14]. The mechanism of ultrasonic exfoliation involves ultrasonic waves in liquid media creating bubbles or voids in the liquid, which generate shear forces or cavitation bubbles upon collapsing, which

• size selection is the route to take towards the mass use of 2D materials in solution. Although size selection through post-processing with cascade centrifugation has been demonstrated in the context of ultrasonic LPE materials [30][31], to the best of our knowledge, the method has not been applied to

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• BBR in a 2.0 mL Eppendorf tube containing 1.0 mL of distilled water. The tube was placed in an ultrasonic bath for 30 min at room temperature. Then, the BBR solution was centrifuged at a speed of 5000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant liquid was withdrawn as saturated BBR solution. Physicochemical

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• solution. The surfactants SPAN 80 (0.855 g) and TWEEN 85 (0.045 g) were dissolved in CHX (20.4 g) and mixed with the aqueous solution of PHEG-Tyr with HRP. This two-phase system was cooled to 0 °C and dispersed using a UP200Ht ultrasonic processor equipped with a sonotrode S26d7 (Hielscher Ultrasonics GmbH

• calculated using the Stokes–Einstein equation. For DLS measurements, both nanogels were dispersed in Q-H2O (2 mL; 1 mg/mL) in glass vials by a UP200Ht ultrasonic processor equipped with a sonotrode Hielscher S26d2 for 5 min at 40% amplitude using the following method: 2 min pulsation (0.5 s pulse rate), 2

Influence of thickness and morphology of MoS₂ on the performance of counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

• Lam Thuy Thi Mai,
• Hai Viet Le,
• Ngan Kim Thi Nguyen,
• Van La Tran Pham,
• Thu Anh Thi Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thanh Le Huynh and
• Hoang Thai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 528–537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.44

• substrates were first cleaned in a 1% Hellmanex solution at 70 °C for 30 min in an ultrasonic bath, then washed three times in distilled water, dried by nitrogen flow, and finally treated in a UV ozone chamber for 5 min to obtain the cleaned FTO electrode. Precursor solutions were prepared by dissolving (NH4

Design and characterization of polymeric microneedles containing extracts of Brazilian green propolis

• Camila Felix Vecchi,
• Rafaela Said dos Santos,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 503–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.42

• , which was easy to handle. However, there was intense formation of air bubbles. In order to reduce the bubbles in the final mold, the flask containing the mixture was placed in an ultrasonic bath and, subsequently, in a vacuum desiccator, until all bubbles were removed. With the mixture being completely

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

• min followed by sonication using an ultrasonic bath (Wise Clean, Korea, 210 W, 40 kHz), at 40% sonication strength, and three cycles of 30 min to obtain monodisperse vesicles and to enhance encapsulation efficiency [44][45]. Then, ETHs were collected by centrifugation at 10.000 rpm for 30 min. For the

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• switch, thus reducing the need for external excitation. Ultrasonic transducers based on capacitive switch structures are widely used in medical imaging, underwater tests, and obstacle detection. Saadatmand and Kook [97] conducted a theoretical analysis on electrostatically driven ultrasonic transducers

• reduce the demand for voltage of electrostatic switches, but would introduce additional manufacturing cost. Rutsch et al. [98] combined piezoelectric materials with NEM switches to prepare ultrasonic transducers, as shown in Figure 12. The structure retained piezoelectric bending and a DC voltage could

• be used to adjust the resonant frequency of the electrostatic switch to expand the bandwidth of the ultrasonic transducer. İkizoğlu et al. [99] combined a piezoelectric energy harvester with a cantilever beam switch for RF systems. Under vibrations, the piezoelectric material produces charges that

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• -Aldrich, ≥99%) with a concentration of 1 wt % and tip-sonicated using an ultrasonic processor in pulsed mode for 20 min at 70% of the power amplitude. Subsequently, the CoFe2O4 suspension was added to a PVDF-TrFE solution (Piezotech FC Ink L, 7 wt %) at the desired ratio. The mixture was bath-sonicated