Correlative electrochemical strain and scanning electron microscopy for local characterization of the solid state electrolyte Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃

• Nino Schön,
• Deniz Cihan Gunduz,
• Shicheng Yu,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Roland Schierholz and
• Florian Hausen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1564–1572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.148

• grain boundaries with an overall conductivity of 0.2 mS cm−1 [11] and has therefore attracted much research within the last decade [12][13][14][15]. In classical electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the ionic conductivity is measured through the entire sample and over the full electrode contact

• reported to gain adequate EIS resolution by coupling with AFM [16]. The authors reported experiments on silver-ion conducting glasses and found good agreement between the mean value of local conductivities and the macroscopic conductivity. It has been found that the electrochemical characteristics of LATP

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• charge carrier separation and transfer [99][100][101]. Electrochemical impedance studies (EIS) explore the resistance of a material through a Nyquist plot. A smaller arc radius of the Nyquist plot suggests better transfer of charge carriers with lower resistance. The modification of TiO2 with ferrites

Ag₂WO₄ nanorods decorated with AgI nanoparticles: Novel and efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts for the degradation of water pollutants

• Shijie Li,
• Shiwei Hu,
• Wei Jiang,
• Yanping Liu,
• Yu Liu,
• Yingtang Zhou,
• Liuye Mo and
• Jianshe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1308–1316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.123

• impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement was applied to study the charge transport and separation [49]. A smaller arc radius commonly signifies a higher charge transport rate. As displayed in Figure 10, the arc radius of 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4 is smaller than that of AgI, suggesting that 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4 holds a higher

• RhB in the presence of 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4. (a) The cycled photocatalytic degradation of RhB over 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4; (b) XRD patterns of the fresh and used 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4. Active-species trapping tests over 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Nyquist plots of AgI and 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4

Cyclodextrin inhibits zinc corrosion by destabilizing point defect formation in the oxide layer

• Abdulrahman Altin,
• Maciej Krzywiecki,
• Adnan Sarfraz,
• Cigdem Toparli,
• Claudius Laska,
• Philipp Kerger,
• Aleksandar Zeradjanin,
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer,
• Michael Rohwerder and
• Andreas Erbe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 936–944, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.86

• inhibitors [8][12][13]. Metallic zinc is industrially used for cathodic protection of steel [15]. In this work, the inhibition of zinc corrosion by β-CD was investigated electrochemically. Inhibition efficiencies were determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). After exposure to chloride

• (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1) shows that this morphology is retained after exposure to the electrolyte. The inhibition efficiencies η (Figure 1c), based on EIS data (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2, Figure S3 and Table S1), show that with only 19 μM of β-CD in KCl, an inhibition

• the EIS measurements a quantitative comparison of the efficiencies is not reasonable. In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry experiments conducted both in 0.1 M KCl as well as in 0.1 M KCl with 5.3 mM β-CD show no formation of an adsorbate layer on the samples (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• electrodes were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrochemical characteristics of the cells with S/MoO2–CNF cathodes and pure sulfur cathodes were examined by CV in the voltage range of 1.7–3.0 V at the scanning rate

• 50 cycles. The performance of the MoO2–CNF matrix for application in Li–S batteries is also compared with several other carbon nanofibers and metal oxides fibers (Table 3), which further demonstrates the long-life behavior of the sulfur/MoO2–CNF cathode. The EIS technique was used to investigate the

• effect of the MoO2–CNF matrix material calcined at different temperatures on the electrochemical performance of the sulfur cathode. Compared to the CV technique, the diffusion coefficients under equilibrium conditions can be expressed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Additionally, the

Facile synthesis of silver/silver thiocyanate (Ag@AgSCN) plasmonic nanostructures with enhanced photocatalytic performance

• Xinfu Zhao,
• Dairong Chen,
• Abdul Qayum,
• Bo Chen and
• Xiuling Jiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2781–2789, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.277

• 4.8-fold faster than that of the bare AgSCN, so the existence of an appropriate amount of Ag played a prominent role in the photodegradation process. Electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) was used to illustrate the rate of charge transfer for the photocatalysts. Nyquist plots of M0, M1, M2, M3, M4

• source. N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms were determined by using a Quadrasorb SI apparatus to obtain the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was recorded on a CHI660A electrochemical workstation (CH Instrument Company, Shanghai, China

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• composition of the obtained CNx hybrids were correlated with the data of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Experimental Synthesis Catalysts were prepared using polyoxomolybdate clusters of the ε-Keggin-type structure Mo12O28(μ2-OH

• ranged from 0 to +1 V with a scan rate between 2 and 1000 mV s−1. The specific capacitance (C) of an electrode was determined with the formula C = A / (Vs × m), where A is the square of the positive curve, Vs is the scan rate and m is the mass of carbon nanomaterial. EIS measurements were performed on a

• spectroscopy The kinetics of the charge–discharge processes of the electrodes was investigated using EIS measurements. The impedance diagrams represented as Nyquist plots are shown in Figure 8. The Nyquist plot of an ideal supercapacitor is presented by a semicircle with a vertical line at low frequencies. The

Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance using morphology-controlled BiVO₄ with W doping

• Xin Zhao and
• Zhong Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2640–2647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.264

• photocurrents with hole scavenger was measured in a 0.5 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution with 0.1 M Na2SO3. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out under illumination of an AM 1.5G solar simulator in a 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte at the applied potential of 1.23 V vs RHE using a PCI4

• to fit the experimental EIS data. (c) Relative electrochemical surface area. Elaboration of all samples with different precursors and water-to-EG ratio. Supporting Information Supporting Information features photocurrent measurements of pristine BiVO4, an SEM image of the sample 0.5-EG, cyclic

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• is called electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and is a widespread technique to evaluate the quality of coatings quantitatively. In contrast to the first method, larger areas can be easily tested, and a quantitative result is yielded, under the expense of spatial resolution. A simple

• micrographs with GWYDDION reveals the imperative necessity to dilute the monomer by an inert gas (Figure 19). In pure monomeric vapor, the hole density increases steeply but almost uncontrollably. The EIS measurement results are shown in a Nyquist diagram (Figure 20), where the device under test was a copper

Freestanding graphene/MnO₂ cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Şeyma Özcan,
• Aslıhan Güler,
• Tugrul Cetinkaya,
• Mehmet O. Guler and
• Hatem Akbulut

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1932–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.193

• specific capacity of the freestanding graphene/MnO2 cathodes was calculated depending on the active mass of the graphene/MnO2 composite (about 20 mg) on Al foil. The resistance of the electrodes was evaluated via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using a Nyquist curve in the frequency range 1000

• the cell, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed and results are shown in Figure 5. The width of the Nyquist curves indicates the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of the graphene/α-MnO2, graphene/β-MnO2 and graphene/γ-MnO2 cathodes [30]. As seen from Figure 5, the

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Electrochemical measurements were performed by using potentiostat 2263 Electrochemical Analyser (Princeton Applied Research, Tennessee, USA). EIS data were simulated with the electrical equivalent circuit by ZSimpWin V.3.10 analysis program

• the low-temperature carbonization process with increasing elimination of other elements (N,H,O) [38][48]. Electrochemical impedance measurements of oxidized PAN nanofibers Electrochemical properties of oxidized PAN nanofibers were analyzed by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS

• . Oxidized PAN nanofiber mats were used as free standing working electrodes, a platinum wire was used as counter electrode, and a silver wire was used as pseudo-reference electrode. EIS data were simulated with electrical equivalent circuit by using the ZSimpWin V.3.10 analysis program. Experimental and

Fabrication of hierarchically porous TiO₂ nanofibers by microemulsion electrospinning and their application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

• Jin Zhang,
• Yibing Cai,
• Xuebin Hou,
• Xiaofei Song,
• Pengfei Lv,
• Huimin Zhou and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1297–1306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.131

• capability, which stemmed mostly from the hierarchically porous structure and the large specific surface area. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out on the electrode of sample A2 and solid TiO2 nanofibers. Nyquist impedance plots obtained for sample A2 and solid TiO2 nanofibers in a

High photocatalytic activity of Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ nanocomposites prepared by photodeposition for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

• Shu Chin Lee,
• Hendrik O. Lintang and
• Leny Yuliati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 915–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.93

• clarified using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Figure 5 shows the Nyquist plots of the unmodified TiO2 (NT) and Fe2O3(0.5)/TiO2 (PD) samples. The arc radius of the Nyquist plot reflects the impedance of the interface layer arising at the electrode surface. The smaller the arc radius the

• recombination. This leads to the formation of more photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals that contributed to an improved photocatalytic activity, as was also supported by the HRTEM, EIS and fluorescence spectroscopy results. The stability of the Fe2O3(0.5)/TiO2 (PD) sample was investigated by performing

• surface area of the samples. TEM and HRTEM were performed on a JEOL JEM-2100 electron microscope with electron acceleration energy of 200 kV. EIS measurements were performed on a Gamry Interface 1000 potentiostat/galvanostat/ZRA. For the measurements of EIS, a screen printed electrode (SPE, DropSens) was

First examples of organosilica-based ionogels: synthesis and electrochemical behavior

• Andreas Taubert,
• Ruben Löbbicke,
• Barbara Kirchner and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 736–751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.77

• -act X-ray detector. Prior to measurements the samples were coated with a 100 nm carbon layer using a POLARON CC7650 Carbon Coater. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For EIS the dry IGs were contacted with a graphite paper layer and sandwiched between platinum electrodes. The graphite paper

• water possibly present in the IL was removed. Moreover, DSC traces obtained from third and fourth heating cycles are identical to those shown in Figure 11, thus confirming this assumption. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to evaluate the electrical behavior of the IGs. Figure 12

• what has been reported so far [23][24]. These data therefore show that all organosilica monoliths yield stable monolithic IGs with high IL loading. DSC data (Figure 11) and EIS analysis (Figure 12-14) show that (i) the confinement of the IL in the matrix does not affect its physical properties and (ii

Carbon nanotube-wrapped Fe₂O₃ anode with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries

• Guoliang Gao,
• Yan Jin,
• Qun Zeng,
• Deyu Wang and
• Cai Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 649–656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.69

• spectroscopy (EIS). Charge/discharge tests of the assembled cells were carried out using a commercial battery test system (LAND model, CT2001A) at a constant current in the potential range of 0.01–3.00 V (vs Li/Li+). The cyclic voltammetry measurements were conducted in the same potential window at a scanning

• rate of 0.05 mV·s−1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was carried out at a frequency range 10 mHz to 1 MHz with an AC amplitude of 10 mV. Both CV and EIS measurements were carried out on an electrochemical workstation (Ametek 1470E) Results and Discussion Figure 1a shows XRD spectra of Fe2O3/COOH

• the high capacity of Fe2O3 and good conductivity of COOH-MWCNTs. EIS experiments were carried out to estimate the enhanced Li+ storage performance of the composites in the frequency region from 100 MHz to 0.01 Hz at room temperature. As shown in Figure 6, the Nyquist plots show a depressed semicircle

Phosphorus-doped silicon nanorod anodes for high power lithium-ion batteries

• Chao Yan,
• Qianru Liu,
• Jianzhi Gao,
• Zhibo Yang and
• Deyan He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 222–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.24

• electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) was measured at the voltages of 2.6 V and 0.7 V and the Nyquist plots are shown in Figure 3b. At a voltage of 2.7 V, both CuO and Si were not lithiated and CuO could be totally lithiated at 0.7 V. The reduction in the semicircular nature in the Nyquist plot characteristics

• (DEC) (1:1 in volume). Galvanostatic cycling was carried out on a multichannel cell test instrument (Neware BTS-610). Cyclic voltammogramms (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) were measured using an electrochemical workstation (Metrohm, Autolab302N). The voltage cut-off window for

A novel electrochemical nanobiosensor for the ultrasensitive and specific detection of femtomolar-level gastric cancer biomarker miRNA-106a

• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Kobra Omidfar and
• Hossein Ghanbarian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2023–2036, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.193

• miRNA were confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) methods. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used for quantitative evaluation of miR-106a via recording the reduction peak current of gold nanoparticles. The electrochemical signal had a linear

• attractive targets for the construction of electrochemical nanobiosensors [8][21][28]. There are numerous studies on fabricating electrochemical nanobiosensors for the detection of label-free or labeled miRNA. Although biosensors based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) offered a label-free

Layered composites of PEDOT/PSS/nanoparticles and PEDOT/PSS/phthalocyanines as electron mediators for sensors and biosensors

• Celia García-Hernández,
• Cristina García-Cabezón,
• Fernando Martín-Pedrosa,
• José Antonio De Saja and
• María Luz Rodríguez-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1948–1959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.186

• with PEDOT/PSS/LuPc2 electrodes where a strong decrease in the oxidation peak voltage was not observed [33]. The electrocatalytic properties of the layered composite PEDOT/PSS/EM electrodes were further investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). At −0.5 V, a RMS sine wave was

• unbound enzyme and stored at 4 °C. Characterization of the sensors Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (FEI, QUANTA 200F) was used to record the images of the electrode surfaces. A square resistance was measured using a four-point tester (HAAMEG, HM 8040-2). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS

Mismatch detection in DNA monolayers by atomic force microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• Maryse D. Nkoua Ngavouka,
• Pietro Capaldo,
• Elena Ambrosetti,
• Giacinto Scoles,
• Loredana Casalis and
• Pietro Parisse

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 220–227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.20

• cell. In a previous work we demonstrated the ability to follow the hybridization of perfectly matched sequences in real time through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements on extended ssDNA self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) [27]. Here we successfully tested EIS for the detection of

• mismatched sequences. From the analysis of hybridization kinetics we distinguished the presence of single or multiple mismatches and their relative position. Both nanoarrays and EIS devices hold the premises for parallelization, multiplexing and low-volume analysis, making them amenable for point-of-care

• in Table 1. Fabrication and measurement processes for EIS-based assay Detailed fabrication processes and layout of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments have been reported by Ianeselli and co-workers [27]. Briefly, the setup (a scheme is reported in Figure S1, Supporting Information

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

Calculations of helium separation via uniform pores of stanene-based membranes

• Guoping Gao,
• Yan Jiao,
• Yalong Jiao,
• Fengxian Ma,
• Liangzhi Kou and
• Aijun Du

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2470–2476, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.256

• is calculated by: where the ETS and EIS are the total energy of the saddle point and initial state, respectively. The diffusion rate, k, is estimated based on the penetration barrier, Eb, through the Arrhenius equation, as in previous works [12][22]: Here, the diffusion prefactor, A, is set to 1011 s

Electrochemical behavior of polypyrrol/AuNP composites deposited by different electrochemical methods: sensing properties towards catechol

• Celia García-Hernández,
• Cristina García-Cabezón,
• Cristina Medina-Plaza,
• Fernando Martín-Pedrosa,
• Yolanda Blanco,
• José Antonio de Saja and
• María Luz Rodríguez-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2052–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.209

• incorporated in the Ppy films was higher when using CP than that when using CA. In turn, using cogeneration, the amount of nanoparticles incorporated was higher than using trapping. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) can provide information about the

• drastic decrease in the resistance. This is in good agreement with previous published results that indicated that the presence of AuNPs in the polymer matrix resulted in an increase in conductivity [31]. EIS results of Ppy/AuNPs films deposited by CP showed similar trends, but resistance and impedance

• . It is important to point out, that EIS measurements carried out in films deposited on SS by CA where irreproducible, indicating that the films obtained were unstable. Films deposited on SS by CP produced reproducible results but with higher Rct and impedance values than those found on the platinum

Optimized design of a nanostructured SPCE-based multipurpose biosensing platform formed by ferrocene-tethered electrochemically-deposited cauliflower-shaped gold nanoparticles

• Wicem Argoubi,
• Maroua Saadaoui,
• Sami Ben Aoun and
• Noureddine Raouafi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1840–1852, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.187

• and concentration of the ferrocene derivatives have been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Selectivity and specificity tests have been also performed in the presence of potentially interfering substances to

• competitive proteins using a panel of electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Application of the two platforms for the detection of hIgG and H2O2 respectively in human serum and in honey are presented

• voltamperometric deposition of gold onto the carbon surface is expected to drastically alter its conductivity, which could be easily monitored using faradaic EIS measurements. This is clearly depicted in the Nyquist plots (inset in Figure 3a) of the different electrodes, recorded in the presence of a 5 mM [Fe(CN)6

Surface engineering of nanoporous substrate for solid oxide fuel cells with atomic layer-deposited electrolyte

• Sanghoon Ji,
• Waqas Hassan Tanveer,
• Wonjong Yu,
• Sungmin Kang,
• Gu Young Cho,
• Sung Han Kim,
• Jihwan An and
• Suk Won Cha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1805–1810, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.184

• via impedance spectroscopy To investigate the effects of BEC thickness on the individual resistances, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data were obtained for the Cell-A and Cell-B. Before comparing the EIS data for two kinds of cells, the EIS curves obtained under different direct current

• inset of Figure 4 [20]. The comparison result indicates that all of the semicircles are relevant to the activation process, i.e., electrode–electrolyte interfacial resistance, not to the ohmic process, i.e., electrolytic resistance, because there are no overlapping semicircles. Figure 4 shows EIS curves

• obtained under a DC bias voltage of 0.1 V for the Cell-A and Cell-B. The EIS curve for the Cell-B contains two predominant semicircles with peak imaginary values at 1 kHz and at 20 Hz by a non-linear least square fitting to the equivalent circuit consisting of one resistance (related to ohmic resistance

Optical modeling-assisted characterization of dye-sensitized solar cells using TiO₂ nanotube arrays as photoanodes

• Jung-Ho Yun,
• Il Ku Kim,
• Yun Hau Ng,
• Lianzhou Wang and
• Rose Amal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 895–902, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.102

• parameters of the DSSCs, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) offers valuable information. Figure 4 shows the Bode phase plots and the Nyquist plots obtained from electron transfer at the TiO2 and electrolyte interface under a solar simulator of AM 1.5. Figure 4a shows the negative shift of the

• DSSCs using 3.3, 11.5, and 20.6 μm long TNT arrays were 5.48, 5.86, and 6.51 Ω, respectively, indicating the series resistance obtained from EIS analysis is closely related to the thickness of the TiO2 films. It is clear that the series resistance increases with the increase in the length of the TNT

• arrays. This is confirmed by the result that the low Voc value observed for the DSSC, which uses the long TNT array, shown in Figure 2, was due to the high series resistance. From the EIS results, furthermore, the electron lifetime of the 20.6 μm long TNT-based DSSCs with a lower peak frequency was