Biomimetic surface structures in steel fabricated with femtosecond laser pulses: influence of laser rescanning on morphology and wettability

• Camilo Florian Baron,
• Alexandros Mimidis,
• Daniel Puerto,
• Evangelos Skoulas,
• Emmanuel Stratakis,
• Javier Solis and
• Jan Siegel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2802–2812, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.262

• material by a variety of processes, including local ablation [17], amorphization [18], convection [19] and others. The type of structures that are formed is diverse and depends on the irradiation parameters, the most common ones being the so-called ripples (parallel lines with a period near the laser

• distribution that leads to ablation changes strongly between scans. Moreover, for a constant total number of pulses and processing time [25], the thermal heating of the sample during a single scan is much larger compared to multiple rescans, for which the sample has time to cool between scans. We have

• structures appear, although at a much larger spatial scale, approximately five times wider. These cone structures also bear similarities to those reported in [27] and their formation is most likely also influenced by reduced ablation of the cones, formed at imperfections. As can be seen in Figure 2B, the

Comparative biological effects of spherical noble metal nanoparticles (Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au) with 4–8 nm diameter

• Alexander Rostek,
• Marina Breisch,
• Kevin Pappert,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Marc Heggen,
• Manfred Köller,
• Christina Sengstock and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2763–2774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.258

• ablation have also gained increasing importance in the last decade [60]. Rhodium nanoparticles can be prepared by reduction in the presence of suitable capping agents. The manipulation of the reaction kinetics by variation of synthesis parameters such as temperature and concentration leads to nanoparticles

Enhancement of X-ray emission from nanocolloidal gold suspensions under double-pulse excitation

• Wei-Hung Hsu,
• Frances Camille P. Masim,
• Armandas Balčytis,
• Hsin-Hui Huang,
• Tetsu Yonezawa,
• Aleksandr A. Kuchmizhak,
• Saulius Juodkazis and
• Koji Hatanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2609–2617, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.242

• ablation [6]. In practical applications for X-ray diffraction [7] and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements [8][9], or further nonlinear X-ray processes, a high flux of X-ray pulses is indispensable. X-ray intensity enhancements can be expected through an effective increase of the laser

• enhancement in X-ray intensity from a water film was observed under double-pulse excitation with a pre-pulse ahead of the main pulse [26][27]. The pre-pulse irradiation with relatively low intensity induces a time-dependent laser-induced plasma (in the range of picoseconds) and ablation (in the range of

• be calculated from the consideration that all absorbed energy density is converted to thermal energy of electrons. It can be calculated from the ablation threshold expression of a dielectric [37]: where ls = c/(κω) is the skin depth related to the imaginary part of the refractive index , c is the

SERS active Ag–SiO₂ nanoparticles obtained by laser ablation of silver in colloidal silica

• Cristina Gellini,
• Francesco Muniz-Miranda,
• Alfonso Pedone and
• Maurizio Muniz-Miranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2396–2404, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.224

• , 41125 Modena, Italy Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium 10.3762/bjnano.9.224 Abstract Highly stable Ag–SiO2 nanoparticle composites were first obtained by laser ablation of a silver target in an aqueous colloidal dispersion of silica and

• computational DFT approach provided evidence of ligand adsorption on positively charged adatoms of the silver nanostructured surface, in a very similar way to the metal/molecule interaction occurring in the corresponding Ag(I) coordination compound. Keywords: 2,2’-bipyridine; DFT; laser ablation; silica

• of the present work is to apply laser ablation to the fabrication of new materials for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) [15][16], focusing on silver and silica nanoparticles in aqueous suspension. This research was undertaken for three main reasons. The first is that silver nanoparticles that

Optical near-field mapping of plasmonic nanostructures prepared by nanosphere lithography

• Gitanjali Kolhatkar,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Jiawei Zhang,
• Chahinez Dab,
• Gregory Q. Wallace,
• François Lagugné-Labarthet and
• Andreas Ruediger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1536–1543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.144

• clearly visible, demonstrating the potential of our technique. Other methods were previously used to characterize the hot spots on plasmonic nanotriangles. They can be compared with our approach. One technique consists in irradiating the samples with short laser pulses to achieve plasmon-mediated ablation

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• morphologies such as hollow tubes, ellipsoids or spheres. Fullerenes (C60), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers, carbon black, graphene (Gr), and carbon onions are included under the carbon-based NMs category. Laser ablation, arc discharge, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are the important

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics

• Ioannis Kanelidis and
• Tobias Kraus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2625–2639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.263

• to twelve times higher than in the unfilled polymer (Figure 8) [141]. Semaltianos et al. prepared ligand-free silver nanoparticles in deionized water by laser ablation. Their colloidal solution was mixed with the polymer mixture PEDOT:PSS, which coated the metal surface. The sulfur atom of the

Laser-assisted fabrication of gold nanoparticle-composed structures embedded in borosilicate glass

• Nikolay Nedyalkov,
• Mihaela Koleva,
• Nadya Stankova,
• Rosen Nikov,
• Mitsuhiro Terakawa,
• Yasutaka Nakajima,
• Lyubomir Aleksandrov and
• Reni Iordanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2454–2463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.244

• the induced defects only. At a fluence of greater than 3 J/cm2, ablation of the sample was observed. It should be mentioned that the absorption of the laser energy at 266 nm occurs within a thin surface layer due to the high absorbance of the material in this range (see Figure 1). This results in an

• variation of the laser fluence, up to the ablation threshold, and for a different number of laser pulses up to 9000. After laser irradiation, the glass samples were annealed for 30 min at 600 °C. These conditions were found to be optimal regarding the material response. At higher temperatures or longer

• shifted to 520 nm when the laser fluence of 3 J/cm2 was applied. Annealing the samples irradiated at 355, 532and 1064 nm at fluences below the ablation threshold did not affect their absorbance spectra under all irradiation conditions tested. Therefore, the appearance of color centers in the glass is a

Au nanostructure fabrication by pulsed laser deposition in open air: Influence of the deposition geometry

• Rumen G. Nikov,
• Anna Og. Dikovska,
• Nikolay N. Nedyalkov,
• Georgi V. Avdeev and
• Petar A. Atanasov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2438–2445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.242

• material was deposited on quartz substrates. The laser ablation was performed using an Nd:YAG laser system (Lotis LS-2147) operating at a wavelength of 355 nm with a pulse duration of 15 ns and a repetition rate of 10 Hz. The PLD experiments were carried out in air at atmospheric pressure. The angle

• in the ablation plume due to intensive collisions between the particles, which confirms the previous results [21]. The nanoparticle size distribution corresponding to the TEM image is also shown in Figure 1a. The diameter of the nanoparticles ranges from 2 to 9 nm and the mean diameter is around 4 nm

• pattern with intensity normalized by the (022) peak. On the other hand, as was previously reported, the same structures were obtained independently on crystalline or amorphous substrates [21]. This gives us a reason to suggest that the crystalline nanoparticles and aggregates formed in the ablation plume

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• batteries [3][4][5], fuel cells [6][7], supercapacitors [8][9], catalysis carriers [10][11], drug delivery [12][13] and adsorption [14][15]. Various techniques, including arc discharge [16], laser ablation [17], chemical vapor deposition [18], and solvothermal method [19], have been developed for the

Laser processing of thin-film multilayer structures: comparison between a 3D thermal model and experimental results

• Babak B. Naghshine and
• Amirkianoosh Kiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1749–1759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.176

• speed of ablation to predict the ablated area [18]. Sinha numerically solved the 2D heat equation assuming phase changes by changing the size of computational cells during ablation [19]. In some models plasma shielding was taken into account as an effective factor. An example can be seen in the work of

• Marla et al. who solved the 1D equation for temperature-dependent properties [20]. In this paper, a transient 3D model, which has been previously proven capable of precisely predicting the temperature and ablation zone for a bulk material [21], has been modified and used for a thin-film multilayer

• . Laser processing of Al-Si thin-film substrate The melting and boiling points of aluminum are 660 °C and 2470 °C respectively and aluminum has a latent heat of fusion of 397 kJ/kg and a latent heat of vaporization of 10,800 kJ/kg [22]. The measured and calculated ablation depths are presented in Table 2

Luminescent supramolecular hydrogels from a tripeptide and nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots

• Maria C. Cringoli,
• Slavko Kralj,
• Marina Kurbasic,
• Massimo Urban and
• Silvia Marchesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1553–1562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.157

• electron transfer and redox properties. There are two main methods to synthesize CNDs: top-down (e.g., laser ablation, electrochemical synthesis) and bottom-up (e.g., combustion, microwave irradiation) [1][2]. In particular, the use of microwave (MW) irradiation is an interesting synthetic approach, which

Growth, structure and stability of sputter-deposited MoS₂ thin films

• Reinhard Kaindl,
• Bernhard C. Bayer,
• Roland Resel,
• Thomas Müller,
• Viera Skakalova,
• Gerlinde Habler,
• Rainer Abart,
• Alexey S. Cherevan,
• Dominik Eder,
• Maxime Blatter,
• Fabian Fischer,
• Jannik C. Meyer,
• Dmitry K. Polyushkin and
• Wolfgang Waldhauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.113

• (PVD) [27][28], which includes techniques such as magnetron sputter deposition, pulsed laser ablation or evaporation [3][29][30]. In this regard, PVD offers a wide processing window in terms of attainable deposition temperatures and substrates, constituent element fluxes and kinetic energies of the

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• assessment of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reported by Eckelman et al. [38]. This latter study compared the environmental impacts (in freshwater) of chemical releases resulting from the manufacture (e.g., arc ablation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and high-pressure carbon monoxide (HiPco)) for a hypothetical

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• developing the methods of their efficient synthesis. During last years, significant progress was made in this field. The arc-discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods were optimized for the synthesis of SWCNTs in a high yield [5][6]. Synthesis parameters can be varied in a broad

• summarized. Finally, the growth properties of inner tubes inside SWCNTs filled with fullerene and organometallic molecules are considered. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes The SWCNTs can be synthesized by the arc-discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) techniques. A detailed overview of

Vapor deposition routes to conformal polymer thin films

• Priya Moni,
• Ahmed Al-Obeidi and
• Karen K. Gleason

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 723–735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.76

• cross section of the wire can reveal the conformal coating [26]. Imaging a series of cross sections can inform conformality along the length of the wire. Not all complex substrates are amenable to forming physical cross sections. In this case, ion or electron beam ablation can expose the substrate so

Graphene functionalised by laser-ablated V₂O₅ for a highly sensitive NH₃ sensor

• Margus Kodu,
• Artjom Berholts,
• Tauno Kahro,
• Mati Kook,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Helina Seemen,
• Tea Avarmaa,
• Harry Alles and
• Raivo Jaaniso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 571–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.61

• response time, sensitivity and reversibility were essentially enhanced due to graphene functionalisation by laser deposited V2O5. This can be explained by an increased surface density of gas adsorption sites introduced by high energy atoms in laser ablation plasma and formation of nanophase boundaries

• ≈20 nm in diameter from the laser-deposited nanostructured material can be distinguished in the image. It is well known that gas phase species created by laser ablation of solids have a wide distribution of kinetic energy [17]. A considerable fraction of particles can have sufficient energy (≈100 eV

• pellet was used as an ablation target. The sensor substrate was held in place by a shadow mask through which V2O5 was deposited onto graphene. A KrF excimer laser (COMPexPro 205, Coherent; wavelength 248 nm, pulse width 25 ns) was used for deposition. For the PLD target, a fine microcrystalline powder of

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• sensitivity tests have been reported, provoking the question about whether a nanopowder could have be obtained from those colloidal suspensions. Laser ablation For the first time, Gottfried et al. [74] successfully produced RDX nanoparticles using laser ablation. A near-infrared, nanosecond pulsed laser was

• toward electrostatic discharge. Conclusion As displayed in Table 6, the smallest diameter of RDX is either obtained from wet techniques or from small-scale approaches which cannot be transferred to industry (PVD and laser ablation). Even if PVD has been successfully used in the semiconductor sector for

• our everyday electronic devices for decades, PVD applied on energetic materials will never be able to reach a production of several hundred of grams per hour. However, PVD is suitable for the current trend to create ”pyrotechnic integrated circuits”. Femtosecond laser ablation is used for nanoparticle

Laser irradiation in water for the novel, scalable synthesis of black TiO_x photocatalyst for environmental remediation

• Massimo Zimbone,
• Giuseppe Cacciato,
• Mohamed Boutinguiza,
• Vittorio Privitera and
• Maria Grazia Grimaldi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 196–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.21

• annealing treatment, according to the most common synthesis techniques [21]. Recently, we proposed laser ablation in water as a synthesis route for efficient TiO2-based catalysts by using a high energy 1064 nm wavelength laser [22][24][25]. In the present work, we focus our attention on the synthesis of a

• samples have a surface area of 0.7 cm2. The synthesis of platinum nanoparticles (PtNps) was performed by pulsed laser ablation in liquid by irradiating a Pt metal foil (Sigma Aldrich, purity 99%) with a Nd:YAG laser (Giant G790-30) at 1064 nm (10 ns pulse duration, 10 Hz repetition rate). The laser was

• ; (b) synthesis of Pt nanoparticles via laser ablation in water; (c) schematic representation of the black TiOx/Ti/PtNp multilayer structure after the deposition of the Pt nanoparticles on the rear side of the irradiated Ti foil. Left: Photograph of the irradiated sample. Middle: low-magnification SEM

Grazing-incidence optical magnetic recording with super-resolution

• Gunther Scheunert,
• Sidney. R. Cohen,
• René Kullock,
• Ryan McCarron,
• Katya Rechev,
• Ifat Kaplan-Ashiri,
• Ora Bitton,
• Paul Dawson,
• Bert Hecht and
• Dan Oron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 28–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.4

• recording layer, became paramagnetic. Polarization dependence of absorptivity (λ = 785 nm): p-polarized light is 3.5–4 times better absorbed than s-polarized light. Large powers damaged the sample irreversibly by laser ablation, leaving a topographical trench (not shown) and strong artefacts in the magnetic

Fundamental properties of high-quality carbon nanofoam: from low to high density

• Natalie Frese,
• Shelby Taylor Mitchell,
• Christof Neumann,
• Amanda Bowers,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Klaus Sattler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2065–2073, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.197

• sponges [17]. Carbon nanofoams have first been produced using pulsed laser ablation of glassy carbon in argon atmosphere [18] and later, as graphite in liquid nitrogen [19]. Pulsed-laser deposition has also been used for the fabrication of carbon nanofoam electrodes [20]. Carbon nanotube foam in the form

• addition, the hydrothermal technique leads directly to carbon nanofoam with no further treatment necessary. This is important since nanocarbon materials often need to be purified after synthesis. For example, production methods such as arc discharge [63] and laser ablation [64] may lead to carbon soot

Antitumor magnetic hyperthermia induced by RGD-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, in an experimental model of colorectal liver metastases

• Oihane K. Arriortua,
• Eneko Garaio,
• Borja Herrero de la Parte,
• Maite Insausti,
• Luis Lezama,
• Fernando Plazaola,
• Jose Angel García,
• Jesús M. Aizpurua,
• Maialen Sagartzazu,
• Mireia Irazola,
• Nestor Etxebarria,
• Ignacio García-Alonso,
• Alberto Saiz-López and
• José Javier Echevarria-Uraga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1532–1542, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.147

• metastases are still a challenge for surgeons and oncologists. Though surgical removal of the metastases is currently the best therapeutic option, it is only indicated in less than 50% of the patients. Percutaneous ablation and arterial chemoembolization may be useful for those patients excluded from surgery

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• can be dissolved in HSO3Cl within minutes [36]. Synthesis There are three different methods for the production of CNTs: (1) arc discharge, (2) CVD, and (3) laser ablation. The size, shape, yield, structure and orientation of CNTs and MLG are largely dependent on the process variables. Therefore, fine

• currently highest volume and surface densities of 60–70 kg·m−3 and 1016 m−2, respectively [44]. Laser ablation: Laser ablation was employed to produce fullerene. It was later applied to produce SWNTs on metal particles as catalyst. The high price of CNTs limits their widespread application. This is mainly

• caused by limited mass production [130]. Laser ablation is capable of the production of SWNTs in large quantities with average diameters of about 1.2 nm [36]. Laser ablation produces refined CNT but at a lower yield. Composites Some of the processes to produce nanocomposites are described in Table 4. The

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102