Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• growing demand for metal–semiconductor-based nanocomposites for industrial and biomedical applications, there is a critical need to develop more facile and versatile synthetic routes for obtaining these nanocomposites [39]. Traditional chemical synthesis methods used for developing semiconductor–noble

Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications

• Sharali Malik and
• George E. Kostakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 455–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.38

• procedure utilising catalytic methane pyrolysis to fabricate glassy carbon microneedle electrodes for biomedical applications. Results and Discussion Growth of glassy carbon microneedles Previously, glassy carbon microneedles have been made by the pyrolysis of commercially available polymers. The polymer

• characterization techniques such as XPS and TEM. Recently, V. Uskoković [30] has pointed out that although glassy carbons have seen numerous application in the last fifty years, biomedical applications have been sporadic. I. Schreiver et al. [31] have shown that allergic reactions can be triggered by nickel and

• thermally conducting, and mechanically strong [1]. Therefore, biomedical applications for glassy carbon microneedles include the use as alternatives to stainless steel surgical needles in acupuncture and as microelectrodes in neural prosthetics [9][14]. Experimental Sample preparation The samples were

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• candidates for biomedical applications (Table 1). Collagen fibril and fibrous proteins are naturally occurring nanofibers whose fiber diameters range between 50 and 150 nm, depending on tissue type and function. Various techniques to fabricate nanofibers include 3D printing, molecular self-assembly

• alternative for CNTs in biomedical applications [145]. Bonifacio et al. have developed a hydrogel nanocomposite scaffold composed of gellan gum and glycerol and reinforced by halloysite nanotubes for skin TE [146]. Integration of 25% HNTs into gellan gum reinforced the mechanical properties of the hydrogel

Coordination-assembled myricetin nanoarchitectonics for sustainably scavenging free radicals

• Xiaoyan Ma,
• Haoning Gong,
• Kenji Ogino,
• Xuehai Yan and
• Ruirui Xing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 284–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.23

• signal pathways and, thus, of sustainably scavenging radicals. However, Myr is poorly soluble in water, which limits its bioavailability for biomedical applications, and even its clinical therapeutic potential. The antioxidant peptide glutathione (GSH) plays a role as antioxidant in cells and possesses

• phosphopeptides, exhibited huge therapeutic potential in antioxidant treatments [11][12][13]. Nevertheless, a plenty of disadvantages restrict biomedical applications, namely low biocompatibility of the metal-based nanomaterials, low bioavailability of hydrophobic small-molecule compounds, and easy degradation of

• ]. However, low loading efficiency, systemic toxicity, and tedious preparation processes hinder biomedical applications. Myricetin (Myr), a well-known natural flavonoid, has drawn wide attention because of its high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer efficacy [16]. Myr is capable of

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• nanomaterial that has received considerable attention is Fe3O4 core-based nanoparticles, which have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as safe biomaterial with no long-term toxicity [6][7]. The superparamagnetic properties make them ideally suited for many biomedical applications, such as

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• contact angle, which is reported to be favorable for biomedical applications. Likewise, Gatoo et al. proposed that amorphous titania materials are hydrophilic due to the presence of a higher concentration of hydroxy groups upon their surface and the high polarity of the O–Ti–O bond [23]. The surface

• recent studies have indicated that nanostructured TiO2 is an inert and safe material and could be used in advanced imaging and nanotherapeutics, as depicted in Table 1. Biomedical applications Titania nanomaterials as implant materials Implanting is a challenging aspect of medical science since the

• of TiO2 nanomaterials that were investigated for their ability to mitigate challenges regarding biomedical applications. Furthermore, ongoing efforts are being implemented to improve nanomaterial synthesis and explore their novel clinical applications. Regarding this, it is crucial to understand the

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• wide range of biomedical applications, depending on the biopolymer used. The application of HbMP as artificial oxygen carriers came into focus. Initial preclinical studies yielded promising results. In these particles (i.e., HbMP), hemoglobin is used for particle production and EDTA and glutaraldehyde

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• penetration and hemocompatibility which can be useful for biomedical applications [12][17]. Furthermore, in order to be exploited in biomedical applications, NPs need to fulfill certain criteria which include water solubility, excellent colloidal stability, biocompatibility, and high saturation magnetization

Identifying diverse metal oxide nanomaterials with lethal effects on embryonic zebrafish using machine learning

• Richard Liam Marchese Robinson,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Xiaodong Jia,
• Marianna Kotzabasaki,
• Christiana Gousiadou,
• Stacey Lynn Harper and
• Terry Wilkins

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1297–1325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.97

• various biomedical applications [10][11][12], as well as applications in other areas, such as in agriculture [13]. Nonetheless, the possibility that novel metal oxide ENMs developed for applications, such as biomedical applications, could be harmful to human health [8][9], means that there is a real need

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• these nanostructures. Therefore, as a new strategy, amino acid self-assembly needs further research to explore the biomimetic and biomedical applications of micro- and nanomaterials. Schematic diagram of amino acid regulatory self-assembly (amino acid–drugs, amino acid–photosensitizers, amino acid–metal

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• variations and flexibility of tuning the size and shape of the metal nanoparticles at the nanoscale made them promising candidates for biomedical applications such as therapeutics, diagnostics, and drug delivery. However, safety and risk assessment of the nanomaterials for clinical purposes are yet to be

• biocompatible nature. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles for biomedical applications has gained momentum recently due to their inherent nontoxicity. Although they are biocompatible, these metal nanoparticles lack monodispersity, high yield, and controlled morphology, which are essential criteria for the

• . Nontoxic, biocompatible, and sustainable solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), and carrageenan as capping and reducing agent are gaining popularity in nanomaterial synthesis. Apart from potential tools for biomedical applications, recent studies have also shown the utilization of anisotropic

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• be collected in standing acoustic waves in a band the size of half a wavelength [101][102]. Microbubbles can be utilized in biomedical applications through synergistic effects they undergo with radiation force effects, both as a contrast agent and as a cargo carrier [103][104][105][106][107][108

• ]. Many studies have demonstrated further applications of ARF in biomedical fields [109][110]. It is possible to deliver force in a noncontact manner using ARF [90], and ARF has been considered as one possible mechanism in nanostructure-based theranostics [111]. The biomedical applications of ARF have

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• the speed of the nanoswimmer can be adjusted by the light intensity. Under a laser intensity of 5 W·cm−2, the nanoswimmer can reach a speed of 31.22 μm/s. The potential of this nanoswimmer in biomedical applications and active soft materials provides support for future research. Sato et al. [32

• provides two functions. The first is as a power engine using triacetin as fuel and achieving particle diffusion through catalytic reaction with it. The second is an active cleaning function that can degrade triglyceride droplets by about 98% within 50 min. This shows great potential for biomedical

• applications and can be used to treat triglyceride-related diseases. In the future, the degradation of other substances could be explored, that is, the removal of thrombi or oil spills. Biological self-actuation Inspired by nature, scientists choose appropriate biological materials as actuators of micro

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• 500 nm through the lifter magnet, a design suitable for biomedical applications. Magnetic MNRs are a major topic in current research. Researchers continue to explore and apply properties of diamagnetic nanoparticles. Cho et al. [34] carried out research on diamagnetic nanoparticles. They analyzed a

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• crucial step toward safe biomedical applications. The biotransformation of AgNPs in the human body results in loss of integrity of AgNPs. Changes in AgNPs include aggregation, dissolution, and degradation which lead to the de novo formation of crystals in different tissues (Figure 9). Initially, primary

• possible toxic effects following the biomedical applications. Experimental Chemicals All chemicals were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) unless otherwise specified. Ultrapure water (UPW), characterized with conductivity of 18.2 MΩ·cm, was obtained from a GenPure UltraPure water system (GenPure UV

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• as the beneficial biological effects and human diseases that could potentially be treated [11], and the physicochemical properties that mediate the effects of nanoceria, its biochemical properties, biosynthesis, and its major biomedical applications, including biosensors [12]. Additional applications

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• biomedical applications, such as in therapies that involve magnetic manipulation with photothermal effect promoting a localized bactericidal activity [42][47][48][49]. Properties and oxidative dissolution The oxidative dissolution of AgNPs occurs by the oxidation of silver to silver oxide (Ag2O), with

• nm, as depicted in Figure 5C [65][66]. Biological applications of AgNPs Due to their unique properties, AgNPs have been widely used in household utensils, in food storage, and in various biological and biomedical applications [33]. Several studies have demonstrated the antimicrobial power of AgNPs

• influence biological and cytotoxic responses [124][125]. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution data of AgNPs are important for future safe and effective biomedical applications [27]. Liu et al. experimentally verified the interaction between AgNPs (20 nm) and two metalloproteins, metallothionein (MT) and

Doxorubicin-loaded gold nanorods: a multifunctional chemo-photothermal nanoplatform for cancer management

• Uzma Azeem Awan,
• Abida Raza,
• Shaukat Ali,
• Rida Fatima Saeed and
• Nosheen Akhtar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 295–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.24

• properties such as significant absorption or scattering in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions, tunable aspect ratio, biocompatibility, fluorescence properties, and the ease of biofunctionalization, which makes them ideal in biomedical applications [13]. Gold-based nanomaterials (i.e., nanospheres

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• carrier, are the most frequently used materials for biomedical applications [17][18][19][20]. The impact of the surface chemistry on the mechanism of nanoparticle uptake has not been sufficiently clarified yet. MNPs with comparable basic physicochemical characteristics (e.g., particle size, surface charge

• surface charge), cell membrane properties (fluidity, type of receptors, and receptor density), and cell type [30][31][32]. For biomedical applications, the optimal size of nanocarriers is in the range of 95–200 nm because of the higher accumulation rate in tumors [33][34]. Spherical nanoparticles (NPs) in

• distinct pathway(s) underlying cellular uptake and the parameters influencing this process is of great importance for the design of new tailored nanovectors for different cells/tissues in biomedical applications. It is well documented that the physicochemical parameters of nanoparticles substantially

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• ][15] and biomedical applications [16]. FEBID provides a flexible direct-write technique to fabricate complex 3D structures, which are hard to realize using resist-based planar lithography processes. However, when using organometallic precursors, usually, undesired dissociation fragments also end up in

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• physicochemical characteristics of AgNPs can be tuned in a way to avoid cellular toxicity [71][74][75], which facilitates their biomedical applications. The small size of AgNPs (<100 nm) allows them to accumulate on the extracellular membrane of the bacteria and penetrate inside, which alters the membrane

• process difficult and costly. In the case of hydrazine, the synthesized particles may potentially include some of the remnants from the reagent, thus making them hazardous or even unusable for biomedical applications. The polyol process is another common wet chemical method used for the synthesis of

• characteristics, AgNPs synthesized by plants and plant extracts are ideal for biomedical applications [304]. Plant extracts contain phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and alkaloids which are soluble in water [305]. These compounds provide the reagent with unique reducing and capping characteristics [306]. This

Towards 3D self-assembled rolled multiwall carbon nanotube structures by spontaneous peel off

• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1865–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.168

• with increasingly controlled properties are obtained having CNTs as building blocks. For instance, 3D structures made of CNTs can be synthesized on supports as self-assembled “forests” [7]. These structures have been employed in biomedical applications [7], chromatography [8], or filtration [9

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• the distribution in normal tissues, and to improve the biological half-lives [3][4][5][6]. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted great interest for biomedical applications, including the delivery of bioactive molecules such as drugs, the targeted cancer therapy, and biological imaging, because of

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• previous study. HAp nanoparticles have been extensively investigated in various biomedical applications. However, the cellular uptake mechanism of HAp nanoparticles into cardiomyocytes remains unknown. In the present study, we focused on verifying whether the cardiomyocyte cell line HL-1 was able to

Influence of the magnetic nanoparticle coating on the magnetic relaxation time

• Mihaela Osaci and
• Matteo Cacciola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1207–1216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.105

• Abstract Colloidal systems consisting of monodomain superparamagnetic nanoparticles have been used in biomedical applications, such as the hyperthermia treatment for cancer. In this type of colloid, called a nanofluid, the nanoparticles tend to agglomeration. It has been shown experimentally that the

• relaxation time; nanoparticle coating; numerical simulation; stochastic Langevin dynamics method; superparamagnetic nanoparticles; Introduction One of the most important biomedical applications of colloidal magnetic nanoparticle systems is magnetic hyperthermia applied as an alternative for cancer treatment