Physical constraints lead to parallel evolution of micro- and nanostructures of animal adhesive pads: a review

• Thies H. Büscher and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 725–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.57

• the capillary forces, which represent long-range interactions. The capillary forces themselves contribute to the adhesion [263]. The fluid can also fill nanoscale gaps on the surface and thus improve contact formation on non-smooth substrata. Since the fluid consists of two phases, it has higher

• . N. Gorb, Copyright 2001 Springer Nature. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0). The systems, situated above the solid horizontal line, preferably rely on van der Waals forces (dry adhesion), whereas the rest rely mostly on capillary and viscous forces (wet adhesion). Convergent evolution of an

Influence of electrospray deposition on C₆₀ molecular assemblies

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Sara Freund,
• Zhao Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 552–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.45

• materials, ranging from metal surfaces [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], over metal oxides [14] and insulating substrates [15] to graphene monolayers on metals [16]. In HV-ESD-based devices, a solution containing the molecules reaches an emitter located in front of the entrance capillary, as shown in Figure

•  1a. Then, by applying a voltage difference, typically 1.2 kV, between the solution and the capillary, droplets of solvent and diluted molecules are created and accelerated towards the capillary, through the differential pumping vacuum system, finally reaching the sample in ultrahigh vacuum. The main

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• hematopoiesis. The blood flow is supported by the nutrient arteries, which supply the marrow with nutrients, the periosteal artery, arterioles, and the capillary circulation, which forms a sinusoidal network of vessels comprising a single endothelial cell layer lacking supporting cells. The barrier between the

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• opening diameters below 80 nm were pulled from borosilicate capillary tubes (inner diameter 0.58 mm) using a CO2 laser puller (Sutter P-2000, USA). The used parameters were Heat: 260, Filament: 4, Velocity: 50, Delay: 225, and Pull: 140. The opening diameter was exemplarily determined by SEM and via the

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• (pore size: 0.2 µm, Rotilab). Nylon filters were used for particles dispersed in cyclohexane and ethanol, whereas regenerated cellulose filters were used for particles dispersed in water or DMEM. Zeta potential measurements of the dispersions in ethanol and water were carried out using capillary zeta

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• type IV, demonstrating the presence of a mesoporous structure associated with capillary condensation [45][46]. The mSiO2 spheres exhibited a type-H2 hysteresis loop confined at 0.35 < P/P0 < 0.6, indicating the presence of randomly interconnected pore systems [47]. In contrast, the mSiO2@NiPS core

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• ZSP ZEN-5600), using standard settings. The average of at least three measurements was reported. Particle zeta potential was measured on the same instrument using a disposable folded capillary cell (DTS1070, Malvern) and using standard settings. Particle concentration was measured using a Pierce BCA

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• main etching mechanism remains the same. However, these structures stick together at the topmost point. The nanostructure bundles form during the drying process. This occurs when the capillary forces during drying are high enough to cluster neighbouring single Si wires, and the adhesion force of the

Analysis of catalyst surface wetting: the early stage of epitaxial germanium nanowire growth

• Owen C. Ernst,
• Felix Lange,
• David Uebel,
• Thomas Teubner and
• Torsten Boeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1371–1380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.121

• material layer with the maximum stable thickness (i.e., the wetting layer) may persist between the droplets. However, all the calculations shown here apply only to thickness values below the capillary length (>1 µm) of the fluid, since gravity can be neglected within this range [34]. Table S1 (Supporting

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• of two high-voltage power generators (NTPS-35K, Ntsse Co., Korea), a flow pump (LSP01, Longerpump Co., Ltd., China), a syringe (20 mL) with a capillary tip (diameter = 0.5 mm), a copper ring and a parallel electrode collector. The needle tip and the copper ring were clamped on the anode of the high

• due to capillary condensation in the mesopores, which also indicated a high mesoporous content [40]. At relatively low pressure levels (P/P0 < 0.1), the amount of nitrogen adsorbed on the sample was almost insignificant, which indicated the existence of negligible micropores. Moreover, the increased

Influence of the magnetic nanoparticle coating on the magnetic relaxation time

• Mihaela Osaci and
• Matteo Cacciola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1207–1216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.105

• performed to reduce the sensitivity of nanoparticles to air, humidity and acidity. In addition, it allows for the functionalization and absorption of proteins and creation of hydrophilic molecules at the surface of the nanoparticles to prevent agglomeration, reducing capillary obstruction risk. Coating can

• other hand, organic coating (particularly polymers) has a number of advantages over inorganic coating, such as better particle dispersion, good colloidal stability, biocompatibility, good nanoparticle circulation in the blood, reduced toxicity and low risk of blood capillary obstruction. In the last

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• hydrophobic surfaces that induce aggregation and/or the formation of large clusters. When in contact with biological structures, this mechanism provokes capillary clotting and reduces tissue and cellular absorption. To prevent this, nanoparticles are coated with stabilizers, which are added during preparation

• to capillary blockage. Despite these issues, 5 to 15 nm SPIONs are currently approved and used for human medical applications, such as MRI, even with acknowledged side effects [73][74]. These features are very important in in vivo applications because different types of cells internalize

Microwave-induced electric discharges on metal particles for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials under solvent-free conditions

• Vijay Tripathi,
• Harit Kumar,
• Anubhav Agarwal and
• Leela S. Panchakarla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1019–1025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.86

• local temperatures are very high, metal fluorides and sulfides melt and fill the nanotubes via capillary forces. The liquids solidify as one-dimensional nanorods inside the nanotubes. The usage of g-C3N4, instead of graphite, was found to be beneficial, especially for obtaining high yields of nanorods

Atomic layer deposition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at Pt/Ir catalyst layers

• Stefanie Schlicht,
• Korcan Percin,
• Stefanie Kriescher,
• André Hofer,
• Claudia Weidlich,
• Matthias Wessling and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 952–959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.79

• Meinsberg) mounted in a Haber–Luggin capillary or a Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used. A platinum (coated titanium mesh) electrode was used as the counter electrode (Magneto Special Anodes B.V., The Netherlands). The working electrodes consist of the prepared catalyst-coated titanium electrodes

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• conjugated with each ligand and their cellular uptake by brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) was tested [153]. It was shown that the cellular uptake of liposomes functionalized with peptide-22 was significantly higher than that of liposomes conjugated with angiopep-2 or T7. A dual-crossing glioma

Integrated photonics multi-waveguide devices for optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy: design, fabrication and performance demonstration

• Gyllion B. Loozen,
• Arnica Karuna,
• Mohammad M. R. Fanood,
• Erik Schreuder and
• Jacob Caro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 829–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.68

• side channels of the microbath, to exploit capillary forces. The interference of the multiple beams produces an array of hot spots around the bath center, each forming a local trap. This property is clearly confirmed in the experiments and is registered in videos. We demonstrate the performance of a 2

• ). The wide side of the funnel measures 250 μm across, a size that is suitable for the thin needle of a syringe. When a droplet is applied to the funnel, capillary forces induce rapid progress of the fluid/air interface towards the microbath. The pinning of the fluid/air interface at sharp edges [11

• . Microfluidic considerations lead to the design of a microbath with side channels for filling with a sample suspension, a process aided by capillary forces. Experiments with two example devices, with 2 and 16 excitation waveguides, show clear trapping events for polystyrene beads of 1 and 3 μm diameter and

Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic performance of heterostructured CuO–ZnO-loaded composite nanofiber membranes

• Wei Fang,
• Liang Yu and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 631–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.50

• sample regions evaluated with SEM. The pore size distributions of CNFMs were measured using capillary flow porometry (Porometer 3G, Quantachrome Instruments, USA). All samples were circular membranes with a diameter of 25 mm and the thickness of 10 μm. FTIR spectra of CNFMs were obtained using Fourier

• different PVDF/PAN weight ratios determined by capillary flow porometry are illustrated in Figure 3, and the calculated data are given in Table 2. At a weight ratio of 3:7 the pore sizes of the CNFMs were the smallest, and at a weight ratio of 7:3 the pore sizes of the CNFMs were the largest. Taking into

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• platelet deposition in post-capillary venules in the liver and heart, suggesting the role of this protein in nanoparticle-mediated platelet aggregation [14][15]. Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) of different sizes were found to activate glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and to induce the expression of P-selectin in

• function of the pH in the range from 2–9. The NP suspensions were diluted in ultrapure water at a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The pH of the suspensions was adjusted by adding diluted NaOH or HCl solutions and the samples were introduced into disposable folded capillary cuvettes (Malvern Panalytical

Nanoparticles based on the zwitterionic pillar[5]arene and Ag⁺: synthesis, self-assembly and cytotoxicity in the human lung cancer cell line A549

• Dmitriy N. Shurpik,
• Denis A. Sevastyanov,
• Pavel V. Zelenikhin,
• Pavel L. Padnya,
• Vladimir G. Evtugyn,
• Yuriy N. Osin and
• Ivan I. Stoikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 421–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.33

• ) were obtained on an AmazonX mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany). The measurements were carried out in the regime of positive ions in the range of m/z from 100 to 2800. The voltage on the capillary was −4500 V. Nitrogen was used as the gas-drier with a temperature of 300 °C and a

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• the macropore space. A 1:1 copy of the pristine SiO2 macropore space is obtained (Figure 1, top). In case of the mesopores the filling is based on a substantial capillary pressure, capturing the nonpolar liquid precursor within the mesopores, which are then replicated. The corresponding SEM images

Influence of the epitaxial composition on N-face GaN KOH etch kinetics determined by ICP-OES

• Markus Tautz,
• Maren T. Kuchenbrod,
• Joachim Hertkorn,
• Robert Weinberger,
• Martin Welzel,
• Arno Pfitzner and
• David Díaz Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 41–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.4

• centrifuge vials under magnetic stirring. The temperature was precisely maintained with an uncertainty of ±1.5 °C, using an ethylene glycol heating bath and an IR laser thermometer. The credibility of temperature measurement was evaluated by comparison between IR and capillary thermometers. Before immersion

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• was converted into ζ-potential values by means of the Smoluchowski equation using Malvern Zetasizer software (v7.11). Capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis measurements were performed at 25 °C on a P/ACE MDQ Plus (SCIEX, Warrington, UK) equipped with a 50 cm effective length (70 cm total length

• ) capillary with 75 μm internal diameter (Beckam Coulter, Brea, USA) and a photodiode array detector operating at 214 nm. The capillary was first conditioned by successive rinsing steps (all performed at 20 psi): 5 min with 1 M HCl, 2 min with deionized water, 10 min with 0.1 M NaOH, 2 min with deionized

• the end of each measurement, the capillary was rinsed with water for 1 min at 20 psi. Data acquisition and analysis were performed respectively with software packages 32 Karat (SCIEX) and OriginPro 8.5.1 (OriginLab Corporation, US). A calibration curve was obtained by injecting HA at known

Bombesin receptor-targeted liposomes for enhanced delivery to lung cancer cells

• Mohammad J. Akbar,
• Pâmela C. Lukasewicz Ferreira,
• Melania Giorgetti,
• Leanne Stokes and
• Christopher J. Morris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2553–2562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.246

• , the liposomal suspension was diluted 1:10 with PBS and transferred to a clean folded capillary cell (Malvern, DTS1070). Liposomal stability in PBS and 10% serum An aliquot of the liposomal suspension was diluted 1:10 with either PBS or 10% FBS in PBS and transferred to individual microcentrifuge tubes

Antimony deposition onto Au(111) and insertion of Mg

• Lingxing Zan,
• Da Xing,
• Abdelaziz Ali Abd-El-Latif and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2541–2552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.245

• compartment with a Luggin capillary. The counter electrode is placed in the compartment where it can be separated from the central compartment by a glass frit. All electrochemical measurements were carried out using a bi-potentiostat purchased from Pine Instruments, Inc. (model AFBPC1) in combination with

• small compartment filled with the same electrolyte and separated from main compartment by a capillary. Pt/Ir (90:10) STM tips with a diameter of 0.25 cm were prepared by etching in a 2 M KOH/4 M KSCN bath and coated with hot-melt glue containing different types of polymer (provided by Steinel) to

Coating of upconversion nanoparticles with silica nanoshells of 5–250 nm thickness

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Maysoon Saleh,
• Bastian Rühle,
• Ute Resch-Genger and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2410–2421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.231

• (pore size: 0.2 µm; materials: nylon or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) for particles dispersed in cyclohexane and nylon or regenerated cellulose for particles dispersed in ethanol, Rotilab). Zeta potential measurements of the aqueous dispersions were carried out with a Zetasizer Nano ZS in capillary