Localized photodeposition of catalysts using nanophotonic resonances in silicon photocathodes

• Evgenia Kontoleta,
• Sven H. C. Askes,
• Lai-Hung Lai and
• Erik C. Garnett

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2097–2105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.198

• spots”. These areas can be used for localized extraction of the photogenerated charges, which in turn could drive chemical reactions for synthesis of catalytic materials. In this work, we use these nanophotonic hot spots in vertical silicon nanowires to locally deposit platinum nanoparticles in a photo

• microscopy image analysis showed a reasonable correlation between the simulated hot spots and the actual experimental localization and quantity of platinum atoms. This nanophotonic approach of driving chemical reactions at the nanoscale using the optical properties of the photo-electrode, can be very

• separation participate in chemical reactions in the electrolyte to make fuels. One example is water splitting for H2 generation [5][6]. Carefully designed photo-electrodes are necessary for low cost and high efficiency, which are both needed to make solar fuels competitive with fossil fuels as an energy

Cryochemical synthesis of ultrasmall, highly crystalline, nanostructured metal oxides and salts

• Elena A. Trusova and
• Nikolai S. Trutnev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1755–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.166

• industry and have applications in medical and biological research. Sergeev et al. have shown that the particle size is an active variable that together with other thermodynamic variables determines the state and reactivity of the system, whereby nanoparticles can promote chemical reactions which are not

Chemistry for electron-induced nanofabrication

• Petra Swiderek,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1317–1320, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.124

• beams can be used to induce, on a very small area, chemical reactions of adsorbed precursor molecules that either lead to etching of the underlying surface or deposition of material. The latter additive variant of FEBIP is focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID), a powerful direct-write

Heterostuctures of 4-(chloromethyl)phenyltrichlorosilane and 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine prepared on Si(111) using particle lithography: Nanoscale characterization of the main steps of nanopatterning

• Phillip C. Chambers and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1211–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.112

• porphyrins and organosilanes. With ex situ steps of particle lithography, the successive addition of molecules through chemical reactions in solution can be evaluated by measuring changes in the heights and morphology of nanostructures. Using high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM), surface changes can

• CMPS nanodots with growth observed in both the vertical and lateral directions. Particle lithography provides a practical tool for evaluating surface growth and changes for multistep chemical reactions on surfaces. Experimental Materials and reagents The porphyrin selected, 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl

Understanding the performance and mechanism of Mg-containing oxides as support catalysts in the thermal dry reforming of methane

• Nor Fazila Khairudin,
• Mohd Farid Fahmi Sukri,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1162–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.108

• analysis of a reaction is important for the theoretical study on the behavior of the process and the possible reaction conditions. A thermodynamic study could provide a basis for experimental investigation of the DRM reaction because the chemical reactions are conducted under equilibrium conditions [13][56

• especially on developing elementary and microkinetic analyses for the understanding of reactions that occur in DRM [79][80][81][82]. Microkinetic analysis is an investigation based on elementary chemical reactions on the catalytic surface and their relationship with each other and with the surface during a

• -containing oxide catalysts The use of Mg or MgO, as either a promoter or a support in catalyst components, has attracted considerable interest [50][51][52][78]. Catalyst supports and promoters perform different roles in chemical reactions. Catalyst supports are normally applied to increase the catalyst

Cyclodextrin inhibits zinc corrosion by destabilizing point defect formation in the oxide layer

• Abdulrahman Altin,
• Maciej Krzywiecki,
• Adnan Sarfraz,
• Cigdem Toparli,
• Claudius Laska,
• Philipp Kerger,
• Aleksandar Zeradjanin,
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer,
• Michael Rohwerder and
• Andreas Erbe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 936–944, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.86

• ). On the other hand, ex situ Raman spectra (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5) recorded after exposure do show the presence of β-CD on the surface, by the presence of several of the characteristic vibrational modes in the spectrum. The dissolution product Zn2+ is a reactant in follow-up chemical

• reactions, forming precipitates such as hydrated zinc oxide [15]. ZnO is naturally an n-type semiconductor with a band gap of 3.4 eV [20]. Oxides formed in an aerated corrosion process are typically defect-rich oxides [21], especially in the presence of Cl− [15]. Consequently, the products remain initially

Bioinspired self-healing materials: lessons from nature

• Joseph C. Cremaldi and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 907–935, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.85

Towards the third dimension in direct electron beam writing of silver

• Katja Höflich,
• Jakub Mateusz Jurczyk,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Maximilian Götz,
• Luisa Berger,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Caspar Haverkamp,
• Iwona Szymanska and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 842–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.78

• incorporated into the deposit by ligand co-dissociation together with the dissociated residual hydrocarbons from the vacuum background [11]. Pure material could be deposited only in few cases in which an inorganic precursor compound [12][13] or catalytic activity [14] was utilized. The chemical reactions

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• Brønsted acid sites in the CeO2-WO3 mixed oxide catalyst. Generally, chemical reactions that occurr in the NO adsorption system involve a redox reaction on the surface of the catalyst and adsorption of NO, NH3, and O2. The rate of a chemical reaction normally depends on the catalyst, which speeds up the

Mechanistic insights into plasmonic photocatalysts in utilizing visible light

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Azrina Abd Aziz,
• Lan Ching Sim,
• Pichiah Saravanan,
• Min Jang and
• Detlef Bahnemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 628–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.59

• to a fluorescent molecule, rhodamine 123, by the reaction with H2O2 and peroxidase as shown in Figure 13b [115]. Detection methods for 1O2 1O2 is singlet oxygen, which is an excited state of O2. It can be deactivated to the original stable O2 without being involved in chemical reactions or electron

• Ag, Au, and Cu surfaces, showing that low intensity visible photon irradiation significantly enhances the rate of chemical reactions. A pioneering work showed that Au NPs have potential in degrading volatile organic compounds, HCHO to CO2, under 600–700 nm red light irradiation [168]. The same group

Fabrication and photoactivity of ionic liquid–TiO₂ structures for efficient visible-light-induced photocatalytic decomposition of organic pollutants in aqueous phase

• Anna Gołąbiewska,
• Marta Paszkiewicz-Gawron,
• Aleksandra Sadzińska,
• Wojciech Lisowski,
• Ewelina Grabowska,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska and
• Justyna Łuczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 580–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.54

• absorption of IL–TiO2 in the visible region can be attributed to the existence of carbon species on the surface of the photocatalysts [45]. Chemical composition of ionic liquid/TiO2 composites The photocatalytic degradation is based on chemical reactions on the surface of the photocatalyst [46][47][48]. In

Electron interaction with copper(II) carboxylate compounds

• Michal Lacko,
• Peter Papp,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Edward Szłyk and
• Štefan Matejčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 384–398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.38

• photolithographic masks [4][5]. However, the underlying chemical reactions on the surface are still not well known. Moreover, the main problems of FEBID are co-deposited impurities resulting from incomplete dissociation of the precursor molecules. The level of purity strongly depends on the type of the precursor

BN/Ag hybrid nanomaterials with petal-like surfaces as catalysts and antibacterial agents

• Konstantin L. Firestein,
• Denis V. Leybo,
• Alexander E. Steinman,
• Andrey M. Kovalskii,
• Andrei T. Matveev,
• Anton M. Manakhov,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Pavel V. Slukin,
• Nadezda K. Fursova,
• Sergey G. Ignatov,
• Dmitri V. Golberg and
• Dmitry V. Shtansky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 250–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.27

• elevated temperatures. The overall chemical reactions within BN/Ag HNMs can be presented in the following simplified forms: Where reaction 1 represents the decomposition of silver oxide, reaction 2 corresponds to oxygen activation, and reaction 3 shows the BN oxidation. Catalytic activity The results of

Electron-driven and thermal chemistry during water-assisted purification of platinum nanomaterials generated by electron beam induced deposition

• Ziyan Warneke,
• Markus Rohdenburg,
• Jonas Warneke,
• Janina Kopyra and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 77–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.10

• carbon-containing precursors, a new general approach to the generation of pure metallic nanostructures could be implemented. Therefore this study aims to understand the chemical reactions that are fundamental to the water-assisted purification of platinum FEBID deposits generated from trimethyl

• understanding on the molecular level is required. The previous study [12] reported the purification process on a phenomenological level and did not provide insight in its underlying chemical reactions. It could only assume that these reactions involve the conversion of the initial carbon material to small

• the subsequent water-assisted purification [12] of a deposit produced from MeCpPtMe3 (b), and mass spectrometric desorption experiments applied in this work to obtain insight in the underlying chemical reactions of the water-assisted purification process (c). (a) MS signals recorded during leaking of

Review on optofluidic microreactors for artificial photosynthesis

• Xiaowen Huang,
• Jianchun Wang,
• Tenghao Li,
• Jianmei Wang,
• Min Xu,
• Weixing Yu,
• Abdel El Abed and
• Xuming Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 30–41, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.5

• and enzymes. Therefore, this platform is also useful for the rapid screening of various photocatalysts [54][55][56][57][58][59]. Inexpensive, parallel tests are beneficial for the rare or expensive chemical reactions, too [60][61]. Moreover, for enzymatic reactions, the flow-based reaction has the

• -efficiency photocatalysis [67]. In summary, the basic mechanism of APS is comprised of three processes: (1) generation of charge carriers (i.e., electrons and holes), (2) separation and transfer of charge carriers, and (3) chemical reactions between surface species and charge carriers. Based on this

Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance using morphology-controlled BiVO₄ with W doping

• Xin Zhao and
• Zhong Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2640–2647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.264

• . Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting generates hydrogen through chemical reactions assisted by photo-generated electrons and holes in semiconductor materials [1][2][3]. An ideal semiconductor for PEC water splitting requires a small bandgap to capture enough solar light, a high conversion efficiency, a good

• chemical reactions and enhance light capture due to multiple light scattering within the nanostructures [11][12][13]. Many research works have been reported for enhanced PEC water splitting performances using nanostructured BiVO4 [5][6][12][14][15][16][17][18][19]. However, most of them require complex

Interactions of low-energy electrons with the FEBID precursor chromium hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO)₆)

• Jusuf M. Khreis,
• João Ameixa,
• Filipe Ferreira da Silva and
• Stephan Denifl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2583–2590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.258

• the desired metal, with the formation of non-defined deposits on the surface. When high-energy electrons interact with the surface, a cascade of low-energy electrons (LEE) and backscattered electrons are generated. Many chemical reactions can be triggered by those secondary electrons with an energy

• backscattered electrons with the precursor molecules. LEE initiate chemical reactions on the surface by dissociative electron attachment (DEA) and dissociative electron ionization, as well as neutral dissociation. Those processes need to be well understood, in order to maximise the quality of deposited metal as

PTFE-based microreactor system for the continuous synthesis of full-visible-spectrum emitting cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals

• Chengxi Zhang,
• Weiling Luan,
• Yuhang Yin and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2521–2529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.252

• chemical reactions and microreactor design, QDs of different characteristics can be synthesized. In addition, microreactor systems with microchannels made from poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) capillaries provide a stable environment for the chemical reactions involving air-sensitive materials. Currently

Laser-assisted fabrication of gold nanoparticle-composed structures embedded in borosilicate glass

• Nikolay Nedyalkov,
• Mihaela Koleva,
• Nadya Stankova,
• Rosen Nikov,
• Mitsuhiro Terakawa,
• Yasutaka Nakajima,
• Lyubomir Aleksandrov and
• Reni Iordanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2454–2463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.244

• semiconductor by varying the particle concentration [9][10][11]. Any further progress regarding detailed studies of or in finding novel applications for these materials is still hampered by the lack of efficient fabrication techniques. Although various techniques, such as chemical reactions, ion implantation

Angstrom-scale flatness using selective nanoscale etching

• Takashi Yatsui,
• Hiroshi Saito and
• Katsuyuki Nobusada

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2181–2185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.217

• new properties such as second harmonic generation [4], dipole-forbidden transitions [5], and indirect band transitions [6][7][8]. Because the ONF can achieve dipole-forbidden transitions, we can create selective chemical reactions that occur only where the ONF has been generated. Using this concept

Evaluating the toxicity of TiO₂-based nanoparticles to Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli: a complementary experimental and computational approach

• Alicja Mikolajczyk,
• Natalia Sizochenko,
• Ewa Mulkiewicz,
• Anna Malankowska,
• Michal Nischk,
• Przemyslaw Jurczak,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Grzegorz Nowaczyk,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska,
• Jerzy Leszczynski,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.216

• alters the rate of chemical reactions, when exposed to light (photocatalyst) [1]. TiO2-based NPs have already found wide applications as efficient photocatalysts for sterilization, sanitation, air and water purification systems, hydrogen production by water splitting, and dye-sensitized solar cells [1

Ester formation at the liquid–solid interface

• Nguyen T. N. Ha,
• Thiruvancheril G. Gopakumar,
• Nguyen D. C. Yen,
• Carola Mende,
• Lars Smykalla,
• Maik Schlesinger,
• Roy Buschbeck,
• Tobias Rüffer,
• Heinrich Lang,
• Michael Mehring and
• Michael Hietschold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2139–2150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.213

• supported. Keywords: on-surface reaction; scanning tunneling microscopy; trimesic acid; undecan-1-ol; Introduction On-surface reactions are a widespread class of chemical reactions taking place on a surface or at an interface involving active participation of two-dimensional molecular entities. This

• ambient conditions [27]. Molecular mixture at solid−liquid interfaces could possibly initiate chemical reactions and be monitored in situ with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Metal complexation reactions, polymerizations [28][29][30] and photochemical dimerization [31] are shown to be initiated at

• the solid–liquid interface. Initial efforts have been made to perform chemical reactions leading to covalently stabilized adlayers at metal crystal/UHV interfaces [2][10][11][12]. However, the size of covalently linked domains is often limited in UHV due to low diffusion of the components forming the

In situ controlled rapid growth of novel high activity TiB₂/(TiB₂–TiN) hierarchical/heterostructured nanocomposites

• Jilin Wang,
• Hejie Liao,
• Yuchun Ji,
• Fei Long,
• Yunle Gu,
• Zhengguang Zou,
• Weimin Wang and
• Zhengyi Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2116–2125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.211

• and TiN, respectively. Additionally, a thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analyzer (TG-DSC) comparison analysis indicated that the as-synthesized samples presented better chemical activity than that of commercial TiB2 powders. Finally, the possible chemical reactions as well as

• samples. Moreover, based on the obtained experimental results and previous work, the possible chemical reactions as well as the appropriate growth mechanism of the TiB2/(TiB2–TiN) hierarchical/heterostructured nanocomposites were also discussed. Results and Discussion Figure 1a,b gives the typical field

• TiB2/(TiB2–TiN) samples could be effectively controlled through the in situ reaction coupling self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (RC-SHS) method. The results were found to be in agreement with that of our previous studies [9][10][14]. Chemical reactions and growth mechanism During the growth

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• substantially, which is very important to industrial manufacturing. Yang et al. obtained carbon nanospheres with a diameter of 170–190 nm from PAN particles synthesized by a soap-less emulsion polymerization method [35]. A series of complicated chemical reactions, including oxidization, dehydrogenation

Process-specific mechanisms of vertically oriented graphene growth in plasmas

• Subrata Ghosh,
• Shyamal R. Polaki,
• Niranjan Kumar,
• Sankarakumar Amirthapandian,
• Mohamed Kamruddin and
• Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1658–1670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.166

• have observed the effect of various process parameters such as carrier gas, nature of substrate, total pressure and microwave power on the growth of VGNs. However, the plasma chemistry and chemical reactions with the substrate surface during growth are still a matter of study [9][27][28][29][30][31][32

• . Therefore, the electron gas acts as an effective negative bias field to generate high-energy ions. The electrons and ions interact with other plasma species through chemical reactions that lead to molecular decomposition and transformative re-assembly [57]. The species that influence the growth of carbon

• maintained constant. Hence, this result is related to the increased mobility of surface atoms such that the rates of adsorption and surface chemical reactions become higher at high temperatures; this reduces the surface energy of the substrate. Similar transformations of islands to VGNs have also been