Warped graphitic layers generated by oxidation of fullerene extraction residue and its oxygen reduction catalytic activity

• Machiko Takigami,
• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1391–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.137

• applications require more active and more durable catalysts. The identification of the active sites of these CACs is an important issue for improving their activity and durability. Active CACs commonly include WGLs [31]. We consider WGLs to be the basic structure responsible for the ORR activity of CACs. The

Alloyed Pt₃M (M = Co, Ni) nanoparticles supported on S- and N-doped carbon nanotubes for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Stéphane Louisia,
• Yohann R. J. Thomas,
• Pierre Lecante,
• Marie Heitzmann,
• M. Rosa Axet,
• Pierre-André Jacques and
• Philippe Serp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1251–1269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.125

• the performance and durability requirements for transport applications, a metal loading of 0.4 mgPt·cm−2 for the cathode side is commonly used, which explains the high cost of these systems [5]. One lever to reduce the cost of this technology is the reduction of the cathode Pt loading, but this must

• be done without compromise to the catalyst layer performance and durability. It is known that catalyst degradation via platinum dissolution and carbon corrosion plays an important role in the voltage degradation of PEMFCs [6][7][8]. CB, which is widely used, particularly for its low cost, suffers

• performance and durability of PEM fuel cells [44][45]. These materials should combine some key characteristics such as: i) an adapted surface chemistry to allow high dispersion of the metallic phase at very high metal loading, ii) a good balance between hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity to allow water

Synthesis of novel C-doped g-C₃N₄ nanosheets coupled with CdIn₂S₄ for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

• Jingshuai Chen,
• Chang-Jie Mao,
• Helin Niu and
• Ji-Ming Song

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 912–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.92

• results from UV–vis spectra. In view of practical applications, in addition to the photocatalytic H2 generation rate, the stability and durability are also significant factors to test the feasibility for application of the photocatalysts. The stability and durability of the most efficient CdIn2S4/CCN

Novel reversibly switchable wettability of superhydrophobic–superhydrophilic surfaces induced by charge injection and heating

• Xiangdong Ye,
• Junwen Hou and
• Dongbao Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 840–847, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.84

• superhydrophilic by charge injection and heating, and the superhydrophobicity was restored by heating, verifying a reversible superhydrophobic–superhydrophilic conversion. The influence of voltage, temperature, and time on the coating wettability and its durability under reversible conversion have been studied

• the following: the increase of temperature will promote the thermal motion of the molecules in the solid, which in turn will help the charges inject into the solid surface during the process of electric field application. Effect of charging time on durability of superhydrophilicity When the charging

• coating achieve superhydrophilicity. The durability of the obtained superhydrophilicity of the coating varied with charging time. These results are presented in Figure 10. Figure 10 shows that the original superhydrophobic coating charged for 2 min became superhydrophilic and the coating remained

An efficient electrode material for high performance solid-state hybrid supercapacitors based on a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber/TiO₂ hybrid composite

• Mamta Sham Lal,
• Thirugnanam Lavanya and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 781–793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.78

• it directly suitable for practical application. Additionally, to predict the durability of the SSHSC, the electrochemical cycle stability was tested, which is crucial for practical application. Figure 13 shows the cycle stability performance of the SSHSC measured by GCD for 10,000 cycles at a current

Development of an anti-pollution coating process technology for the application of an on-site PV module

• Sejin Jung,
• Wonseok Choi,
• Jung Hyun Kim and
• Jang Myoun Ko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 332–336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.32

• natural water will significantly improve the economic efficiency of the maintenance of solar power generation systems [7]. Although a self-cleaning coating technique using a photocatalyst has been developed, the durability is poor due to low adhesion and hardness. Also, production is very difficult, an

Nanoporous water oxidation electrodes with a low loading of laser-deposited Ru/C exhibit enhanced corrosion stability

• Sandra Haschke,
• Dmitrii Pankin,
• Vladimir Mikhailovskii,
• Maïssa K. S. Barr,
• Adriana Both-Engel,
• Alina Manshina and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.15

• nanoparticles [18][28]. A carbonaceous support has also been used, with the advantages of chemical durability and electrical conductivity, as demonstrated in the context of alcohol dehydrogenation [29][30]. Such a support, however, has not been applied to the water oxidation reaction so far. In this paper, we

Amorphous Ni_xCo_yP-supported TiO₂ nanotube arrays as an efficient hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst in acidic solution

• Yong Li,
• Peng Yang,
• Bin Wang and
• Zhongqing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 62–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.6

• spectra of the samples. (a) Current–voltage characteristic plots and (b) Tafel plots of the samples. (c) Current–voltage characteristics during durability tests and (d) bath voltages at various current densities for the two-electrode system with NixCoyP/TNAs as a cathode. Cyclic voltammograms of (a) TNAs

Layered calcium phenylphosphonate: a hybrid material for a new generation of nanofillers

• Kateřina Kopecká,
• Ludvík Beneš,
• Klára Melánová,
• Vítězslav Zima,
• Petr Knotek and
• Kateřina Zetková

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2906–2915, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.269

• to improve their stiffness, melt behavior, mechanical characteristic, durability and other properties of polymer products is a well-known process and has been studied for decades. Platelets of clay minerals are suitable and widespread fillers. In addition, some clays can be exfoliated thanks to their

The effect of flexible joint-like elements on the adhesive performance of nature-inspired bent mushroom-like fibers

• Elliot Geikowsky,
• Serdar Gorumlu and
• Burak Aksak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2893–2905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.268

• construction, utilizing polymers with elastic moduli in the range 1–10 MPa. While it is desirable to use stiffer materials for fiber construction to improve fiber density and durability, only nanometer-scale fibers show adhesion when made from stiffer materials. Some examples can be found in the literature for

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

Hierarchical heterostructures of Bi₂MoO₆ microflowers decorated with Ag₂CO₃ nanoparticles for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic removal of toxic pollutants

• Shijie Li,
• Wei Jiang,
• Shiwei Hu,
• Yu Liu,
• Yanping Liu,
• Kaibing Xu and
• Jianshe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2297–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.214

• attributed to the high charge-separation capacity, which results from the matched band alignment of the two components. The cycling experiments showed a good durability of Ag2CO3/Bi2MoO6. Holes were found to be the dominant active species accounting for the pollutant degradation. This compound is a promising

• -30 shows a decent mineralization ability. To test the durability of ACO/BMO-30, repeated runs were carried out under unchanging conditions. As depicted in Figure 8a, after six consecutive runs, the RhB degradation efficiency is still about 92.2%. Additionally, no apparent change of the crystalline

• ) under visible light compared to bare Bi2MoO6 and Ag2CO3. Moreover, ACO/BMO-30 possesses good durability and stability. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is ascribed to the extended optical response and the matched band structure, reducing carrier recombination. This study offers a novel highly

Ag₂WO₄ nanorods decorated with AgI nanoparticles: Novel and efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts for the degradation of water pollutants

• Shijie Li,
• Shiwei Hu,
• Wei Jiang,
• Yanping Liu,
• Yu Liu,
• Yingtang Zhou,
• Liuye Mo and
• Jianshe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1308–1316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.123

• /Ag2WO4 was examined (Figure 7). After 360 min of reaction, the TOC removal efficiency reached 67.2%, signifying that 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4 can effectively mineralize RhB. The operational lifetime of the photocatalysts is crucial for practical application [47]. To reveal the durability of 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4, the

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• behind the specific colors of metal colloids [32]. In the 1940s, SiO2 NPs were being manufactured as substitutes to carbon black for rubber reinforcement [33]. Today manufactured NMs can significantly improve the characteristics of bulk materials, in terms of strength, conductivity, durability, and

Graphene composites with dental and biomedical applicability

• Sharali Malik,
• Felicite M. Ruddock,
• Adam H. Dowling,
• Kevin Byrne,
• Wolfgang Schmitt,
• Ivan Khalakhan,
• Yoshihiro Nemoto,
• Hongxuan Guo,
• Lok Kumar Shrestha,
• Katsuhiko Ariga and
• Jonathan P. Hill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 801–808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.73

• -cytotoxic. This makes FLG an ideal material to incorporate into dental polymers to increase their strength and durability. It is well known that graphene has high mechanical strength and has been shown to enhance the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of biomaterials. However, for commercial

• extensive use of dental polymers. However, current dental polymers have a relatively short operational lifetime resulting from their lack of sufficient strength and durability. Therefore, the aim was to assess the use of graphene with a common dental polymer to form a composite material with improved

• materials. They must be compatible with oral fluids, must not release toxic products into the oral location and must have sufficient strength and durability to be fit for purpose [4]. Most other studies of graphene-dental polymer materials have used graphene oxide (GO) [5] which may be cytotoxic [6][7

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• contact area [8][10][11][54], observe the electrical breakdown mechanism for a single nanostructure [55][56][57][58], and investigate the dynamic processes occurring in the switch nanocontact [54]. The durability of a NEM switch strongly depends on the evolution of the contact between the switching

• ) govern device performance (switching speed, range of operational voltage and current, reliability and durability), as well as dictate suitable fabrication approaches. The following subsections provide a brief overview of materials and material combinations used in the fabrication of active elements of

• the best-achieved turn-on delay of 400 ns. When tested for durability, the Ru device withstood more than 2 × 106 switching cycles at 1 kHz frequency. However, when downscaling Ru NEM switches, residual stress must be accurately controlled to avoid the buckling of beams after etching of the sacrificial

Review on optofluidic microreactors for artificial photosynthesis

• Xiaowen Huang,
• Jianchun Wang,
• Tenghao Li,
• Jianmei Wang,
• Min Xu,
• Weixing Yu,
• Abdel El Abed and
• Xuming Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 30–41, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.5

• , a new problem emerges: the direct coating methods are unable to load catalysts firmly and uniformly on the PDMS substrate. Zhang et al. proposed a new casting transfer method for loading catalysts on the PDMS substrate [36], as shown in Figure 5. This method exhibited critically higher durability

Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance using morphology-controlled BiVO₄ with W doping

• Xin Zhao and
• Zhong Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2640–2647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.264

• durability in aqueous environments, as well as low production cost [4]. Compared with the hydrogen evolution at the semiconductor photocathode, the low efficiency of oxygen evolution at the photoanode poses a great challenge to the water splitting process [5]. As a result, great efforts have been made in

Fabrication of CeO₂–MO_x (M = Cu, Co, Ni) composite yolk–shell nanospheres with enhanced catalytic properties for CO oxidation

• Ling Liu,
• Jingjing Shi,
• Hongxia Cao,
• Ruiyu Wang and
• Ziwu Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2425–2437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.241

• is largely retained during the catalytic oxidation, suggesting an excellent structural stability. To further explore the durability of the CeO2–MOx catalyst, the CeO2–CuOx sample was employed as a typical example and a cycling test was performed. As shown in Figure 9c, the CeO2–CuOx sample still

• catalytic activity toward CO oxidation. Additionally, cycling test confirms an excellent catalytic stability and durability during the CO oxidation process. The initial concentration of M(CH3COO)2·xH2O in the synthesis process played a significant role in catalytic performance. The catalytic activity of the

Ta₂N₃ nanocrystals grown in Al₂O₃ thin layers

• Krešimir Salamon,
• Maja Buljan,
• Iva Šarić,
• Mladen Petravić and
• Sigrid Bernstorff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2162–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.215

• longer wavelengths, high temperature durability, chemical stability, corrosion resistance, low cost or mechanical hardness, there is an increasing interest in various alternative materials that could optimize the device performance for specific plasmonic applications [8][9][10]. One promising group of

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• ratio of the sandwich layers: After having determined the thickness of the cap layer, the thickness of the depot layer has to be fixed. This thickness is a trade-off between durability and adhesion of the sandwich system. It is evident that the adhesion of the silver layer is significantly improved if

• expected to be far better than the adhesion of silver atop polysilicone or polyurethane. Also, the thickness of the protecting porous layer determines the maximum of the depot layer. For a long durability, the thickness should be as high as possible. For a stable and reliable sandwich system, the thickness

Luminescent supramolecular hydrogels from a tripeptide and nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots

• Maria C. Cringoli,
• Slavko Kralj,
• Marina Kurbasic,
• Massimo Urban and
• Silvia Marchesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1553–1562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.157

• ][31] and bearing unnatural D-amino acids [32][33] are attractive biomaterials that may display higher durability relative to traditional peptide counterparts, in addition to better biocompatibility and the possibility to incorporate bioactive motifs relative to non-peptide hydrogels. Therefore, in the

Parylene C as a versatile dielectric material for organic field-effect transistors

• Tomasz Marszalek,
• Maciej Gazicki-Lipman and
• Jacek Ulanski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1532–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.155

• and 0.40 V after bending and crumpling tests (Figure 5e). The results show that OFET devices with the 18 nm thick parylene gate insulator are characterized by a similar mechanical durability as those equipped with a 100 nm thick layer of the gate insulator [35]. It could be concluded, on a basis of

Vapor-phase-synthesized fluoroacrylate polymer thin films: thermal stability and structural properties

• Paul Christian and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 933–942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.95

• the 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate polymer (p-PFDA), and in order to enhance its durability, the copolymerization with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker is evaluated (the monomers are depicted in Figure 1). EGDMA is a diester with no free hydrophilic groups, which offers

Bio-inspired micro-to-nanoporous polymers with tunable stiffness

• Julia Syurik,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Prerna Sudera,
• Stephan Weyand,
• Siegbert Johnsen,
• Gabriele Wiegand and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 906–914, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.92

• improvement of re-usability and durability of the products. Porous structures with a pore-size gradient have been manufactured in the past from different materials such as ceramics [6][7][8], metals [9], composites [10] and polymers [11]. These structures exhibited improved thermal [12] and mechanical