Effect of microtrichia on the interlocking mechanism in the Asian ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

• Jiyu Sun,
• Chao Liu,
• Bharat Bhushan,
• Wei Wu and
• Jin Tong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 812–823, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.75

• abdominal segment extends again, HW2 will not be moved away, and the microtrichia will act as a braking device. The folding results from the structure and elasticity of the cuticles of the veins, which are discontinuous between the proximal and distal parts of the veins in Coleoptera [23]. An investigation

• retains the wing in a fully folded condition. To overcome elasticity these simple transverse folds are usually opened to the extended position and rely on “preening” movements of the abdomen [39]. At this point, the folding is basically completed, and the final state has been achieved. In this state, the

Lyapunov estimation for high-speed demodulation in multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert,
• Michael R. P. Ragazzon and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 490–498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.47

• stiffness, elasticity and adhesiveness [10]. The acquisition of these observables requires tracking the amplitude and phase of additional frequencies of interest. These include higher harmonics of the fundamental frequency [11], higher flexural eigenmodes [12] and intermodulation products [13]. Higher

Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• hard, solid or powder, biological, and organic or inorganic surfaces. This device can measure geometric morphology, adhesion distribution, friction, surface impurities, texture, elasticity, magnetism, chemical bonding forces, distribution of electric charges and electric polarization in different parts

A robust AFM-based method for locally measuring the elasticity of samples

• Alexandre Bubendorf,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.1

• Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.9.1 Abstract Investigation of the local sample elasticity is of high importance in many scientific domains. In 2014, Herruzo et al. published a new method based on frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy to locally determine the elasticity

• elasticity of samples is of high interest in many scientific domains, as many processes and physical quantities are correlated with the elastic modulus. In biology, for instance, studies showed that the elasticity of cells depends on their age, the stage of the cell cycle and the degree of differentiation [1

• ]. In physics, the band gap size of nanocrystals and the presence of planar defects on nanotubes are a function of the Young’s modulus [2][3]. Probing local elasticity requires an instrumentation capable of operating with high resolution and under different conditions, such as variable temperature

Magnetic field induced orientational transitions in liquid crystals doped with carbon nanotubes

• Danil A. Petrov,
• Pavel K. Skokov and
• Alexander N. Zakhlevnykh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2807–2817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.280

• experimental observations [18][19][23]. Due to induced gradients of the LC director and the increase in the energy of orientationally elastic deformations F1 in Equation 1, the forces of orientational elasticity tend to return the director to the initial planar state. Distortions of the orientational structure

Electro-optical characteristics of a liquid crystal cell with graphene electrodes

• Nune H. Hakobyan,
• Hakob L. Margaryan,
• Valeri K. Abrahamyan,
• Vladimir M. Aroutiounian,
• Arpi S. Dilanchian Gharghani,
• Amalya B. Kostanyan,
• Timothy D. Wilkinson and
• Nelson Tabirian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2802–2806, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.279

• oscillations). Then the relaxation process takes place only under the influence of the molecular forces of elasticity. The system returns to its original oriented state, similar to relaxation after influence of an electric field. The above-mentioned feature of the reorientation process under the influence of

• essentially much larger than in the previous mode due to its dependence on only the rotational viscosity and elasticity of the LC. However, it is possible to achieve higher performance by applying a control voltage with a special shape, which is based on the transition nematic effect (TNE), when a step change

Material discrimination and mixture ratio estimation in nanocomposites via harmonic atomic force microscopy

• Weijie Zhang,
• Yuhang Chen,
• Xicheng Xia and
• Jiaru Chu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2771–2780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.276

• force, the cantilever oscillation will show certain higher harmonic components [18], which are dominated by contact force and contact time [19][20][21]. Theoretical analysis and preliminary experiments have demonstrated that the harmonic signals are highly sensitive to the variation of local elasticity

• verify that the harmonic response depends on the contact time and peak contact force. Both quantities are related to the elasticity of the sample. Because the elastic modulus of PS is larger than that of LDPE, oscillating on the PS domain produces a much shorter contact time and a larger peak force in

Nanoprofilometry study of focal conic domain structures in a liquid crystalline free surface

• Anna N. Bagdinova,
• Evgeny I. Demikhov,
• Nataliya G. Borisenko and
• Sergei M. Tolokonnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2544–2551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.254

• is discussed in detail in [4]. Equation 1 is valid in our case because we have a system of FCDs in smectic-A phase. This statement qualitatively corresponds to our results because we observe a slight increase of the FCD depth upon decreasing temperature. The elasticity of the smectic-A liquid crystal

High-speed dynamic-mode atomic force microscopy imaging of polymers: an adaptive multiloop-mode approach

• Juan Ren and
• Qingze Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1563–1570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.158

• two orders of magnitude different lateral feature sizes, ranging from 10 nm (Celgard) to 100 nm (SBS) and up to 2 μm (PS–LDPE), respectively. The elasticity also differs over two orders of magnitude, ranging from 20 MPa (SBS) to 2 GPa (PS). These samples, with largely heterogeneous mechanical

• round dots are made of LDPE, and the rest is PS, with the elasticity of PS and LDPE being 2 GPa and 100 MPa, respectively. However, this information was not discernible in the 2.5 Hz TM phase image (see Figure 1(b4)). Therefore, AMLM imaging yielded high-quality dynamic-mode imaging, and clearly

Parylene C as a versatile dielectric material for organic field-effect transistors

• Tomasz Marszalek,
• Maciej Gazicki-Lipman and
• Jacek Ulanski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1532–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.155

• electronics. The properties of greatest importance for such applications are the extraordinary purity and chemical inertness of Parylene layer, its elasticity and ability to form smooth and pinhole-free conformal coatings. Due to high purity and low dielectric permittivity, the concentration of charge-carrier

3D continuum phonon model for group-IV 2D materials

• Morten Willatzen,
• Lok C. Lew Yan Voon,
• Appala Naidu Gandi and
• Udo Schwingenschlögl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1345–1356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.136

• , we compare them to DFT calculations. The continuum theory will require as input elasticity constants, piezoelectric coefficients, and dielectric functions. DFT We first give the standard phonon dispersion relation as obtained from DFT calculations (Figure 1). They are obtained from first principles

• modes near the Γ point are shown. Continuum model: MoS2 For single-layer MoS2, we use the following parameters: c11d = 140 Pa·m, c12d = 33 Pa·m, c13d=-0.013 Pa·m, c33d = 0.078 Pa·m, c44d = −1.07 Pa·m, c66d = 53.7 Pa·m, d = 6.2·10−10 m, ρ2D = 3.1 ·10−6 kg/m2, ex1 = 0.5 C/m2. These elasticity parameters

• -principles, continuum elasticity theory was developed for two-dimensional materials. Piezoelectric materials required the simultaneous consideration of the electrostatics equations. Application to graphene, silicene and MoS2 revealed a number of interesting results. The out-of-plane vibrations were coupled

Hierarchically structured nanoporous carbon tubes for high pressure carbon dioxide adsorption

• Julia Patzsch,
• Deepu J. Babu and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1135–1144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.115

• show outstanding elasticity and mechanical strength. A Young’s modulus of 600 GPa was measured for SiC wires [18][19]. Different templating methods were used for structuring such as the two-step synthesis using preceramic polymers as precursors (e.g., polycarbosilanes) [13][20][21], carbo-thermal

Dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes with supramolecular Congo red – properties of the complexes and mechanism of the interaction

• Anna Jagusiak,
• Barbara Piekarska,
• Tomasz Pańczyk,
• Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska,
• Elżbieta Bielańska,
• Barbara Stopa,
• Grzegorz Zemanek,
• Janina Rybarska,
• Irena Roterman and
• Leszek Konieczny

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 636–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.68

• CR-dispersed SWNTs (obtained at 5:1 CR/SWNT ratio) analysing mechanical parameters such as elasticity, adhesion, dispersion (dissipation energy) and deformation (Figure 11). Cholate dispersed SWNTs form a monolayer at the mica surface (Figure 11.1) while SWNT–CR complexes form a thick layer with

• single nanotubes protruding above its surface (Figure 11.2). This can be explained by gel-like properties of the complex formed at high CR/SWNT ratio (see Figure 5B,C), which is a network of nanotubes and supramolecular CR. Elasticity measured as the stiffness range is specified in arbitrary relative

• units. Elasticity reached of about 200 mArb on the free SWNT (black) compared to mica layer (red) (Figure 11.1A). In Figure 11.2A we observed a thick layer of SWNTs covered by CR with elasticity of about 450 mArb, but also bulbs which show much lower stiffness and higher plasticity. These bulbs were

When the going gets rough – studying the effect of surface roughness on the adhesive abilities of tree frogs

• Niall Crawford,
• Thomas Endlein,
• Jonathan T. Pham,
• Mathis Riehle and
• W. Jon P. Barnes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.201

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• hydrogel and thus its stiffness can be varied. Their elasticity can be tuned over a wide range from below 1 kPa to above 100 MPa [79]. An additional feature of PEG hydrogels is their low protein absorption. This characteristic makes them often to the coating material of choice when surfaces need to have

• , crosslinker and photoinitiator, as well as the intensity of UV light and the exposure time, the pore size of the hydrogel and consequently the elasticity can be tuned. Stiffness from PAA hydrogels can be tuned from ca. 50 Pa to more than 700 kPa [50][114][115][116]. Due to their easy availability and handling

The self-similarity theory of high pressure torsion

• Yan Beygelzimer,
• Roman Kulagin,
• Laszlo S. Toth and
• Yulia Ivanisenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1267–1277, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.117

• Equation 1 for shear strain with a factor decreasing the angle of rotation of the sample due to slippage. The same result was obtained experimentally in [7]. The effect of the elasticity of the anvils on the geometry of the sample and the distribution of the shear strain has been investigated in [8][9][10

Functional diversity of resilin in Arthropoda

• Jan Michels,
• Esther Appel and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1241–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.115

• of resilin in different arthropod exoskeleton systems Resilin is known from numerous arthropod exoskeletons where it is present in diverse structures and allows manifold functions, which in most cases are based on its very pronounced elasticity and its ability to completely recover after deformation

• within the hard and stiff chitinous structures, which (because of the stiffness of the material) likely requires only small amounts of bending and, therefore, only short muscle contractions [17][18][20]. The flexibility and elasticity of resilin are assumed to facilitate this mechanism by reducing the

• elasticity and fatigue resistance, resilin appears to be a very suitable material for exoskeleton structures that are typically intensively deformed for a rather large number of times during the lifetime of the organisms. A butterfly proboscis, for example, is tightly and spirally coiled when it is in its

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques III

• Thilo Glatzel and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1052–1054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.98

• two major categories: local measurements of mechanical properties and high resolution force measurements and spectroscopy. The characterization of mechanical properties by AFM manifests themselve primarily in the local detection of adhesion, friction and elasticity. Georg Fantner and his co-workers

The hydraulic mechanism in the hind wing veins of Cybister japonicus Sharp (order: Coleoptera)

• Jiyu Sun,
• Wei Wu,
• Mingze Ling,
• Bharat Bhushan and
• Jin Tong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 904–913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.82

• (such as vein discontinuities, venation change, and vein membrane elasticity) [1]. Additionally, the hemolymph runs within the veins, assisting in the folding and unfolding movements of the wings [5]. The folding/unfolding behavior of beetle hind wings has been extensively researched. Its mechanism has

Finite-size effect on the dynamic and sensing performances of graphene resonators: the role of edge stress

• Chang-Wan Kim,
• Mai Duc Dai and
• Kilho Eom

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 685–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.61

• energetic model as has been also described in surface elasticity theory [4][27]. It was found that edge stress has an impact on both the harmonic and nonlinear oscillations of a graphene resonator, and that the detection sensitivity of a graphene resonator depends on the edge stress. Our study sheds light

Cantilever bending based on humidity-actuated mesoporous silica/silicon bilayers

• Christian Ganser,
• Gerhard Fritz-Popovski,
• Roland Morak,
• Parvin Sharifi,
• Benedetta Marmiroli,
• Barbara Sartori,
• Heinz Amenitsch,
• Thomas Griesser,
• Christian Teichert and
• Oskar Paris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 637–644, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.56

• pores the resulting surface and bulk stresses in the solid pore walls can be calculated and, by using elasticity theory, the strains of the porous material can be obtained. This step is generally not a simple task as it depends critically on the geometry of the pore network. For cylindrical pores on a

Correlative infrared nanospectroscopic and nanomechanical imaging of block copolymer microdomains

• Benjamin Pollard and
• Markus B. Raschke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 605–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.53

• elasticity and the hardness of the sample [32]. Polymers, including syndiotactic PMMA, tend to pack in a semi-ordered way to minimize the total free energy, though this is highly dependent on tacticity and molecular weight distribution [35]. Crystallinity also creates varying mechanical properties, as

Characterization of spherical domains at the polystyrene thin film–water interface

• Khurshid Ahmad,
• Xuezeng Zhao,
• Yunlu Pan and
• Danish Hussain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.51

• silicon substrate at the sites that are relatively weakly bonded. Silicon is hydrophilic in nature, and therefore, in the presence of water, the PS film might easily detach. Furthermore, an additional analysis of these domains was also conducted by taking into account the modulus of elasticity of the PS

Nanoscale effects in the characterization of viscoelastic materials with atomic force microscopy: coupling of a quasi-three-dimensional standard linear solid model with in-plane surface interactions

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 554–571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.49

• AFM simulation. A multifrequency AFM simulation tool based on the above sample model is provided as supporting information. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; modeling; polymers; simulation; spectroscopy; standard linear solid; surface elasticity; surface energy; viscoelasticity; Introduction The

• increase in the sample surface area, which has an associated energy cost either due to elasticity or surface free energy, or both [19][20]. The overall effect is that as the tip travels into the surface, the surface profile evolves in a way that minimizes the associated energy cost. Third, these surface

• polymer surfaces that exhibit significant variability in the horizontal direction, thus precluding a rigorous continuum treatment at the nanoscale. The existence of a surface energy “penalty” either due to surface free energy or due to elasticity leads to an attempt on the part of the material to reduce

Free vibration of functionally graded carbon-nanotube-reinforced composite plates with cutout

• Mostafa Mirzaei and
• Yaser Kiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 511–523, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.45

• ] and Mundkur et al. [46]. Malekzadeh et al. [45] obtained the frequencies according to a three dimensional elasticity formulation and using the Chebyshev–Ritz formulation, whereas boundary characteristics of orthogonal polynomial functions are invoked into the Ritz formulation by Mundkur et al. [46] to

• made from PmPV with elasticity modulus Em = 2.1 GPa, Poisson’s ratio νm = 0.34 and mass density ρm = 1150 kg/m3. The volume fraction of CNTs is set equal to 0.17 and the dispersion pattern of the CNTs is of the FG-V type. In such case, the efficiency parameters are obtained as η1 = 0.149 and η2 = η3