First-principles study of the structure of water layers on flat and stepped Pb electrodes

• Xiaohang Lin,
• Ferdinand Evers and
• Axel Groß

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 533–543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.47

• electrode/electrolyte interfaces based on first-principles electronic structure calculations. As Pb has been used as one of the metallic electrode materials, we have already studied the Pb self-diffusion on flat and stepped Pb surfaces [13] as this controls the growth mechanism of the contacts. The results

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

A single-source precursor route to anisotropic halogen-doped zinc oxide particles as a promising candidate for new transparent conducting oxide materials

• Daniela Lehr,
• Markus R. Wagner,
• Johanna Flock,
• Julian S. Reparaz,
• Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres,
• Alexander Klaiber,
• Thomas Dekorsy and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2161–2172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.222

• and THz spectroscopies. Keywords: chemical doping; metal oxides; semiconductor nanoparticles; single-source precursors; Introduction There is an ever increasing demand for electrode materials exhibiting optical transparency in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, because they are

Metal hydrides: an innovative and challenging conversion reaction anode for lithium-ion batteries

• Luc Aymard,
• Yassine Oumellal and
• Jean-Pierre Bonnet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1821–1839, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.186

• metallic Mg and insulating LiH, which are generated during the reaction. The improvement of the poor electronic conductivity of the active material in powder form has been widely addressed in the literature for different electrode materials (in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes). A solution is carbon

From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries

• Philipp Adelhelm,
• Pascal Hartmann,
• Conrad L. Bender,
• Martin Busche,
• Christine Eufinger and
• Juergen Janek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105

• stationary energy storage has become an additional challenge, which also triggers research on alternative batteries. Major efforts are directed towards continuous improvements of the different Li-ion technologies by more efficient packaging, processing, better electrolytes and optimized electrode materials

• shown in Figure 1. Ultimately, the energy density of a practical battery is determined by the cell reaction itself, that is, the electrode materials being used. The need for a proper cell design and packaging considerably reduces the practical energy density of a battery compared to the theoretical

• energy density. The cell reaction of Li-ion batteries is not fixed and different electrode materials and mixtures are used depending on the type of application. Graphite/carbon and to a lesser degree Li4/3Ti5/3O4 (LTO) serve as the negative electrodes. Recently, silicon has been added in small amounts to

Multiscale modeling of lithium ion batteries: thermal aspects

• Arnulf Latz and
• Jochen Zausch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 987–1007, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.102

• under high voltages and chemical compatible with the chosen electrode materials. Thus, additives are used in order to enhance the ionic conductivity and to improve the chemical compatibility. Also the properties of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the negative electrodes, which is essential for

Manganese oxide phases and morphologies: A study on calcination temperature and atmospheric dependence

• Matthias Augustin,
• Daniela Fenske,
• Ingo Bardenhagen,
• Anne Westphal,
• Martin Knipper,
• Thorsten Plaggenborg,
• Joanna Kolny-Olesiak and
• Jürgen Parisi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 47–59, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.6

• potentials as well as the apparent reaction rate constant, , for the different electrode materials are summarized in Table 2. The reaction rate constant was calculated from: where j0 is the cathodic exchange current density (obtained from the Tafel plots of the linear sweep measurements), n = 1 is the number

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• , could be modified with flavonoid compounds, for the example quercitin, a compound known for its anti-inflammatory potential [49], giving rise to future applications in nanomedicine. Some additional metal oxide-containing composite materials were studied for applications as electrode materials in

• the one of fullerene C60. These encouraging results could be a first step toward in situ remediation of heavy metal contaminants. Electronic applications Capacitors: Carbon materials are commonly used as electrode materials in capacitors, but the first study probing CNOs as electrode materials in

• (Figure 9) similar to the one the group reported earlier for the preparation of electrode materials for pseudocapacitors [62]. This material was then probed as anode material in lithium-ion batteries. It was found that the performance of pure MnO2 anodes could be significantly enhanced by the

Growth and structural discrimination of cortical neurons on randomly oriented and vertically aligned dense carbon nanotube networks

• Christoph Nick,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Ravi Joshi,
• Christiane Thielemann and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1575–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.169

• interest in the biomedical community since they have outstanding potential as a substrate for growing different cell type materials [6][7][8]. Due to their very good electrical conductivity they are a promising substrate for neuron growth as well as for biocompatible electrode materials to record and/or

Adsorption of the ionic liquid [BMP][TFSA] on Au(111) and Ag(111): substrate effects on the structure formation investigated by STM

• Benedikt Uhl,
• Florian Buchner,
• Dorothea Alwast,
• Nadja Wagner and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 903–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.102

• and the respective electrode surface (solid–liquid interface) is essential for developing improved future battery systems based on ILs. Correspondingly, the interaction between different ILs and various electrode materials was investigated by electrochemical methods, including, e.g., cyclovoltammetry

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li₂Co_1−xM_xPO₄F (M = Fe, Mn) cathode materials

• Nellie R. Khasanova,
• Oleg A. Drozhzhin,
• Stanislav S. Fedotov,
• Darya A. Storozhilova,
• Rodion V. Panin and
• Evgeny V. Antipov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 860–867, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.97

• previously [12][13]. Investigation of Li2(Co,M)PO4F (M = Mn, Fe) Applied synthesis approaches were directed not only towards the investigation of Li2Co1−xMxPO4F solid solutions, but also to the preparation of the corresponding electrode materials. Because of poor electronic and ionic conductivity that is

• Li2CoPO4F and Li2Co0.9Mn0.1PO4F respectively. A further investigation that includes the optimization of the electrode materials and the development of a high-voltage electrolyte is required to evaluate all potentials of this Li2Co1−xMxPO4F (M = Mn, Fe) fluorophosphate family. Experimental The

Influence of particle size and fluorination ratio of CF_x precursor compounds on the electrochemical performance of C–FeF₂ nanocomposites for reversible lithium storage

• Ben Breitung,
• M. Anji Reddy,
• Venkata Sai Kiran Chakravadhanula,
• Michael Engel,
• Christian Kübel,
• Annie K. Powell,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 705–713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.80

• halogen in the periodic table of elements, which is a precondition to achieve a high gravimetric energy density in batteries. Iron fluorides are attractive as electrode materials because of their large abundance, low cost and low toxicity. However, because of the electrically insulating nature of metal

A facile synthesis of a carbon-encapsulated Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite and its performance as anode in lithium-ion batteries

• Raju Prakash,
• Katharina Fanselau,
• Shuhua Ren,
• Tapan Kumar Mandal,
• Christian Kübel,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 699–704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.79

• has been found that porous electrode materials can facilitate the diffusion of Li ions to active sites with less resistance and can also withstand the change of volume during the charge/discharge cycling [23]. Thus, the micro- and mesopores of [Fe3O4–C] could act as buffer for the volume change during

Preparation of electrochemically active silicon nanotubes in highly ordered arrays

• Tobias Grünzel,
• Young Joo Lee,
• Karsten Kuepper and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 655–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.73

• waves also observed for other bulk or nanostructured silicon systems. The method established here paves the way for systematic investigations of how the electrochemical properties (capacity, charge/discharge rates, cyclability) of nanoporous silicon negative lithium ion battery electrode materials

• depend on the geometry. Keywords: atomic layer deposition; electrochemistry; lithium ion battery electrode; silica thermal reduction; silicon nanotubes; Introduction A significant research and development effort has been dedicated to the positive electrode materials of lithium ion batteries [1]. In

Ultramicrosensors based on transition metal hexacyanoferrates for scanning electrochemical microscopy

• Maria A. Komkova,
• Angelika Holzinger,
• Andreas Hartmann,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov,
• Christine Kranz,
• Arkady A. Karyakin and
• Oleg G. Voronin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 649–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.72

• molecules as it is produced in the cathode chamber of the hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells causing degradation of the proton-exchange membranes [5]. Investigations of the local distribution of hydrogen peroxide on the surface of living cells and electrode materials as well as the in vivo analysis requires sensors

• voltammogram of a 3-layer-modified microelectrode in supporting electrolyte solution is shown in Figure 2. Table 1 summarizes the comparison of sensitivity and stability of PB–Ni–HCF-sensors using different electrode materials with data for UMEs only modified with PB. The measurements were carried out in a

• stability have been developed. It was shown that the electrodeposition of multiple PB–Ni–HCF bilayers on UME provides a significantly enhanced stability of the electrocatalytic films for different electrode materials. UMEs modified with PB–Ni–HCF films retained more than 95% of the initial catalytic

AFM as an analysis tool for high-capacity sulfur cathodes for Li–S batteries

• Renate Hiesgen,
• Seniz Sörgel,
• Rémi Costa,
• Linus Carlé,
• Ines Galm,
• Natalia Cañas,
• Brigitta Pascucci and
• K. Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 611–624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.68

• the formation of loose particles and also led to a bad contact between carbon black and the sulfur particles. Therefore, the carbon–sulfur network structure was not stable upon cycling and changes of morphology and volume were observed. A proper binder should have a high adhesion between the electrode

• materials and the current collector and should form a good network between the active material and the conductive carbon. In this way, the electron transport as well as the diffusion of the lithium ions is facilitated [33]. X-Ray diffraction Lithium containing components like the cathodes after cycling in a

A facile approach to nanoarchitectured three-dimensional graphene-based Li–Mn–O composite as high-power cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Wenyu Zhang,
• Yi Zeng,
• Chen Xu,
• Ni Xiao,
• Yiben Gao,
• Lain-Jong Li,
• Xiaodong Chen,
• Huey Hoon Hng and
• Qingyu Yan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 513–523, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.59

• at high C rates. Currently, the reported synthesis of graphene-based electrode materials for LIB is mostly based on the method of Hummers [23][24][25][26][29][30][31][32], which requires the presynthesis of graphene oxides (GOs) and post treatments on the GOs to improve the electrical conductivity

• graphene-based electrode materials, especially for LIB cathodes. In this paper, we report a facile approach to synthesize lithium manganate/graphene (LMO/G) hybrids by combining the exfoliation of graphene sheets with the deposition of Mn2O3 nanowalls in a one-step electrochemical process, followed by