Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• demonstrated, using localized helium ion irradiation followed by encapsulation in hBN in order to enhance the optical quality of the defect states [34]. Results from this study are shown in Figure 2g. A recent study of the effect of helium ion-induced disorder on the Raman modes and photoluminscence behavior

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• et al. [19] and a study on the pH-responsive encapsulation of bacteriophages for phage therapy by Vinner et al. [20] are first examples. Since the early days of HIM, attempts have been made to add nanoscale analytics to the HIM. Already in 2007, Notte et al. stated in their article “An Introduction

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• ferrite nanoparticles in comparison to free manganese ferrite nanoparticles, which leads to an enhancement of the metallic properties. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; charge transfer; manganese ferrite; metallic nanoparticles; partial encapsulation; stress; surface; Introduction Since the discovery of

• in the literature are and generally compared to encapsulation processes (i.e., in situ syntheses of nanomaterials in CNT cavities). The latter suffers from a lack of tube-filling capacity along with unknown interactions between the inner parts of the tube and the hosted materials. Despite these

• ]. Although the independent benefits of the functionalization, insertion, and encapsulation of nanomaterials have been identified, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies exploring the combined advantages of having nanomaterials simultaneously located inside and outside (attached to the external

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• (AFM) measurements, different SWCNT dispersions (ethanol/ultrapure water = 1:1) with a concentration of 0.01% were dripped on freshly cleaved mica and observed using an AFM (Dimension Icon, Bruker AXS). Drug loading and encapsulation efficiency An amount of 50 mg of different SWCNT samples were

• ) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were determined as: LE = weight of encapsulated DOX/weight of DOX-loaded carriers and EE (%) = weight of encapsulated DOX/weight of the total DOX·100%. In vitro drug release The release of DOX from the nanocarriers was examined in PBS at pH 7.4 and pH 5.0 [34

• The obtained values of drug loading efficiency (LE) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) listed in Table 2 show that the shortened CNTs after acidification treatment can load DOX more efficiently than the raw SWCNTs. Both LE and EE are increased. Besides, it can be found that there is no significant

High-responsivity hybrid α-Ag₂S/Si photodetector prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

• Raid A. Ismail,
• Hanan A. Rawdhan and
• Duha S. Ahmed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.142

• that the photodetectors have good environmental stability and they do not need any encapsulation. The photodetector prepared with CTAB exhibits better stability than that prepared in the absence of CTAB. This result is probably due to the high surface activity of the nanoparticles prepared with CTAB

• initial responsivity after storage under ambient conditions for three weeks without any encapsulation. On the basis of these results, the proposed technique is promising and encouraging for the fabrication of inexpensive high-responsivity photodetectors. Schematic diagram of PLAL system used for

High permittivity, breakdown strength, and energy storage density of polythiophene-encapsulated BaTiO₃ nanoparticles

• Adnanullah Khan,
• Amir Habib and
• Adeel Afzal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1190–1197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.103

• excellent dielectric properties with high permittivity (25.2) and low loss (0.04) at high frequency (106 Hz). A thick PTh encapsulation layer on the surface of the BTO nanoparticles improves their breakdown strength from 47 to 144 kV/mm and the energy storage density from 0.32 to 2.48 J/cm3. A 7.75-fold

• formation of BTO-rich core–shell-type BTO-PTh hybrid nanoparticles with a BTO/PTh mass ratio of 9:1. We achieved excellent dielectric properties with high permittivity, low dielectric loss, and excellent energy storage density. By PTh encapsulation, it was possible to simultaneously have a high dielectric

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• speculate, that the encapsulation of the silver nanoparticles in polymeric beads facilitates their access to bacterial cells. However, regardless of the detailed mechanism of the antimicrobial action, our data suggest the potential of the nanobeads as an active component in antiseptic materials. Conclusion

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• biopolymers. The selection of a sacrificial template for capsule formation, the driving forces involved, the encapsulation of a variety of cargo and release based on different internal and external stimuli have also been addressed. We describe recent perspectives and obstacles of weak polyelectrolyte

• core. The schematic diagram of layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition on colloidal templates, core dissolution and drug encapsulation into LbL-assembled capsules is shown in Figure 1. The method of fabricating core–shell particles and multilayered hollow capsules via LbL assembly was originally proposed and

• developed by Iller [2] and Decher et al. [3], but it was brought into the limelight by systematic and extensive research by various research groups. The encapsulation of various macromolecules inside the hollow capsules was carried out by adjusting the physiochemical properties of the polymers in order to

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) polyplexes as novel therapeutic gene carriers for lung cancer therapy

• Gayathri Kandasamy,
• Elena N. Danilovtseva,
• Vadim V. Annenkov and
• Uma Maheswari Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 354–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.26

• and the enzyme glucose oxidase for glucose-sensing applications [11]. A hydrogel of xanthan gum and poly(1-vinylimidazole) was recently explored for protein encapsulation and delivery. The system exerted no toxic effects on cells and maintained the functionality of the protein [12]. A pyrrole

Phase inversion-based nanoemulsions of medium chain triglyceride as potential drug delivery system for parenteral applications

• Eike Folker Busmann,
• Dailén García Martínez,
• Henrike Lucas and
• Karsten Mäder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 213–224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.16

• al. [10]. For the encapsulation of the fluorescent dye DiR as a potential label for noninvasive optical in vivo imaging, the solvent ethanol was evaporated from the dye stock solution and the remaining DiR was dissolved in MCT at a concentration of 0.3 mg/g. Kolliphor HS 15, which was molten at 50 °C

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• intravenous polymer nanocarrier are biocompatibility, stealthiness, optimal size (20–200 nm), polymer/drug affinity compatible with good encapsulation and release, and a design compatible with the targeted organ [4] (this includes the possible crossing of biological barriers). The aim of this review is to

• ][128][129][130]. Our aim in this part is to focus on the vector and examine the different methodologies that can be used to optimize the final PDT efficiency. When using noncovalent encapsulation, the essential point is the relative interaction between the PS and its vector, compared to all competitive

• the diblock for PDT [46]. Regarding the ratios between the different comonomers, a thorough study assessed the encapsulation of chlorin-e6 in vectors based on pluronics exhibiting a large range of hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) and showed that an optimal HLB existed for a high PDT efficiency [35

Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: the perovskite layer

• Xianfeng Dai,
• Ke Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 51–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.5

• only 2.2% after 1,512 hours without encapsulation when exposed to ambient conditions with 55% relative humidity (RH). Very recently, Stoumpos et al. [60] reported a novel 2D perovskite that adopted the Dion–Jacobson (DJ) structure, which is considered to be more stable and more efficient than its RP

• . [19] developed a highly efficient and stable 1,3-propanediamine-based DJ phase perovskite with a maximum PCE of 13.3% by using the hot-casting method. Furthermore, the devices without encapsulation can retain more than 95% of their initial PCE upon exposure to ambient air for 4,000 hours, continuous

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• scattered intensity expressed as a function of the scattering vector q = (4πn/λ)·sin(Θ/2) but here it was directly obtained as the slope of the nanoparticle mass vs Rg log–log plot. siRNA loading. Encapsulation efficiency (EE) values (%) were calculated as EE (A – B)/A·100% where A is the amount of siRNA

• particles marginally larger than Chit35, and the width of the particle size distribution – as assessed with DLS as a stand-alone instrument – was also similar (Figure 1, compare dashed and solid lines). Further, both methods allowed for quantitative siRNA entrapment, and the encapsulation did not

• preparation, this allows for an easier implementation of aseptic manufacturing conditions. Moreover, on one hand, the two production processes provided broadly similar nanoparticles with sizes always well below 500 nm, HA on their surface, negligible toxicity, and effective encapsulation and protection of RNA

Advanced hybrid nanomaterials

• Andreas Taubert,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Pierre Rabu and
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2563–2567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.247

• as insulating gates in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Optical properties are the focus in “Ceria/polymer nanocontainers for high-performance encapsulation of fluorophores” [30]. Here, an organic/inorganic system is based on a liquid core containing a fluorophore (terrylene diimide) within

Small protein sequences can induce cellular uptake of complex nanohybrids

• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Malak Safi,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Fadi Aldeek,
• Johannes Ostermann,
• Tatiana Domitrovic,
• Sebastian Gärtner,
• John E. Johnson,
• Horst Weller and
• Hedi Mattoussi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2477–2482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.238

• on the ability of functional fusion proteins presenting a lytic gamma peptide, to promote interactions with HeLa cells and delivery of large hybrid nanostructures. Keywords: bioconjugation; cellular uptake; nanoparticle hybrids; polymer encapsulation; self-assembly; Introduction Developing hybrid

• for this study, due to their compact size, enhanced colloidal stability, and reduced non-specific interactions in biological media [22][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. The central QDs used to build up the hybrid assemblies were prepared via encapsulation within a polymer coating made of an amine

Coating of upconversion nanoparticles with silica nanoshells of 5–250 nm thickness

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Maysoon Saleh,
• Bastian Rühle,
• Ute Resch-Genger and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2410–2421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.231

• quantum yields are typically prepared in organic solvents at high temperatures using hydrophobic capping agents such as oleic acid [16][17]. Life sciences applications of these NPs require to render them water-dispersible using either ligand exchange or encapsulation procedures [2][13][18][19]. This can

Semitransparent Sb₂S₃ thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Lothar Weinhardt,
• Monika Blum,
• Clemens Heske,
• Wanli Yang,
• Ilona Oja Acik and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.230

• area solar cells is probably due to moisture-assisted oxidation of P3HT [65]. Thus, to inhibit loss of PCE over time, encapsulation of the solar cell from moisture and oxygen is advised. Deng et al. studied the effect of storage time on the PCE of ITO/TiO2/as-deposited Sb2S3/P3HT/Au, and ITO/TiO2/Sb2S3

• triangles refer to 88 mm2 cell area. Samples composed of several small cells with P3HT only partially covered by Au were kept without any particular artificial conditions or encapsulation, and between measurements, were exposed to air and cycles of both indoor fluorescent tube irradiation and daylight for

Design of a nanostructured mucoadhesive system containing curcumin for buccal application: from physicochemical to biological aspects

• Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,
• Gustavo Braga,
• Évelin Lemos Oliveira,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva,
• Hélen Cássia Rosseto,
• Lidiane Vizioli de Castro Hoshino,
• Mauro Luciano Baesso,
• Wilker Caetano,
• Craig Murdoch,
• Helen Elizabeth Colley and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2304–2328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.222

• an emission slit of 5–10 nm. The spectra are displayed in Figure 1. The systems showed a higher emission intensity and larger widths at pH 7, due to the thermal energy employed for CUR encapsulation during the rotary evaporation. Moreover, the emission intensity of the formulations was lower at pH 10

Microfluidics as tool to prepare size-tunable PLGA nanoparticles with high curcumin encapsulation for efficient mucus penetration

• Nashrawan Lababidi,
• Valentin Sigal,
• Aljoscha Koenneke,
• Konrad Schwarzkopf,
• Andreas Manz and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2280–2293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.220

• channel geometry. Additionally, fast mixing (as in microfluidics) has shown a variety of advantages over conventional methods (bench-top) regarding the physicochemical and encapsulation properties of the nanoparticles [36]. A LabSmith system (LabSmith, Inc., Livermore, USA) was used for the manufacture of

• permeation of the particles through mucus, small particles are required. To ensure proper treatment, it is necessary to reach the target dose; therefore, a high drug loading into the NP carrier is necessary to compensate for their small size in order to reach the target dose. In this study, the encapsulation

• growth, thus ensuring that only the nuclei (small NPs) would be collected. Overall, the separation of the three stages could be meaningful to understand their respective influence on the colloidal size. We can conclude that on a length scale of >1 cm, the process is already completed. Encapsulation of

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• in the high-frequency range, suggesting a smaller charge transfer resistance than MoS2-S. Since every cathode holds the same amount of sulfur, the distinct charge transfer resistance could be ascribed to the conductivity of the different host materials. Benefiting from the synergistic encapsulation

Incorporation of doxorubicin in different polymer nanoparticles and their anticancer activity

• Sebastian Pieper,
• Hannah Onafuye,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Martin Michaelis and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2062–2072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.201

• . The expression of efflux transporters such as the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCB1 is an important resistance mechanism in therapy-refractory cancer cells. Drug encapsulation into nanoparticles has been shown to bypass efflux-mediated drug resistance, but there are also conflicting results

• carrier systems including PLA-, PLGA-, and PEG-based preparations have been reported to bypass the transporter-mediated efflux of anticancer drugs including doxorubicin [20][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. However, there are also conflicting results from studies in which encapsulation of

• limited efficacy for the encapsulation of hydrophilic drugs [43][44]. All nanoparticles displayed a similar drug release behaviour characterised by an initial burst release (Figure 3), which is in accordance to previous studies and may be caused by processes including the release of drug adsorbed to the

Optimization and performance of nitrogen-doped carbon dots as a color conversion layer for white-LED applications

• Tugrul Guner,
• Hurriyet Yuce,
• Didem Tascioglu,
• Eren Simsek,
• Umut Savaci,
• Aziz Genc,
• Servet Turan and
• Mustafa M. Demir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2004–2013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.197

• –549 nm. These Si-CDots were used as the color conversion and encapsulation layers of a commercially available GaN blue LED chip. The authors report that the luminous efficacy of radiation (LER) of the resulting Si-CDot WLED is 70.93 lm/W, the CIE coordinates are (0.28, 0.35), and the CRI is 69. In