Search results

Search for "hardness" in Full Text gives 92 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology.

Study of the correlation between sensing performance and surface morphology of inkjet-printed aqueous graphene-based chemiresistors for NO2 detection

  • F. Villani,
  • C. Schiattarella,
  • T. Polichetti,
  • R. Di Capua,
  • F. Loffredo,
  • B. Alfano,
  • M. L. Miglietta,
  • E. Massera,
  • L. Verdoliva and
  • G. Di Francia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1023–1031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.103

Graphical Abstract
  • temperature and under ambient conditions. Sensor-device fabrication Different substrates, paper (Epson, premium glossy photo paper), alumina (purity 96%, Rockwell hardness = 82, resistivity > 1014 Ω·cm, roughness = 12–20 microinches) and Si/SiO2 (thermal oxide 300 nm, Silicon Valley), with gold electrodes
PDF
Album
Supp Info
Full Research Paper
Published 09 May 2017

Selective detection of Mg2+ ions via enhanced fluorescence emission using Au–DNA nanocomposites

  • Tanushree Basu,
  • Khyati Rana,
  • Niranjan Das and
  • Bonamali Pal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 762–771, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.79

Graphical Abstract
  • the known concentration (50–120 ppm) of Mg2+ ions in synthetic tap water and a real life sample of Gelusil (300–360 ppm Mg2+), a widely used antacid medicine. Therefore, this method could be a sensitive tool for the estimation of water hardness after careful preparation of a suitably designed Au–DNA
PDF
Album
Supp Info
Full Research Paper
Published 03 Apr 2017

Diffusion and surface alloying of gradient nanostructured metals

  • Zhenbo Wang and
  • Ke Lu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 547–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.59

Graphical Abstract
  • diffusion zone with the thickness of ≈50 μm was observed. Thus, a much higher wear resistance was obtained due to the thicker nitride layer with increased hardness on the GNS sample. Similarly, preformed GNS surface layers have also been used to successfully lower the boronizing temperature of tool steel
  • the same chromizing process. And the wear resistance of the GNS sample after the duplex chromizing was significantly enhanced due to the higher surface hardness, as well as the graded distribution of composition, structure, and hardness. In addition, a duplex aluminizing process including a packed
  • [98][99]. They showed unique performance, for example, ultrahigh hardness accompanied by superior thermal stability. Studying the diffusion kinetics and relative behavior in GNS layers with such novel microstructures is expected to help understand their unique features and provide insights on
PDF
Album
Review
Published 03 Mar 2017

Anodization-based process for the fabrication of all niobium nitride Josephson junction structures

  • Massimiliano Lucci,
  • Ivano Ottaviani,
  • Matteo Cirillo,
  • Fabio De Matteis,
  • Roberto Francini,
  • Vittorio Merlo and
  • Ivan Davoli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 539–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.58

Graphical Abstract
  • range of 300–1000 nm, connected to the vacuum chamber by means of an optical fibre pointing directly into the plasma. The measurements of hardness, reduced modulus and surface roughness have been performed by Nano Test Micro Materials Ltd., using a diamond Berkovich tip. Results and Discussion NbN films
  • , performed at 1 mN as maximum load, we observed continuous and smooth load-vs-depth graphs. The absence of cracks and delaminations during the measurements reveals good adhesion between the film and the substrate. When the composition of the layer changes from NbN to NbxOy hardness and reduced modulus both
PDF
Album
Full Research Paper
Published 02 Mar 2017

A new approach to grain boundary engineering for nanocrystalline materials

  • Shigeaki Kobayashi,
  • Sadahiro Tsurekawa and
  • Tadao Watanabe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1829–1849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.176

Graphical Abstract
  • , hardness, and the control of segregation-induced intergranular brittleness and intergranular fatigue fracture in electrodeposited nickel and nickel alloys with initial submicrometer-grained structure. A new approach to GBE based on fractal analysis of grain boundary connectivity is proposed to produce high
  • properties such as hardness and on control of segregation-induced intergranular brittleness and fatigue fracture. Then we will introduce a new approach to GBE based on fractal analysis of grain boundary microstructure for development of nanocrystalline materials with high performance and desirable mechanical
  • properties. Finally, our most recent work on GBE for the control of electrical resistivity in gold thin films is introduced as an example of a possible challenge toward GBE for high performance functional materials. Effect of grain boundary microstructure on hardness in electrodeposited nanocrystalline
PDF
Album
Review
Published 25 Nov 2016

Viability and proliferation of endothelial cells upon exposure to GaN nanoparticles

  • Tudor Braniste,
  • Ion Tiginyanu,
  • Tibor Horvath,
  • Simion Raevschi,
  • Serghei Cebotari,
  • Marco Lux,
  • Axel Haverich and
  • Andres Hilfiker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1330–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.124

Graphical Abstract
  • semiconductor material, widely used in optoelectronics, in particular in industrial production of UV solid-state lasers and light-emitting diodes. This material has many remarkable characteristics, including piezoelectric properties, high thermal stability, radiation hardness, and excellent chemical inertness
PDF
Album
Supp Info
Full Research Paper
Published 23 Sep 2016

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

  • Rasheed Atif and
  • Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

Graphical Abstract
  • impact strength and hardness were also significantly improved by graphene in epoxy nanocomposites. For example, Ren et al. applied a combination of bath sonication, mechanical mixing, and shear mixing to disperse GO in cyanate ester–epoxy and produced nanocomposites using in situ polymerization [159
  • –epoxy nanocomposites and reported an increase in impact strength up to 11% [162] and Bao et al. reported increase in hardness up to 35% [163]. The critical energy strain rate (G1C) also improved with the incorporation of graphene in epoxy nanocomposites. Meng et al. produced epoxy–graphene
PDF
Album
Full Research Paper
Published 12 Aug 2016

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques III

  • Thilo Glatzel and
  • Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1052–1054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.98

Graphical Abstract
  • indentation in UHV to quantitatively determine the hardness and deformation mechanisms by Arnaud Caron and Roland Bennewitz [22]. Santiago Solares and Enrique A. López-Guerra presented different approaches to model such viscoelastic properties within AFM simulations [23]. Sliding contact properties like
PDF
Editorial
Published 21 Jul 2016

Correlative infrared nanospectroscopic and nanomechanical imaging of block copolymer microdomains

  • Benjamin Pollard and
  • Markus B. Raschke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 605–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.53

Graphical Abstract
  • elasticity and the hardness of the sample [32]. Polymers, including syndiotactic PMMA, tend to pack in a semi-ordered way to minimize the total free energy, though this is highly dependent on tacticity and molecular weight distribution [35]. Crystallinity also creates varying mechanical properties, as
PDF
Album
Full Research Paper
Published 22 Apr 2016

In situ observation of deformation processes in nanocrystalline face-centered cubic metals

  • Aaron Kobler,
  • Christian Brandl,
  • Horst Hahn and
  • Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 572–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.50

Graphical Abstract
  • mapping; quantitative crystallographic analysis; Introduction Nanocrystalline (NC) metals and alloys with grain size below 100 nm exhibit outstanding mechanical properties, in particular, superior hardness, strength and fatigue properties as compared to their coarse grained counterparts [1][2][3][4][5
PDF
Album
Supp Info
Full Research Paper
Published 19 Apr 2016

Determination of Young’s modulus of Sb2S3 nanowires by in situ resonance and bending methods

  • Liga Jasulaneca,
  • Raimonds Meija,
  • Alexander I. Livshits,
  • Juris Prikulis,
  • Subhajit Biswas,
  • Justin D. Holmes and
  • Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 278–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.25

Graphical Abstract
  • mechanical [27][28] and thermal [29] resonance have all been successfully used to determine the mechanical properties. These techniques allow for the measurement of elastic parameters such as hardness and Young’s modulus, as well as for the investigation of the plasticity of individual NWs [30]. Three
PDF
Album
Full Research Paper
Published 19 Feb 2016

Fabrication of hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds by incorporating ligand-free hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into biodegradable polymer scaffolds and release studies

  • Balazs Farkas,
  • Marina Rodio,
  • Ilaria Romano,
  • Alberto Diaspro,
  • Romuald Intartaglia and
  • Szabolcs Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2217–2223, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.227

Graphical Abstract
  • concentration. The MPExSL process yielded PPF thin films with a stable and homogenous dispersion of the embedded HA nanoparticles. Here, it was not possible to tune the stiffness and hardness of the scaffolds by varying the laser parameters, although this was observed for regular PPF scaffolds. Finally, the
PDF
Album
Full Research Paper
Published 25 Nov 2015

Development of a novel nanoindentation technique by utilizing a dual-probe AFM system

  • Eyup Cinar,
  • Ferat Sahin and
  • Dalia Yablon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2015–2027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.205

Graphical Abstract
  • constants below 500 N/m. Depending on the material hardness, the applied load could result in bending of the cantilever. With optical lever method, the displacement is measured by laser deflection, which includes laser deflection caused by both the indentation depth (motion in Z) and the cantilever bending
  • references in the literature. The last section is devoted to the conclusions. Theoretical background on nanoindentation A widely used mechanical model in nanoindentation experiments is the Oliver–Pharr (OP) model [16]. Properties such as elastic modulus or hardness of materials can be extracted from force
PDF
Album
Full Research Paper
Published 12 Oct 2015

Nanotechnology in the real world: Redeveloping the nanomaterial consumer products inventory

  • Marina E. Vance,
  • Todd Kuiken,
  • Eric P. Vejerano,
  • Sean P. McGinnis,
  • Michael F. Hochella Jr.,
  • David Rejeski and
  • Matthew S. Hull

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1769–1780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.181

Graphical Abstract
  • ., antimicrobial protection, hardness and strength, pigment). Potential exposure pathways Using methodology similar to that applied for the “nanomaterial functions” category, we investigated the CPI entries for possible exposure scenarios resulting from the expected normal use of each consumer product. Entries
PDF
Album
Supp Info
Full Research Paper
Published 21 Aug 2015

Lower nanometer-scale size limit for the deformation of a metallic glass by shear transformations revealed by quantitative AFM indentation

  • Arnaud Caron and
  • Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1721–1732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.176

Graphical Abstract
  • Abstract We combine non-contact atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging and AFM indentation in ultra-high vacuum to quantitatively and reproducibly determine the hardness and deformation mechanisms of Pt(111) and a Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni5.3P22.5 metallic glass with unprecedented spatial resolution. Our results on
  • ; metallic glasses; metals; plasticity; shear transformation; Introduction Hardness testing has been widely applied by materials scientists and mechanical engineers to assess the mechanical properties of materials and to predict their behavior during machining processes or under tribological loading for the
  • last 150 years. Most generally hardness testing describes the resistance of a material surface to the penetration of a harder indenter and thus relates in the case of metals to the resistance to plastic flow. Different types of indenter geometries have been employed, such as spherical, conical, and
PDF
Album
Full Research Paper
Published 13 Aug 2015

Thermal energy storage – overview and specific insight into nitrate salts for sensible and latent heat storage

  • Nicole Pfleger,
  • Thomas Bauer,
  • Claudia Martin,
  • Markus Eck and
  • Antje Wörner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1487–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.154

Graphical Abstract
  • future as well as the toxicity and environmental compatibility. Grirate [28] did investigate granite, basalt, quartzite, marble and hornfels from Morocco. The natural stones were analysed in terms of form, colour, grain size, hardness as well as the presence of carbonate elements. Additionally, physical
  • the high compressive strength and hardness. Similar investigations of natural stones have been performed by Martin [29]. Basalt, diabas and quartzite were chosen as potential filler materials due to their high density and compressive strength. Initially, the thermal stability up to 900 °C in air and
PDF
Album
Review
Published 09 Jul 2015

Electroburning of few-layer graphene flakes, epitaxial graphene, and turbostratic graphene discs in air and under vacuum

  • Andrea Candini,
  • Nils Richter,
  • Domenica Convertino,
  • Camilla Coletti,
  • Franck Balestro,
  • Wolfgang Wernsdorfer,
  • Mathias Kläui and
  • Marco Affronte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 711–719, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.72

Graphical Abstract
  • are deposited on the same substrate as the exfoliated graphene. Here, we found that the EB process leads to a breaking of the graphene devices only after the patterning of a constriction. This hardness with respect to exfoliated graphene suggests that the different morphology of the edges also plays a
PDF
Album
Supp Info
Full Research Paper
Published 11 Mar 2015

Mandibular gnathobases of marine planktonic copepods – feeding tools with complex micro- and nanoscale composite architectures

  • Jan Michels and
  • Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 674–685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.68

Graphical Abstract
  • it would be rather difficult to get reliable results. For insect mandibles, many of which are known to contain relatively high concentrations of zinc and manganese [40][41], it has been shown that the metal incorporations increase the hardness of the mandible material [42][43]. Copepod gnathobases
  • silica very likely increases the hardness and stiffness of the gnathobase teeth and therefore has a similar effect as zinc and manganese have in insect mandibles. Mandibular gnathobases, diatom frustules and the evolutionary arms race In addition to the presence of mechanically stable silica-containing
PDF
Album
Video
Review
Published 06 Mar 2015

Influence of grain size and composition, topology and excess free volume on the deformation behavior of Cu–Zr nanoglasses

  • Daniel Şopu and
  • Karsten Albe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 537–545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.56

Graphical Abstract
  • hardness and a low elastic modulus as compared to their bulk counterparts [8]. In light of these interesting results, further studies on the mechanical properties of this new type of material seem to be mandatory. Critical questions are, if and how mechanical properties of NGs change by varying the grain
PDF
Album
Full Research Paper
Published 24 Feb 2015

Multifunctional layered magnetic composites

  • Maria Siglreitmeier,
  • Baohu Wu,
  • Tina Kollmann,
  • Martin Neubauer,
  • Gergely Nagy,
  • Dietmar Schwahn,
  • Vitaliy Pipich,
  • Damien Faivre,
  • Dirk Zahn,
  • Andreas Fery and
  • Helmut Cölfen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 134–148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.13

Graphical Abstract
  • hardness and fracture resistance to the material. An intriguing and much investigated material is nacre which is the inner protecting layer of some marine sea shells. It is well-known for its beautiful iridescence but also for the outstanding mechanical properties. Nacre has a layered structure of
  • nacre scaffold [3]. Inside this organic gelatin matrix we synthesize magnetite nanoparticles to form a highly mineralized organic–inorganic hybrid body. The resulting material should mimic the fracture resistance of nacre and the hardness and abrasion resistance of the chiton teeth. Results and
PDF
Album
Supp Info
Full Research Paper
Published 12 Jan 2015

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

  • Saban Kalay,
  • Zehra Yilmaz,
  • Ozlem Sen,
  • Melis Emanet,
  • Emine Kazanc and
  • Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

Graphical Abstract
  • compared to HA alone, an increase in elasticity of up to 120%, a 129% increase in hardness, and an 86% increase in fracture toughness were possible. The BNNT–HA composite also showed a 75% increase in the wear resistance. It was noted that the addition of BNNTs to HA did not have any adverse effect on
PDF
Album
Review
Published 08 Jan 2015

Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering

  • Antonina M. Monaco and
  • Michele Giugliano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1849–1863, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196

Graphical Abstract
  • stimulation and functional scaffolds for tissue engineering). Nanodiamonds (NDs): As a result of the complete sp3 hybridisation of its carbon atoms and its characteristic tetrahedral configuration, diamond shows interesting and peculiar properties such as an extreme hardness, low friction coefficient, high
PDF
Album
Correction
Review
Published 23 Oct 2014

Mechanical properties of sol–gel derived SiO2 nanotubes

  • Boris Polyakov,
  • Mikk Antsov,
  • Sergei Vlassov,
  • Leonid M Dorogin,
  • Mikk Vahtrus,
  • Roberts Zabels,
  • Sven Lange and
  • Rünno Lõhmus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1808–1814, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.191

Graphical Abstract
  • -known, that mechanical properties of silica gels strongly depends on post-treatment procedures (aging time and annealing temperature). With an increase of annealing temperature, the density of macroscopic samples of silica gel is increasing as are its hardness and Young’s modulus, approaching values of
PDF
Album
Supp Info
Full Research Paper
Published 20 Oct 2014

Surface topography and contact mechanics of dry and wet human skin

  • Alexander E. Kovalev,
  • Kirstin Dening,
  • Bo N. J. Persson and
  • Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1341–1348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.147

Graphical Abstract
  • stress (or penetration hardness) of human skin was taken as σY = 50 MPa [10], which is similar to the yield stress of most polymers, which are of the order of 100 MPa. We note that the yield stress of the skin is about 5% of its Young’s modulus, which is typical for many materials, e.g., for dry
  • thick top layer (stratum corneum) has a Young’s modulus of E0 = 7 MPa, in the wet state and of E0 = 1 GPa, in the dry state with a Poisson ratio of ν0 = 0.5. A penetration hardness of 50 MPa was assumed for dry skin. The friction coefficient of skin for a glass ball (R = 0.8 cm) at a sliding velocity of
PDF
Album
Full Research Paper
Published 22 Aug 2014

Template-directed synthesis and characterization of microstructured ceramic Ce/ZrO2@SiO2 composite tubes

  • Jörg J. Schneider and
  • Meike Naumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1152–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.126

Graphical Abstract
  • the mixed ceria/zirconia solid solution of the composition Ce0.13/Zr0.87O2 which is connecting the SiO2 particles as a ceramic binder. Based on these findings future studies may investigate the effect of this phase on the hardness, viz. the mechanical properties. Results and Discussion Synthesis of
PDF
Album
Full Research Paper
Published 25 Jul 2014
Other Beilstein-Institut Open Science Activities