Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• 84.77% to 87.23%. The schematic representation of the as-synthesized material structure is shown in Figure 5. The porosity of polymeric carbon nitride and PCN doped with chlorine was tested by the N2 adsorption–desorption experiment. The typical IV isotherms with H3 hysteresis loops are observed in the

• samples, which is typical of mesoporous materials (Figure 6). The hysteresis loops, pore–size distribution curves, and average pore diameter for both samples are similar. The proportion of micropores is small and the samples contain mainly mesopores. The sample modified by chlorine presents a slightly

A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator made of silver-coated glass microspheres for human motion energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications

• Hui Li,
• Yaju Zhang,
• Yonghui Wu,
• Hui Zhao,
• Weichao Wang,
• Xu He and
• Haiwu Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 402–412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.32

• increases linearly. When the S-TENG is further stretched, the slope of the curve falls again because the relative variation of the SCGM layer decreases. After releasing the strain, the resistance is recovered at 0.11 Ω/cm2 resulting from a hysteresis in the rearrangement of the SCGMs. Although the curves

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• domain pattern or in the hysteresis of the sample. Similar ion dose ranges are reported elsewhere for Co/Pt multilayer systems on SiO2 substrates [41]. Figure 5 shows images of the domain configuration in the multilayer irradiated with an ion dose of 30 ions/nm2. The gray-scale images encode purely

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• applied during work function measurements to separate the sample and analyzer spectral cutoffs. Hysteresis loops at 300, 77, and 4 K and zero-field cooling curves were recorded using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Mössbauer spectra were obtained for the powdered samples at 300 and

• particles, in addition to the sextets, is detected (Figure 1f). Hysteresis loops at 77 and 4 K display an increase in magnetization, compared to the hysteresis loop at 300 K, as a result of the decrease in thermal energy as the temperature decreases [20]. As the temperature decreases, the coercivity

• ]. MnFe2O4/MWCNTs display ferrimagnetic behavior with very small hysteresis at room temperature (Figure 9). Hysteresis and magnetization increase with a decrease in temperature from 300 to 77 K and then to 4 K. The increase in magnetization with a decrease in temperature is a result of the decrease in

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• type IV, demonstrating the presence of a mesoporous structure associated with capillary condensation [45][46]. The mSiO2 spheres exhibited a type-H2 hysteresis loop confined at 0.35 < P/P0 < 0.6, indicating the presence of randomly interconnected pore systems [47]. In contrast, the mSiO2@NiPS core

• –shell nanostructures showed a type-H1 hysteresis loop, implying the existence of agglomerates with cylindrical pores [45][48]. Similar to the mSiO2@NiPS composite, the mSiO2@NiPS/TiO2 exhibited a type-IV isotherm with a type-H1 hysteresis loop, illustrating the presence of mesopores with randomly

Selective detection of complex gas mixtures using point contacts: concept, method and tools

• Alexander P. Pospelov,
• Victor I. Belan,
• Dmytro O. Harbuz,
• Volodymyr L. Vakula,
• Lyudmila V. Kamarchuk,
• Yuliya V. Volkova and
• Gennadii V. Kamarchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1631–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.146

• –desorption processes on the active surface of the sensor are eventually reversible and are characterized by a significant hysteresis. This complex nature of the response unfolds broad prospects for identifying the specific metabolism of each patient. Therefore, using the sensor in medical diagnostics is an

Detecting stable adsorbates of (1S)-camphor on Cu(111) with Bayesian optimization

• Jari Järvi,
• Patrick Rinke and
• Milica Todorović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1577–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.140

• been applied in detecting molecular conformers [25] and adsorbate structures [26][27], in identifying stable molecular compounds [28], and in discovering materials with low thermal hysteresis [29] or thermal conductivity [30]. Typically, previous studies have employed customized material-specific

On the frequency dependence of viscoelastic material characterization with intermittent-contact dynamic atomic force microscopy: avoiding mischaracterization across large frequency ranges

• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1409–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.125

• considering situations where permanent and abrupt structural changes take place, such as those observed in plastic processes. Elastic materials are those for which the force–distance curve does not exhibit hysteresis, such that the work done by the probe on the material during the approach portion of the

• curve is recovered by the probe upon retraction, with the probe–sample forces being independent of the rate of deformation (in the ideal case) [15][16]. In contrast, during the characterization of viscoelastic materials, hysteresis is observed in the force–distance curve, as the material yields and does

• approximately doubles between 70 and 350 kHz, while a calculation with Equation 4 shows that its loss modulus increases by a factor of approximately 4.7 in the same frequency range. Additionally, material 1 now exhibits an obvious hysteresis loop, whereby the surface relaxes approximately 0.8 nm, leading to tip

Analysis of catalyst surface wetting: the early stage of epitaxial germanium nanowire growth

• Owen C. Ernst,
• Felix Lange,
• David Uebel,
• Thomas Teubner and
• Torsten Boeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1371–1380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.121

• surface has to be determined: However, this equation is only valid for equilibrium states on ideal surfaces. Defects on the substrate can lead to hysteresis effects that change the contact wetting angle [38]. Other surface effects, such as coarsening, ageing, or ripening can additionally lead to

• hysteresis effects, making the interpretation of the results even more complicated [39]. ii. The vW model: As mentioned before, the surface energy values are also connected with the polarizability of the system (i.e., with the Hamaker constants). In order to approximate the interfacial energy, it can be

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• their corresponding pore-size distribution (PSD) curves were obtained by using Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) analysis, as illustrated in Figure 4. The adsorption isotherms of DCGCNFs, OCGCNFs, and OPCGCNFs in Figure 4a showed a typical type IV behavior. There was a visible hysteresis loop between the

• adsorption and desorption nitrogen branches. In addition, the hysteresis loops in the P/P0 0.5–1.0 range demonstrated that the material had a significant mesoporous structure [38]. These porous structures are able to provide lower resistance channels and shorter transfer paths for ions in the electrolyte

• . This is due to the fact that large mesoporous holes are more suitable for rapid ion diffusion at a high-load current density. This way, the specific surface area generated by these pores is effectively utilized [39]. At relatively high pressure values (P/P0 > 0.5), there was an evident hysteresis loop

An atomic force microscope integrated with a helium ion microscope for correlative nanoscale characterization

• Santiago H. Andany,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Stefan Hummel,
• Charlène Brillard,
• Mustafa Kangül and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1272–1279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.111

• significant oscillations were seen. AFM images were processed in the software Gwyddion [54]. Pixels were squared to account for X–Y pixel size mismatch when necessary, the background was flattened and a conservative de-noising filter was applied. Finally, hysteresis correction was performed in MATLAB using

Proximity effect in [Nb(1.5 nm)/Fe(x)]₁₀/Nb(50 nm) superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures

• Yury Khaydukov,
• Sabine Pütter,
• Laura Guasco,
• Roman Morari,
• Gideok Kim,
• Thomas Keller,
• Anatolie Sidorenko and
• Bernhard Keimer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1254–1263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.109

• pattern with coexisting Nb(100) and Nb(110) phases (Figure 3b). Magnetic properties SQUID measurements Figure 4a shows hysteresis loops measured on sample s3 at T = 300 K and T = 13 K. At room temperature the sample saturates to a magnetic moment msat = 12 μemu above a saturation field of only Hsat = 50

• and (b) sample s6. Dashed tilted lines show the direction of specular reflection. The color bars show the logarithmic intensity scale. SQUID data of the s3 sample. (a) Hysteresis loop measured at T = 300 K (red) and T = 13 K (black). (b) Temperature dependence of the magnetic moment measured at H

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• carbon depends on the type of carbon. Both lithium and sodium are suggested to have two consecutive but very different charging mechanisms [17][19]. Characteristic charge–discharge curves of both SIBs and LIBs feature two regions, first, a sloping region having a hysteresis between charge and discharge

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• SPIONs smaller than 10 nm, by Néel and Brownian relaxation for SPIONs between 10 and 13 nm (mechanisms in superparamagnetic nanoparticles), and by hysteresis loss for larger SPIONs (mechanism of ferromagnetic nanoparticles) [139]. Hyperthermia potential and efficacy of SPIONs depend on their structure

Plant growth regulation by seed coating with films of alginate and auxin-intercalated layered double hydroxides

• Vander A. de Castro,
• Valber G. O. Duarte,
• Danúbia A. C. Nobre,
• Geraldo H. Silva,
• Vera R. L. Constantino,
• Frederico G. Pinto,
• Willian R. Macedo and
• Jairo Tronto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1082–1091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.93

• 25.5 nm, respectively. The material shows a type-II isotherm, i.e., the graph is convex in relation to the relative pressure axis with no inflection point. Also, the material exhibits type-H1 hysteresis, a characteristic of porous materials with agglomerates, i.e., the particles are tightly aggregated

Wet-spinning of magneto-responsive helical chitosan microfibers

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johanna Michel,
• Naiana Suter,
• Matheus Grande de Aguiar and
• Michael Maas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 991–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.83

• [39]. Since the magnetic particles used in this work were approximately 100 nm in diameter, the wet-spun chitosan fibers obtained were clearly ferromagnetic rather than superparamagnetic [40]. This observation was confirmed by the magnetic hysteresis curves which showed a maximum remanent

• ). Vibrating sample magnetometer analysis An EZ9 vibrating sample magnetometer (Microsense, Rottweil, Germany) was used to analyze the magnetization of chitosan fibers with varying IOP concentration. Prior to magnetometer analysis, the fibers were dried under ambient conditions for 24 h. Hysteresis curves were

• obtained at a magnetic field strength of 40 × 103 Gs using 72 points per loop with a scan speed of 10 s per point. The range covered during the hysteresis scan was between +22 × 103 Oe and −22 × 103 Oe. During the scans, the magnetic field was measured with a FCM-10 control module and the magnetization

Microwave photon detection by an Al Josephson junction

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton A. Yablokov,
• Igor V. Rakut,
• Victor O. Zbrozhek and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 960–965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.80

• Following the line proposed in [4], an aluminium Al/AlOx/Al tunnel junction 0.4 × 2 µm2 was fabricated using a self-aligned shadow evaporation technique. Its current–voltage characteristic shown in the inset of Figure 1 (see below) has a well-defined hysteresis. The double voltage gap of the junction is

A Josephson junction based on a highly disordered superconductor/low-resistivity normal metal bilayer

• Pavel M. Marychev and
• Denis Yu. Vodolazov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 858–865, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.71

• are characterized by small critical current densities (significantly smaller than the depairing current density of superconducting electrodes) and a hysteretic IVC (the latter is related with the large capacitance of the insulator layer), which restricts their applicability. Elimination of hysteresis

• temperature Tc the hysteresis is absent because of the low Ic and, therefore, small dissipation, but this leads to a small voltage Vc. Therefore, eliminating the thermal hysteresis without sacrificing the voltage Vc is important, albeit a nontrivial problem. One solution is a normal metal shunt either on top

• and Ic increases too. Finally, Figure 4d illustrates that a decrease of the ratio ρS/ρN to a third of the initial value hardly changes the current–phase relation. Both the critical current and the shape of the CPR vary only little. Effect of Joule heating in SN-S-SN junctions The absence of hysteresis

Light–matter interactions in two-dimensional layered WSe₂ for gauging evolution of phonon dynamics

• Avra S. Bandyopadhyay,
• Chandan Biswas and
• Anupama B. Kaul

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 782–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.63

• ramped down to 298 K. This indicates irreversible changes that may have transpired in the WSe2 as a result of the thermal cycle. In contrast, in the cooling down cycle from 298 to 79 K, and the subsequent warming back up cycle to 298 K, the Raman data was analyzed for any hysteresis effects. This data is

• shown in Section 5 of the Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5a and S5b for the and A1g modes in 1L WSe2, respectively in Section 5 of Supporting Information File 1. The largest difference in the Raman shift arising from hysteresis was found to be ≈0.21 cm−1 (T = 173 K) and 0.15 cm−1 (T = 248 K

• ) for and A1g modes, respectively, suggesting that hysteresis is negligible for measurements at 298 K and below. Temperature-dependent Raman shifts in WSe2 Figure 3a shows the temperature-dependent Raman spectra for 1L WSe2 for the and A1g modes. The observed changes in phonon frequencies with T in 1L

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, whereas CTF-1-600 showed a mixture of type-I and type-IV isotherms (H2-type hysteresis) with a BET surface area of 1796 m2/g (Figure S2, Supporting Information File 1). The total pore volume (at p/p0 = 0.95) increased from 0.45 cm3/g for CTF-1-400 to 1.06 cm3/g

Observation of unexpected uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in La_2/3Sr_1/3MnO₃ films by a BaTiO₃ overlayer in an artificial multiferroic bilayer

• John E. Ordóñez,
• Lorena Marín,
• Luis A. Rodríguez,
• Pedro A. Algarabel,
• José A. Pardo,
• Roger Guzmán,
• Luis Morellón,
• César Magén,
• Etienne Snoeck,
• María E. Gómez and
• Manuel R. Ibarra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 651–661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.51

• (central plots), and LAO (plots at the bottom) substrates. Hysteresis loops were measured by applying the magnetic field in the plane of the film along the three high-symmetry axes: [100] (black squares), [110] (blue circle), and [010] (red triangles) directions. We observe that the magnetization loop

• shape depends on both substrate and the applied field direction. For the LSMO film grown on STO, there is almost no difference among the three narrow hysteresis loops (Figure 3a). For the LSMO film grown on LSAT, a narrow and nearly square-shaped loop is observed along the [110] direction (blue circles

• layers, a maximum value of Mr is found in the hysteresis loops taken along the [110] direction (blue circles), revealing that such direction constitutes either a magnetization easy axis, for a given in-plane anisotropy, or a magnetization intermediate axis for an out-of-plane anisotropy. For BTO/LSMO

High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO₄ nanorods@Co₃O₄ on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel

• Meixia Wang,
• Jing Zhang,
• Xibin Yi,
• Benxue Liu,
• Xinfu Zhao and
• Xiaochan Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 240–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.18

• typical type-IV curves with distinct H3-type hysteresis loops suggesting the existence of mesopores. The calculated Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface areas (SBET), total pore volumes and average diameters are listed in Table 1. From Figure 5c, it can be clearly seen that the NiMoO4@Co3O4/CA

Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: the perovskite layer

• Xianfeng Dai,
• Ke Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 51–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.5

• reached 20.08% under standard AM1.5G illumination, while the hysteresis of the devices was reduced and the reproducibility of the properties was enhanced. Finally, this report reinforces recent expectations for further improvements of the stability and the efficiency of 2D/3D PSCs. However, the 2D/3D

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• counterparts regarding porosity and surface areas. With the onset of graphitization, however, the g-NCS-850 and g-NCS-1000 samples develop a distinct mesoporosity (type-IV isotherms and a H2 hysteresis loop, Figure 7), concomitant with a loss of microporosity of about 66%. The formation of mesopores can be

Self-assembly of a terbium(III) 1D coordination polymer on mica

• Quentin Evrard,
• Giuseppe Cucinotta,
• Felix Houard,
• Guillaume Calvez,
• Yan Suffren,
• Carole Daiguebonne,
• Olivier Guillou,
• Andrea Caneschi,
• Matteo Mannini and
• Kevin Bernot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2440–2448, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.234

• embedded in a suitable electrostatic environment. Indeed, mononuclear single-molecule magnets (SMMs), which are objects showing magnetic hysteresis at the molecular level comprising only one metallic ion (instead of a collective assembly of ions), have been initially observed for a Tb-based molecule [13