An atomic force microscope integrated with a helium ion microscope for correlative nanoscale characterization

• Santiago H. Andany,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Stefan Hummel,
• Charlène Brillard,
• Mustafa Kangül and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1272–1279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.111

• significant oscillations were seen. AFM images were processed in the software Gwyddion [54]. Pixels were squared to account for X–Y pixel size mismatch when necessary, the background was flattened and a conservative de-noising filter was applied. Finally, hysteresis correction was performed in MATLAB using

Proximity effect in [Nb(1.5 nm)/Fe(x)]₁₀/Nb(50 nm) superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures

• Yury Khaydukov,
• Sabine Pütter,
• Laura Guasco,
• Roman Morari,
• Gideok Kim,
• Thomas Keller,
• Anatolie Sidorenko and
• Bernhard Keimer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1254–1263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.109

• pattern with coexisting Nb(100) and Nb(110) phases (Figure 3b). Magnetic properties SQUID measurements Figure 4a shows hysteresis loops measured on sample s3 at T = 300 K and T = 13 K. At room temperature the sample saturates to a magnetic moment msat = 12 μemu above a saturation field of only Hsat = 50

• and (b) sample s6. Dashed tilted lines show the direction of specular reflection. The color bars show the logarithmic intensity scale. SQUID data of the s3 sample. (a) Hysteresis loop measured at T = 300 K (red) and T = 13 K (black). (b) Temperature dependence of the magnetic moment measured at H

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• carbon depends on the type of carbon. Both lithium and sodium are suggested to have two consecutive but very different charging mechanisms [17][19]. Characteristic charge–discharge curves of both SIBs and LIBs feature two regions, first, a sloping region having a hysteresis between charge and discharge

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• SPIONs smaller than 10 nm, by Néel and Brownian relaxation for SPIONs between 10 and 13 nm (mechanisms in superparamagnetic nanoparticles), and by hysteresis loss for larger SPIONs (mechanism of ferromagnetic nanoparticles) [139]. Hyperthermia potential and efficacy of SPIONs depend on their structure

Plant growth regulation by seed coating with films of alginate and auxin-intercalated layered double hydroxides

• Vander A. de Castro,
• Valber G. O. Duarte,
• Danúbia A. C. Nobre,
• Geraldo H. Silva,
• Vera R. L. Constantino,
• Frederico G. Pinto,
• Willian R. Macedo and
• Jairo Tronto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1082–1091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.93

• 25.5 nm, respectively. The material shows a type-II isotherm, i.e., the graph is convex in relation to the relative pressure axis with no inflection point. Also, the material exhibits type-H1 hysteresis, a characteristic of porous materials with agglomerates, i.e., the particles are tightly aggregated

Wet-spinning of magneto-responsive helical chitosan microfibers

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johanna Michel,
• Naiana Suter,
• Matheus Grande de Aguiar and
• Michael Maas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 991–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.83

• [39]. Since the magnetic particles used in this work were approximately 100 nm in diameter, the wet-spun chitosan fibers obtained were clearly ferromagnetic rather than superparamagnetic [40]. This observation was confirmed by the magnetic hysteresis curves which showed a maximum remanent

• ). Vibrating sample magnetometer analysis An EZ9 vibrating sample magnetometer (Microsense, Rottweil, Germany) was used to analyze the magnetization of chitosan fibers with varying IOP concentration. Prior to magnetometer analysis, the fibers were dried under ambient conditions for 24 h. Hysteresis curves were

• obtained at a magnetic field strength of 40 × 103 Gs using 72 points per loop with a scan speed of 10 s per point. The range covered during the hysteresis scan was between +22 × 103 Oe and −22 × 103 Oe. During the scans, the magnetic field was measured with a FCM-10 control module and the magnetization

Microwave photon detection by an Al Josephson junction

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton A. Yablokov,
• Igor V. Rakut,
• Victor O. Zbrozhek and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 960–965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.80

• Following the line proposed in [4], an aluminium Al/AlOx/Al tunnel junction 0.4 × 2 µm2 was fabricated using a self-aligned shadow evaporation technique. Its current–voltage characteristic shown in the inset of Figure 1 (see below) has a well-defined hysteresis. The double voltage gap of the junction is

A Josephson junction based on a highly disordered superconductor/low-resistivity normal metal bilayer

• Pavel M. Marychev and
• Denis Yu. Vodolazov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 858–865, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.71

• are characterized by small critical current densities (significantly smaller than the depairing current density of superconducting electrodes) and a hysteretic IVC (the latter is related with the large capacitance of the insulator layer), which restricts their applicability. Elimination of hysteresis

• temperature Tc the hysteresis is absent because of the low Ic and, therefore, small dissipation, but this leads to a small voltage Vc. Therefore, eliminating the thermal hysteresis without sacrificing the voltage Vc is important, albeit a nontrivial problem. One solution is a normal metal shunt either on top

• and Ic increases too. Finally, Figure 4d illustrates that a decrease of the ratio ρS/ρN to a third of the initial value hardly changes the current–phase relation. Both the critical current and the shape of the CPR vary only little. Effect of Joule heating in SN-S-SN junctions The absence of hysteresis

Light–matter interactions in two-dimensional layered WSe₂ for gauging evolution of phonon dynamics

• Avra S. Bandyopadhyay,
• Chandan Biswas and
• Anupama B. Kaul

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 782–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.63

• ramped down to 298 K. This indicates irreversible changes that may have transpired in the WSe2 as a result of the thermal cycle. In contrast, in the cooling down cycle from 298 to 79 K, and the subsequent warming back up cycle to 298 K, the Raman data was analyzed for any hysteresis effects. This data is

• shown in Section 5 of the Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5a and S5b for the and A1g modes in 1L WSe2, respectively in Section 5 of Supporting Information File 1. The largest difference in the Raman shift arising from hysteresis was found to be ≈0.21 cm−1 (T = 173 K) and 0.15 cm−1 (T = 248 K

• ) for and A1g modes, respectively, suggesting that hysteresis is negligible for measurements at 298 K and below. Temperature-dependent Raman shifts in WSe2 Figure 3a shows the temperature-dependent Raman spectra for 1L WSe2 for the and A1g modes. The observed changes in phonon frequencies with T in 1L

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, whereas CTF-1-600 showed a mixture of type-I and type-IV isotherms (H2-type hysteresis) with a BET surface area of 1796 m2/g (Figure S2, Supporting Information File 1). The total pore volume (at p/p0 = 0.95) increased from 0.45 cm3/g for CTF-1-400 to 1.06 cm3/g

Observation of unexpected uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in La_2/3Sr_1/3MnO₃ films by a BaTiO₃ overlayer in an artificial multiferroic bilayer

• John E. Ordóñez,
• Lorena Marín,
• Luis A. Rodríguez,
• Pedro A. Algarabel,
• José A. Pardo,
• Roger Guzmán,
• Luis Morellón,
• César Magén,
• Etienne Snoeck,
• María E. Gómez and
• Manuel R. Ibarra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 651–661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.51

• (central plots), and LAO (plots at the bottom) substrates. Hysteresis loops were measured by applying the magnetic field in the plane of the film along the three high-symmetry axes: [100] (black squares), [110] (blue circle), and [010] (red triangles) directions. We observe that the magnetization loop

• shape depends on both substrate and the applied field direction. For the LSMO film grown on STO, there is almost no difference among the three narrow hysteresis loops (Figure 3a). For the LSMO film grown on LSAT, a narrow and nearly square-shaped loop is observed along the [110] direction (blue circles

• layers, a maximum value of Mr is found in the hysteresis loops taken along the [110] direction (blue circles), revealing that such direction constitutes either a magnetization easy axis, for a given in-plane anisotropy, or a magnetization intermediate axis for an out-of-plane anisotropy. For BTO/LSMO

High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO₄ nanorods@Co₃O₄ on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel

• Meixia Wang,
• Jing Zhang,
• Xibin Yi,
• Benxue Liu,
• Xinfu Zhao and
• Xiaochan Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 240–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.18

• typical type-IV curves with distinct H3-type hysteresis loops suggesting the existence of mesopores. The calculated Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface areas (SBET), total pore volumes and average diameters are listed in Table 1. From Figure 5c, it can be clearly seen that the NiMoO4@Co3O4/CA

Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: the perovskite layer

• Xianfeng Dai,
• Ke Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 51–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.5

• reached 20.08% under standard AM1.5G illumination, while the hysteresis of the devices was reduced and the reproducibility of the properties was enhanced. Finally, this report reinforces recent expectations for further improvements of the stability and the efficiency of 2D/3D PSCs. However, the 2D/3D

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• counterparts regarding porosity and surface areas. With the onset of graphitization, however, the g-NCS-850 and g-NCS-1000 samples develop a distinct mesoporosity (type-IV isotherms and a H2 hysteresis loop, Figure 7), concomitant with a loss of microporosity of about 66%. The formation of mesopores can be

Self-assembly of a terbium(III) 1D coordination polymer on mica

• Quentin Evrard,
• Giuseppe Cucinotta,
• Felix Houard,
• Guillaume Calvez,
• Yan Suffren,
• Carole Daiguebonne,
• Olivier Guillou,
• Andrea Caneschi,
• Matteo Mannini and
• Kevin Bernot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2440–2448, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.234

• embedded in a suitable electrostatic environment. Indeed, mononuclear single-molecule magnets (SMMs), which are objects showing magnetic hysteresis at the molecular level comprising only one metallic ion (instead of a collective assembly of ions), have been initially observed for a Tb-based molecule [13

Design of a nanostructured mucoadhesive system containing curcumin for buccal application: from physicochemical to biological aspects

• Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,
• Gustavo Braga,
• Évelin Lemos Oliveira,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva,
• Hélen Cássia Rosseto,
• Lidiane Vizioli de Castro Hoshino,
• Mauro Luciano Baesso,
• Wilker Caetano,
• Craig Murdoch,
• Helen Elizabeth Colley and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2304–2328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.222

• thermoresponsive properties of the preparations. Low hysteresis areas and different yield values could be observed in a prominent way at 37 °C, in comparison to systems investigated at 25 °C. Consequently, these systems showed shear thinning behavior flow, which is considered to be a desirable characteristic for

• significantly decreased the n values (p < 0.05), whereas the presence of CUR had no significant influence on the n values (p = 0.138912). The yield value and hysteresis area results are shown in Table 2. The yield value demonstrates the ability of the formulations to withstand a significant shear stress without

• structuring can be explained by the transition from liquid to gel. However, the increase of CUR led to a significant decrease in the yield value, probably due to the higher exposure of the hydrophilic portion to water [62][63]. The hysteresis area of the formulations was investigated by RheoWin 4.10.0000

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• are almost completely removed during the hydrothermal synthesis and annealing process [41]. Full nitrogen sorption isotherms of the composites were measured to obtain the specific surface area and the pore size distribution. A type-IV isotherm with a type-H3 hysteresis loop in the relative pressure

Targeted therapeutic effect against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with a CuFe₂O₄/silica/cisplatin nanocomposite formulation

• B. Rabindran Jermy,
• Vijaya Ravinayagam,
• Widyan A. Alamoudi,
• Dana Almohazey,
• Hatim Dafalla,
• Lina Hussain Allehaibi,
• Abdulhadi Baykal,
• Muhammet S. Toprak and
• Thirunavukkarasu Somanathan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2217–2228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.214

• adsorption technique (Figure 2). HYPS particles show a type IV isotherm corresponding to the presence of mesopores. The silica hysteresis loop tends to be present at a higher relative pressure of P/P0 > 0.8. The HYPS texture exhibited a surface area of 170 m2/g, pore volume of 0.35 cm3/g with an intermediate

• presence of small-sized nanoclusters at the walls of hexagonal-shaped MCM-41 tends to form superparamagnetic interactions among Fe3+ species, while large nanoclusters contribute to ferromagnetic properties [17]. In our study, paramagnetic behavior with narrow hysteresis demonstrates the formation of small

The influence of porosity on nanoparticle formation in hierarchical aluminophosphates

• Matthew E. Potter,
• Lauren N. Riley,
• Alice E. Oakley,
• Panashe M. Mhembere,
• June Callison and
• Robert Raja

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1952–1957, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.191

• -SAPO-5 in the region of 20–350 Å, but HP-SAPO-5 shows a discerning hysteresis, indicating mesopores which are 60 Å in size (Figure S3, Supporting Information File 1). This is also highlighted as both systems possess similar micropore pore volumes, though HP-SAPO-5 has a much larger mesopore pore volume

Oblique angle deposition of nickel thin films by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering

• Hamidreza Hajihoseini,
• Movaffaq Kateb,
• Snorri Þorgeir Ingvarsson and
• Jon Tomas Gudmundsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1914–1921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.186

• microscope. The acceleration voltage of the electron beam was set to 20 kV and the working distance was kept at 3.5 mm for all images presented here. Magnetic hysteresis was characterized using a custom-made high-sensitivity magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) looper using a laser source with 632.8 nm

• angles of 35° (Figure 5i) and 70° (Figure 5e). Thus, for both deposition methods there is an intermediate tilt angle (ca. 50° for HiPIMS and ca. 20° for dcMS) at which the films present hysteresis loops with different values of Hc when magnetic field is applied parallel and perpendicular to the incoming

The impact of crystal size and temperature on the adsorption-induced flexibility of the Zr-based metal–organic framework DUT-98

• Simon Krause,
• Volodymyr Bon,
• Hongchu Du,
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski,
• Ulrich Stoeck,
• Irena Senkovska and
• Stefan Kaskel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1737–1744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.169

• and adsorption-induced flexibility, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms at 77 K were recorded on DUT-98(2)–(4) and compared to the initial isotherm of DUT-98(1) (Figure 3e–h). Interestingly, only DUT-98(1) exhibits a flexible behavior evident by the stepped isotherm and wide hysteresis. DUT-98(2

• Information File 1, Figure S10) compared to DUT-98(3), which further supports the observations made by PXRD and HRTEM. In fact, neither of the isotherms of DUT-98(Hf) nor DUT-98(2)–(4) show any indication of adsorption-induced flexible behavior, evident by steps or hysteresis in the isotherm. Thus, nitrogen

• again at around a relative pressure of 0.5, however the uptake is found to be almost three times higher compared to DUT-98(2). DUT-98(4) exhibits the same steep increase but a wide hysteresis at higher pressure, indicating the dominant contribution of interparticle mesoporosity over the microporosity of

TiO₂/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

• Ning Liu,
• Lu Wang,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Yan Zhao and
• Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

• water. The remainder after the heating process was regarded as the TiO2, which accounts for 45.6 wt % of the whole. The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm of the TiO2/GO composite is shown in Figure 2d. A distinct hysteresis loop can be identified, indicating the microporous structure of the TiO2/GO

Selective gas detection using Mn₃O₄/WO₃ composites as a sensing layer

• Yongjiao Sun,
• Zhichao Yu,
• Wenda Wang,
• Pengwei Li,
• Gang Li,
• Wendong Zhang,
• Lin Chen,
• Serge Zhuivkov and
• Jie Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1423–1433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.140

• in the figure, the curves are type II isotherms with a H3 hysteresis loop, suggesting non-porous structures. The specific surface area of all samples are 14.82, 14.66, 14.23 and 13.98 m2/g, respectively, which slightly reduce with increasing Mn concentration. This result might be related to the

BiOCl/TiO₂/diatomite composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B

• Minlin Ao,
• Kun Liu,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Zishun Li,
• Qian Peng and
• Jing Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1412–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.139

• and pore volume are shown in Table 1. Density functional theory (DFT) mode was undertaken to characterize the porosity of these samples. According to the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, we can see that all four samples belong to IV-type isotherms. BiOCl has an H2-type hysteresis loop, while

• diatomite, TiO2/diatomite and BTD have an H4-type hysteresis loop, indicating that all samples have a mesoporous structure. At the same time, the pore size distribution and average pore size also confirm that the samples have mesoporous structure. Figure 2b shows that the pore size distribution of BTD has a

The effect of magneto-crystalline anisotropy on the properties of hard and soft magnetic ferrite nanoparticles

• Hajar Jalili,
• Bagher Aslibeiki,
• Ali Ghotbi Varzaneh and
• Volodymyr A. Chernenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1348–1359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.133

• to destroy cancer cells through the elevated temperatures [16][17]. The heating efficiency of the NPs as heat sources under ac magnetic fields is often denominated as specific absorption rate (SAR), which is directly related to the area of the magnetic hysteresis loop of the nanoparticles by the

• following formula [18][19]: where f is the field frequency, c is the weight concentration of the material and A is the area of the hysteresis loop. Size and shape of the particles, saturation magnetization and magnetic anisotropy, as well as field amplitude and frequency strongly affect the hyperthermia

• characterization Figure 8 shows the room-temperature magnetic hysteresis curves of the samples. The inset of Figure 8 shows that the magnetic behavior of the samples changes from soft ferrite (Fe3O4) to hard ferrite (CoFe2O4) as the cobalt content increases. The values of saturation magnetization (Ms), remanent