Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• contrast, NFO+MTX and ZFO+MTX exhibited a delay in the S phase (p < 0.005) causing inhibition of cellular replication and progression towards G2/M. Furthermore, a significant (p < 0.05) G2/M phase arrest in FeO+MTX and ZFO+MTX was also observed. Free MTX (0.2 µM) control caused G1 and S phase arrest (p

• , a decrease in Ki-67 expression was observed in treated cells, indicating a potential role in the inhibition of cellular proliferation. A significantly stronger (p < 0.005) decrease in Ki-67 expression was observed in CFO and ZFO nanocarriers (CFO+DOX = 36.9 ± 1.57%, ZFO+DOX = 38.1 ± 1.17%, CFO+MTX

• NPs. The obtained results also suggested a stronger inhibition of Ki-67 by DOX-loaded NPs as compared to NP+MTX in both cell lines. In both cell lines, a decrease in Ki-67 expression may indicate a low proliferative potential of cancer cells after treatment with nanocarriers. However, a variable

Identifying diverse metal oxide nanomaterials with lethal effects on embryonic zebrafish using machine learning

• Richard Liam Marchese Robinson,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Xiaodong Jia,
• Marianna Kotzabasaki,
• Christiana Gousiadou,
• Stacey Lynn Harper and
• Terry Wilkins

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1297–1325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.97

• toxicity via a differential ability to bind to the surface of zebrafish embryos or direct inhibition of enzymes by the released cations [60][61]. Further research is required here into the basis for the importance of the Pauling metal atom electronegativity in our models. We note that the fact that

• electronegativity-based descriptors have been used to model diverse ENM data, including LC50 values for some metal oxide ENMs tested at different time points against embryonic zebrafish [67] and metal oxide inhibition of the zebrafish hatching enzyme [60]. However, we are unaware of any previous studies

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• showed that the nanoparticles had higher cytotoxicity and better tumor inhibition than curcumin and did not decrease the biocompatibility of the drug. A tumor inhibition rate of 33.2% was observed in mice treated with curcumin (25 mg·kg−1). In contrast, the tumor inhibition rate in mice treated with the

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• have also proven to be beneficial in overcoming multidrug resistance by enabling an increased drug uptake [8]. Similarly, physical combination of stabilized IONPs and anti-tuberculosis drugs improve intracellular drug accumulation through efflux pump inhibition [9] or by enhanced membrane

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• pathway and induces an antiangiogenic effect in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The antiangiogenic effects of CUR may be associated to an inhibition of JAK-2 expression, production of pSTAT-3, and decrease in MMP-2 and VEGF, all of which are key vascularization factors. Curcumin also exerts a

• showed a growth inhibition (GI50) value <10 µg/mL, enhanced inhibition of proliferation, and higher cytotoxicity as compared to free CUR (F-CUR) [50]. Hu et al. [51] formulated a nanocrystal with curcumin and yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide, which maintained the stability of CUR for 60 days (at 25 °C

• the solubility CUR while exerting no in vitro antiproliferative effects against HCT116 cells, in either its free or emulsified form [58]. According to the authors, CUR–PIP was more effective, as compared to CUR and CUR emulsion, while PIP and PIP emulsion did not show inhibition. The CUR–PIP

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

• Khosro Adibkia,
• Ali Ehsani,
• Asma Jodaei,
• Ezzatollah Fathi,
• Raheleh Farahzadi and
• Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 786–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.62

• that Ag-NPs induced mESCs cell cycle arrest at the G1 and S phases through inhibition of the hyperphosphorylation of Retinoblastoma protein [12]. Kalishwaralal et al. reported that Ag-NPs could inhibit cell proliferation, cell viability, and cell migration through activating caspase-3 and suppressing

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• interest in studying possible binding mechanisms of NPs to the viral capsid to inhibit further fusion. Furthermore, there is less chance for resistance development against NPs when compared to conventional antivirals [75]. The main antiviral mechanism of AgNPs is probably the physical inhibition of the

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• alternatives using NDDSs [1]. Literature data points to combinatorial therapy, coadministration, and codelivery of agents by nanomedicines as a successful approach to bypass signaling inhibition, combat anticancer drug resistance, and increase the efficacy of the clinical treatment. Further advances in

• BCR-ABL1 inhibition by IM (T315I), and in the catalytic domain (M351T and F359V) [17]. In general, second-generation TKIs are active against most of the subclones resistant to imatinib mesylate (IM), except against the subclones harboring the T315I mutation. The T315I mutation displays resistance to

• localization of the functionalized nanoparticles relative to the non-functionalized nanoparticles. Additionally, the loaded PLGA–PEG–alendronate nanoparticles demonstrated satisfactory results in myeloma growth inhibition and overall survival of the murine models. Considering the toxicity of bortezomib

Doxorubicin-loaded gold nanorods: a multifunctional chemo-photothermal nanoplatform for cancer management

• Uzma Azeem Awan,
• Abida Raza,
• Shaukat Ali,
• Rida Fatima Saeed and
• Nosheen Akhtar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 295–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.24

• nanocomplexes with NIR laser irradiation appear more efficient in cell inhibition (93%) than those without laser exposure (65%) and doxorubicin alone (84%). The IC50 values of PSS-GNRs-DOX and PSS-GNRs-DOX were measured as 7.99 and 3.12 µg/mL, respectively, with laser irradiation. Thus, a combinatorial approach

• [23]. Cell inhibition after NIR exposure of PSS-GNR-DOX complexes Drug release from PSS-GNR-DOX triggered by NIR laser irradiation (808 nm) at an output power density of 1.5 W/cm2 with a beam spot size of 6 mm in diameter on HepG2 cells was studied. DOX release from PSS-GNR-DOX was increased

• monitored at 562 nm using a microplate reader (Platos R496, Austria) by transferring supernatant to a 96-well plate. Percentage hemolysis was calculated using the following formula: Cell inhibition after photothermal treatment Combination therapy was performed by the method described in a previous study

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• into A549 cells via CavME or another CME-independent route of endocytosis. Surprisingly, the inhibition of CME by CPZ and MDC resulted in a significantly increased uptake of PEG-SO-MNPs compared to control cells. Positive controls A fluorescently labeled Alexa Fluor 594–transferrin conjugate (Tr

• inhibition of de novo synthesis [52]. While both F and N blocked the internalization of cholera toxin (ChT) into A549 cells, no effect of MBCD on ChT uptake was observed. Similar results were obtained in J774A.1 macrophages [48]. In contrast, Rothen-Rutishauser et al. [50] did not find any inhibition of ChT

• increased the uptake of PEG-SO-MNPs. CME is the major endocytic pathway in mammalian cells; about 95% of all molecules internalized into cells are taken up via clathrin-coated pits [62]. It is reasonable to suppose that inhibition of this pathway by CME inhibitors, on one hand, and saturation of clathrin

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• Biotec). The absorbance was recorded at 570 nm using a microtiter plate reader (Synergy HT, BioTeK Instruments Inc). The percentage of cell growth inhibition was calculated using Equation 2: Cell cycle analysis The cell cycle was analyzed by using flow cytometry, according to the method previously

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• efficiently, and release the loaded DOX in a pH value-dependent manner. They show effective growth inhibition towards tumor cells through inducing apoptosis. Experimental Chemicals and reagents SWCNTs with high purity were purchased from Chengdu Organic Chemicals Co. Ltd., Chinese Academy of Sciences

Cu₂O nanoparticles for the degradation of methyl parathion

• Juan Rizo,
• David Díaz,
• Benito Reyes-Trejo and
• M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1546–1555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.137

• inhibition is essentially irreversible [2]. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter. This, in turn, causes seizures and respiratory failure, which are the main causes of death [3]. O,O-Dimethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate, most commonly known as methyl

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• bacteria (inhibition zone diameter of E. coli: 22 ± 0.86 mm) and Gram-positive bacteria (inhibition zone diameter of B. subtilis: 23 ± 0.9 mm) [88]. Bio-reduction of silver nitrate with Parkia speciosa leaf extract generated spherical Ag NPs with an average particle size of 31 nm [89]. A major

• NPs (30 nm) that were successfully synthesized using Atalantia monofila leaf extract [90]. The bactericidal effect against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated and the highest inhibition values were obtained for B. subtilis (inhibition zone diameter of 20 mm) and K. pneumoniae

• (inhibition zone diameter of 19 mm). On the other hand, the maximum inhibition zones for fungi were observed against C. albicans (inhibition zone diameter of 24 mm) followed by A. niger (inhibition zone diameter of 18 mm). Over the last years, the replacement of plants by other biological samples, mainly

Transient coating of γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles with glutamate for its delivery to and removal from brain nerve terminals

• Konstantin Paliienko,
• Artem Pastukhov,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Olga Vasylchenko and
• Tatiana Borisova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1381–1393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.122

• biocoating at the nanoparticle surface. As shown in Figure 5, 10 mM KCl had no effect on the ability of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, at concentrations of 0.75, 1.5, and 3 mg/mL, to adsorb 1.86 µM glutamate/ʟ-[14C]glutamate compared to an aqueous solution. Also, an almost complete inhibition of glutamate/ʟ-[14C

Gram-scale synthesis of splat-shaped Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposites for enhanced antimicrobial properties

• Mohammad Jaber,
• Asim Mushtaq,
• Kebiao Zhang,
• Jindan Wu,
• Dandan Luo,
• Zihan Yi,
• M. Zubair Iqbal and
• Xiangdong Kong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1119–1125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.96

• –TiO2 NCs was tested against the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial strains. The Ag–TiO2 NCs exhibited promising and superior antibacterial properties compared to TiO2 nanospheres as confirmed by the bacterial growth and inhibition zone

• solutions, dried and applied on the culture plates. Finally, the plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h and the zone of inhibition was measured around the disc to estimate the antimicrobial activity [22]. Results and Discussion The XRD spectra were analyzed to verify the crystal structure and the phase

• used at high concentrations, it can be toxic for the host cells. The antibacterial performance of the prepared and pure TiO2 was verified by measuring the progression of the bacterial inhibition zone. Table 1 and Figure 5 quantify the diameters of the inhibition zones for Gram-positive (S. aureus) and

Three-dimensional solvation structure of ethanol on carbonate minerals

• Hagen Söngen,
• Ygor Morais Jaques,
• Peter Spijker,
• Christoph Marutschke,
• Stefanie Klassen,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Ralf Bechstein,
• Lidija Zivanovic,
• John Tracey,
• Adam S. Foster and
• Angelika Kühnle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 891–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.74

• of the earth’s crust and their interaction with the environment is relevant for a wide range of geological processes, such as dissolution and weathering. Moreover, calcite plays a prominent role in many industrial processes, for example, incrustation inhibition and desalination. As any interaction

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• another study, arginine–glycine–aspartic acid peptide (RGD)-modified NLCs were used for the delivery of temozolomide (TMZ) and their efficacy was tested on a glioblastoma multiforme mouse model. The RGD-TMZ/NLCs displayed high antitumor efficacy in vivo, with an inhibition of the tumor four times higher

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• efficacy of the nanobeads in the inhibition of biofilm formation was estimated. As can be seen in Table 1 the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) values are in the range from 0.76 to 3.04 µg/mL. These observations confirm a strong activity of PSSAg against biofilms compared to non-incorporated

• . aeruginosa [46]. Roe and co-workers examined the efficacy of nanosilver (average diameter of 10 nm) as an anti-biofilm agent used to coat the surface of catheters. The authors observed almost complete suppression of biofilm formation by E. coli and S. aureus. More than 50% inhibition was noted in the case of

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• capacity. These results are in agreement with the in vitro macrophage activation experiments showed above for CCMV, and also with previous reports on the success of in situ immunoregulation of tumors and the inhibition of metastasis using VLPs of the CPMV virus [57]. It is well known that treatments with

• CPMV-VLPs show greater inhibition of the tumor than using a highly immunogenic agent such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), poly (I: C), and DMXAA 47. It seems that CCMV regulates the tumour microenvironment similarly to the CPMV virus [57]. The virus could induce the polarization of macrophages by

• -siAkt1 and PBS control treatments on day 28 after tumor challenge. BMV VLP-siAkt1 showed the strongest inhibition effect on the tumor compared to the other nanoparticles. Error bars represent mean ± SD. P-values were calculated by 2-way ANOVA with Tukey posttest (*P < 0.01). Supporting Information

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) polyplexes as novel therapeutic gene carriers for lung cancer therapy

• Gayathri Kandasamy,
• Elena N. Danilovtseva,
• Vadim V. Annenkov and
• Uma Maheswari Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 354–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.26

• glycosaminoglycan associated with the inhibition of the coagulation process by activating anti-thrombin [23]. The sulfate groups present in heparin compete with the oligonucleotide sequences to associate with the polymer chains and based on the relative strength of the electrostatic interactions between the

• and blank polymer exhibited viabilities exceeding that of the untreated control cells while those cells treated with the polyplex exhibited a decreased viability. VEGF inhibition has been earlier reported to decrease the proliferation of cancer cells due to its ability to interfere with the MAPK and

• PI3K/Akt signaling pathways [29], which could be reflected in the viability values. The absence of any inhibition in the cell viability by the blank polymer indicates its cyto-compatibility while the lack of activity in the case of free siRNA may be due to its inability to escape from the endosome. The

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• counterintuitive as pitches belong to the carbon materials that usually transform readily into graphite. This inhibition of graphite formation is probably due to the confinement effect of the nanostructure imposed by the nanoscale porosity. The structural alterations on the nanometer scale are depicted in Figure 8

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• the TGA data revealed the thermal stability of Hap NRs. In addition, the antibacterial study showed a significant inhibitory effect of CB-Hap NRs against S. aureus (zone of inhibition – 14.5 ± 0.5 mm) and E. coli (13 ± 0.5 mm), whereas the blood compatibility test showed that the CB-Hap NRs exhibited

• ) and morphology of the material. However, no such activity was observed for CB alone. The obtained results are displayed in Figure 6 and the zone of inhibition in Table 1 shows a better bactericidal effect of Hap NRs towards S. aureus as compared with E. coli. This is due to the variations in cell

• -Hap NRs were introduced into the wells and the plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h, followed by zone of inhibition measurements. The method was repeated three times to check the reproducibility of the results. Hemolysis assay The experiments were conducted in accordance with the relevant laws and