Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• . Monitoring of cellular uptake of LbL-microcapsules decorated with O-dots Murine macrophages readily take up microcapsules decorated with O-dots. By using different sets of filters, it is possible to register the multicoloured fluorescence of phagocytized microcapsules in vitro (Figure 7). Thus, this property

• two cell lines. MNNG/HOS human osteosarcoma cells and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were cultured as monolayers in a minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin/streptomycin). All culture medium components were purchased from PanEco (PanEco

• /em. 525 nm; C – ex. 546 nm/em. 575 nm; D – ex. 578 nm/em. 603 nm; (E,F) phase contrast images. Murine macrophages upon uptake of O-dots decorated microcapsules, stained with Hoechst 33342, MitoTracker® Green FM or both dyes. Schematic illustration of the formation of microcapsules: LbL

Preparation of alginate–chitosan–cyclodextrin micro- and nanoparticles loaded with anti-tuberculosis compounds

• Albert Ivancic,
• Fliur Macaev,
• Fatma Aksakal,
• Veaceslav Boldescu,
• Serghei Pogrebnoi and
• Gheorghe Duca

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1208–1218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.112

• surface-area-to-volume ratio of the particles [8] leading to a high rate of dissolution and absorption; • high potential of the microparticles for penetrating the target cells (alveolar macrophages in the case of M. tuberculosis lung infection) [10]; • the ability to maintain a high concentration of the

Atomic force microscopy as analytical tool to study physico-mechanical properties of intestinal cells

• Christa Schimpel,
• Oliver Werzer,
• Eleonore Fröhlich,
• Gerd Leitinger,
• Markus Absenger-Novak,
• Birgit Teubl,
• Andreas Zimmer and
• Eva Roblegg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1457–1466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.151

• leads to a decreased compliance of cancer cells [46]. Moreover, macrophages, which are also immune cells, display a similar arrangement of F-actin-rich structures, also referred as podosomes [47]. In activated state, podosomes rearrange and form a belt-shaped structure (i.e., rosette) on the outer

Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts

• Colin A. Grant,
• Peter C. Twigg,
• Richard Baker and
• Desmond J. Tobin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.120

• the resultant bleeding to form a clot. Then the skin tissue swells (edema) followed by a migration of immune system cells to the wound site (neutrophils and macrophages) in order to phagocytose foreign substances, cell debris and microbes. Any damaged collagen in the wounded papillary dermis is then

Protein corona – from molecular adsorption to physiological complexity

• Lennart Treuel,
• Dominic Docter,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 857–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.88

• indeed alters the cellular response to NPs. For example, NP opsonization with immunoglobulin reportedly promoted receptor-mediated phagocytosis by macrophages [155]. The presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was shown to suppress protein absorption resulting in a decreased uptake by macrophages [142] and

Comparative evaluation of the impact on endothelial cells induced by different nanoparticle structures and functionalization

• Lisa Landgraf,
• Ines Müller,
• Peter Ernst,
• Miriam Schäfer,
• Christina Rosman,
• Isabel Schick,
• Oskar Köhler,
• Hartmut Oehring,
• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Thomas Basché,
• Carsten Sönnichsen,
• Wolfgang Tremel and
• Ingrid Hilger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 300–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.28

• nanoparticles. Recently, it has been shown that macrophages exhibit a higher uptake of rods than spheres [43], whereas in prostate cells the uptake of spheres was more efficient compared to PEGylated rods [44]. Analysis of epithelial cells showed no significant difference in uptake between rods and spheres [45

• ) and macrophages (J774A.1) revealed comparable effects but the strongest decrease in cell viability was detected for the CyA coating (Figure 2b). A direct comparison of both methods confirmed the findings described above (Figure 2c). In particular, the biocompatibility of CdSe QDs depended on the

• nanoparticles by macrophages after the treatment with genistein [56]. Interestingly, the application of chlorpromazine, selectively affecting clathrin-mediated endocytosis [57][58], led to an increased accumulation of Au@ Fe3O4 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles in HMEC-1 (Figure 6a and Figure 6c). After incubation of

Overview about the localization of nanoparticles in tissue and cellular context by different imaging techniques

• Anja Ostrowski,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Alexander Boreham,
• Cornelia Holzhausen,
• Lars Mundhenk,
• Christina Graf,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Annika Vogt,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Ulrike Alexiev and
• Achim D. Gruber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 263–280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.25

• following NP exposure [34]. Here, it was possible to detect single multi-walled CNT within alveolar macrophages and even when penetrating through the mesothelial surface of the pleura following inhalation in mice [180]. Chemical tissue fixation for SEM may have the same unfavorable shrinkage effects on

• to their negatively charged, sulfate rich shell. Organic dPGS amine accumulated in the cytoplasm of hepatic Kupffer cells (c, arrow). These liver specific macrophages are identified by their comma-shaped nuclei and their lining of hepatic sinusoids. Adjacent hepatocytes (c, asterisks) appear as light

• microscopy in macrophages following subcutaneous injection (a). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Subsequent immunofluorescent labeling (red) for the macrophage marker F4/80 identified macrophages as uptaking cells (b). Discrimination of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled SiO2-NP (55 ± 6 nm

Tailoring the ligand shell for the control of cellular uptake and optical properties of nanocrystals

• Johannes Ostermann,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Christopher Wolter,
• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Hauke Kloust and
• Horst Weller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 232–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.22

• unspecific interactions with cells, like macrophages, epithelic or endothelic cells [32]. For macrophages the internalization process follows the typical steps of phagocytosis, which is controlled by the adsorption of specific proteins on the surface of the nanocontainer. Hydrophobic and charged particles in

• general (positively or negatively) show a much more efficient adsorption of these proteins needed for the recognition by macrophages [33][34]. Other cell types follow the endocytotic process, which can be receptor mediated or unspecific. For the uptake via endocytosis a positive surface charge has shown

Caveolin-1 and CDC42 mediated endocytosis of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in HeLa cells

• Nils Bohmer and
• Andreas Jordan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 167–176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.16

• , nanoparticles were mostly found in macrophages than in the cancer cells themselves [25]. In the respective study it was not crucial for successful treatment that the nanoparticles were specifically taken up by the tumor cells, because they were injected directly into the tumor and had no further payload

The distribution and degradation of radiolabeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots in mice

• Denise Bargheer,
• Artur Giemsa,
• Barbara Freund,
• Markus Heine,
• Christian Waurisch,
• Gordon M. Stachowski,
• Stephen G. Hickey,
• Alexander Eychmüller,
• Jörg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 111–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.11

• the Zn pool was observed. Confocal microscopy of rat liver cryosections (prepared 2 h after intravenous injection of polymer-coated Qdots) revealed a colocalization with markers for Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), but not with hepatocytes. In J774 macrophages, fluorescent

• endosomal membrane by the divalent metal ion transporter, DMT1 [26]. During iron homeostasis, excess iron would then be released by, for example, macrophages via ferroportin, bound to apotransferrin and transported to cells in need for iron. The intracellular processing of Cr3+ is more or less unknown, and

• function by expressing several types of scavenger receptors and that Kupffer cells (KCs) belong to the family of macrophages and form part of the reticuloendothelial system. Thus, the sections were analyzed by immunofluorescence and stained for hepatic endothelial cells and Kupffer cells, which are known

Intake of silica nanoparticles by giant lipid vesicles: influence of particle size and thermodynamic membrane state

• Florian G. Strobl,
• Florian Seitz,
• Christoph Westerhausen,
• Armin Reller,
• Adriano A. Torrano,
• Christoph Bräuchle,
• Achim Wixforth and
• Matthias F. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2468–2478, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.256

• . Scavenger receptors are known to mediate the uptake of a big diversity of negatively charged cargo. For instance, Lunov et al. [50] show that scavenger receptor A plays a crucial role in the uptake of 20 nm iron oxide particles by macrophages. They derive from their data, that up to 20 receptors are

Proinflammatory and cytotoxic response to nanoparticles in precision-cut lung slices

• Stephanie Hirn,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Matthias Epple,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Markus Rehberg and
• Fritz Krombach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2440–2449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.253

• efficient tool in nanotoxicology. PCLS can be prepared from several species such as mouse or rat, but also from human lung tissue [6]. A major advantage of this tissue model is the retention of the lung architecture. The conservation of intact cells, including alveolar epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages

• vivo [28][31][32][33]. In particular, Beyerle et al. have demonstrated that quartz particles (the same as those in the present study) induced a loss in membrane integrity in vitro in murine alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages after 24 h of incubation [31]. Furthermore, cytotoxicity elicited by

Functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles as a platform for studying bio–nano interactions

• Cornelia Loos,
• Tatiana Syrovets,
• Anna Musyanovych,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Katharina Landfester,
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus and
• Thomas Simmet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2403–2412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.250

• used superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Keywords: amino groups; apoptosis; carboxyl groups; cell proliferation; leukemia cell lines; macrophages; mTOR; polystyrene nanoparticles; Review Applications of polystyrene Polystyrene, one of the most extensively used types of plastic [1], is an

• induce lung injury. Changes in material, size or the surface of the particles results in alternation of the toxicity, which makes it unlikely to integrate nanoparticle toxicology in a single unifying concept [24]. Macrophages are phagocytes that are equipped with specific receptors, which enable the

• recognition and internalization of particulate matter including nanoparticles. As a consequence, macrophages accumulate with time a main portion of nanoparticles incorporated by the body [25]. Thus, the clinically approved superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) MRI contrast agent ResovistTM is taken up after

Nanoparticle interactions with live cells: Quantitative fluorescence microscopy of nanoparticle size effects

• Li Shang,
• Karin Nienhaus,
• Xiue Jiang,
• Linxiao Yang,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Thomas Simmet and
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2388–2397, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.248

• machinery. Depending on the details of their interactions, proteins adsorbed onto NPs may enhance or reduce internalization of the so disguised NPs. Specialized cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes are capable of phagocytosis (eating by cells), a form of endocytosis in which the cell

• via a high affinity to their receptors. Lunov et al. [44] investigated the uptake of CPS and NPS NPs by human macrophages and by undifferentiated and PMA-differentiated monocytic THP-1 tumor cells in great detail and could show that uptake of the same kind of PS NPs into different cells lines occurred

• normal differentiated cells. They also found that only the NPS NPs triggered NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequent release of proinflammatory interleukin 1β (IL-1β) by human macrophages [45]. Overall, these studies stress that cellular uptake pathways crucially depend on specific interactions of

Anticancer efficacy of a supramolecular complex of a 2-diethylaminoethyl–dextran–MMA graft copolymer and paclitaxel used as an artificial enzyme

• Yasuhiko Onishi,
• Yuki Eshita,
• Rui-Cheng Ji,
• Masayasu Onishi,
• Takashi Kobayashi,
• Masaaki Mizuno,
• Jun Yoshida and
• Naoji Kubota

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2293–2307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.238

• . The DDMC/PTX complex reacts better to melanoma cells at the point of metastasis. This seemed to be reflected by the hemorrhagic necrosis of the tumor, which was considered to be caused by the discharge of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) cytokine by M1 macrophages. Later, the increase in TNF-α

• /RISK” of high polymer DDMC/PTX [49]. It is known that the TLR3/TICAM-1 pathway of M1 macrophages in a tumor is the key to TNF-α production [50]. PTX reportedly affects the native or acquired immune response, thereby inducing M1 macrophages, which secrete NO and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β

• , GM-CSF, and TNF-α [51]. Although it has been thought that M1 and M2 macrophages are important factors for cancer recovery, it was noted recently that the grade of malignancy was high when many M2 macrophages infiltrate a tumor [52]. This is why M2 macrophages have an important role in the

Nanoencapsulation of ultra-small superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide into human serum albumin nanoparticles

• Matthias G. Wacker,
• Mahmut Altinok,
• Stephan Urfels and
• Johann Bauer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2259–2266, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.235

• tumors due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect [5]. While circulating through the blood stream, these colloids undergo an opsonization by the immune system followed by endocytosis into macrophages. Particles of greater diameters are rapidly cleared from the plasma and smaller colloidal

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

• types (alveolar epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells), adverse effects were also only found at high silver concentrations. The silver ions that are released from silver nanoparticles may be harmful to skin with disrupted barrier (e.g., wounds) and induce oxidative stress in skin cells

• of the human airway/alveolar epithelial barrier. The human 3D cell culture model consists of three cell types, i.e., alveolar epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells as described in [127]. To imitate the lung organ structure, an A549 cell layer was cultured on porous membranes with human

• monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) on top on the apical side and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) underneath on the basal side. This 3D co-culture system was further cultivated at the air–liquid interface to approximate the in vivo situation in the lungs [128]. Although essential parts are missing

Different endocytotic uptake mechanisms for nanoparticles in epithelial cells and macrophages

• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Benjamin Michen,
• Fabian Blank,
• Peter Gehr,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1625–1636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.174

• caveolin-1. A549 cells expressed clathrin heavy chain and caveolin-1, but no flotillin-1 uptake-related proteins. Our data revealed an impeded uptake of 40 nm polystyrene nanoparticles by J774A.1 macrophages when actin polymerization and clathrin-coated pit formation was blocked. From this result, it is

• membranes [22]. Phagocytosis and macropinocytosis are both dependent on actin [15][23]. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes (i.e., monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells), which in turn form intracellular phagosomes. Macromolecule and particle uptake is triggered via the

• suitable for biomedical applications [47][48] since they are considered non-toxic at applied physiological concentrations [49]. Finally, two of the most relevant cell types in regard to uptake and interaction of (nano) particles at any barrier system (i.e., macrophages and epithelial) [50][51] were

Silica nanoparticles are less toxic to human lung cells when deposited at the air–liquid interface compared to conventional submerged exposure

• Alicja Panas,
• Andreas Comouth,
• Harald Saathoff,
• Thomas Leisner,
• Marco Al-Rawi,
• Michael Simon,
• Gunnar Seemann,
• Olaf Dössel,
• Sonja Mülhopt,
• Hanns-Rudolf Paur,
• Susanne Fritsch-Decker,
• Carsten Weiss and
• Silvia Diabaté

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1590–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.171

• ]. Meanwhile there are numerous reports which also demonstrate adverse effects of amorphous silica NPs in vitro, e.g., in macrophages [3][4][5], in lung epithelial cells [5][6][7][8] and in co-cultures of both cell types [9]. However, in vitro exposure of lung cells under submerged conditions does not reflect

• helpful to unravel the different responses. This study is one of only a handful of similar attempts to directly compare biological effects of NPs under ALI and submerged conditions. In a triple-culture comprised of human lung epithelial cells, macrophages and dendritic cells were exposed to similar doses

In vitro interaction of colloidal nanoparticles with mammalian cells: What have we learned thus far?

• Moritz Nazarenus,
• Qian Zhang,
• Mahmoud G. Soliman,
• Pablo del Pino,
• Beatriz Pelaz,
• Susana Carregal-Romero,
• Joanna Rejman,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Martin J. D. Clift,
• Reinhard Zellner,
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus,
• James B. Delehanty,
• Igor L. Medintz and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1477–1490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.161

• metal NP may not, which leads to different interaction with cells. Furthermore, all of these different NPs can be exposed to different cells (e.g., macrophages, endothelia, and tumor cells) under different exposure scenarios (in vitro and in vivo), which as a consequence culminates in a large, but

The cell-type specific uptake of polymer-coated or micelle-embedded QDs and SPIOs does not provoke an acute pro-inflammatory response in the liver

• Markus Heine,
• Alexander Bartelt,
• Oliver T. Bruns,
• Denise Bargheer,
• Artur Giemsa,
• Barbara Freund,
• Ludger Scheja,
• Christian Waurisch,
• Alexander Eychmüller,
• Rudolph Reimer,
• Horst Weller,
• Peter Nielsen and
• Joerg Heeren

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1432–1440, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.155

• injected nanocrystals was found to depend strongly on the size and to some extent on the surface. For direct renal excretion the upper size limit in the series was a hydrodynamic diameter of 5.6 nm [6]. Larger nanocrystals apparently remain within the circulation before they are taken up by macrophages of

• the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) [7]. Consequently, larger nanocrystals are exposed to cellular degradation mechanisms of macrophages, e.g., the acidic environment of lysosomes and even more harsh conditions in phagosomes containing also hydrogen peroxide [8]. This might disrupt the surface

• endothelial cells. In contrast, nanocrystals transported by lipid micelles are detected within hepatic macrophages, the Kupffer cells, and within liver parenchymal cells, the hepatocytes. Intriguingly, even 48 h after injection, neither changing the embedding procedure nor the cellular targeting provoked any

Mimicking exposures to acute and lifetime concentrations of inhaled silver nanoparticles by two different in vitro approaches

• Fabian Herzog,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Sandor Balog,
• Martin J. D. Clift,
• Matthias Epple,
• Peter Gehr,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1357–1370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.149

• [1][11][15]. It has been reported that cytotoxicity and (pro)-inflammatory cytokine release could be observed upon in vitro exposures of Ag NPs to a variety of cell types including immune cells (such as macrophages and monocytes [19][20][21]) and epithelial lung cells [22][23][24]. Furthermore

• -derived macrophages (MDMs) and dendritic cells (MDDCs) [39]. The model is reflecting a realistic cellular scenario in the lung, as it is designed for direct exposure of cells to an aerosol [40]. Together with a dose-controlled air–liquid interface cell exposure (ALICE) system [41] the possible adverse

• with additional supplementation of 10 ng/mL IL-4 (R&D Systems Europe Ltd., Abingdon, UK) and 10 ng/mL GM-CSF (R&D Systems). Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were obtained by culturing the monocytes for 7 d in RPMI complete containing 10 ng/mL M-CSF (R&D Systems). The triple cell co-cultures were set

Manipulation of isolated brain nerve terminals by an external magnetic field using D-mannose-coated γ-Fe₂O₃ nano-sized particles and assessment of their effects on glutamate transport

• Tatiana Borisova,
• Natalia Krisanova,
• Arsenii Borуsov,
• Roman Sivko,
• Ludmila Ostapchenko,
• Michal Babic and
• Daniel Horak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.90

• cells possess receptors for D-mannose on their membranes, that is, MMR on dendritic cells subsets, macrophages, lymphatic and hepatic endothelium, Endo 180 on subsets of endothelial cells, DC-SIGNR on hepatic and lymphatic endothelial cells as well as serum contains mannose binding lectines (MBL) [10

Cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects of PVP-coated silver nanoparticles after intratracheal instillation in rats

• Nadine Haberl,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Alexander Wenk,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Blair D. Johnston,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling and
• Carsten Schleh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 933–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.105

• alveolar region [10][11][12]. Once deposited there, nanoparticles are found to interact with the epithelial lining fluid including pulmonary surfactant, lung macrophages and epithelial cells [13][14][15]. Depending on their physico-chemical properties, a small portion of the inhaled nanomaterials may even

• neutrophils that did not reach statistical significance, the instillation of 250 µg PVP-AgNP produced a significant influx (60-fold) of neutrophils into the lungs (Figure 7). Representative images of BAL cells show the presence of PVP-AgNP both in alveolar macrophages and free particles/agglomerates in BALF

• macrophages with AgNP was stated to be a trigger for immune responses [32] and responsible for the production of IL-8 [33]. AshaRani and co-workers demonstrated the involvement of the NFκB and MAP kinase pathways after exposure of human lung cells (IMR-90) to AgNP. Consequently, the activation of these

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes from unprocessed colemanite

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 843–851, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.95

• develop nanoscale microfluodic devices [12]. Although there are different conflicting reports about the toxicity of BNNTs, it has been shown in a recent study with human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293), lung epithelial cells (A549), fibroblast cells (3T3-L1), and alveolar macrophages (RAW 264.7) that