Synthesis of nickel/gallium nanoalloys using a dual-source approach in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole ionic liquids

• Ilka Simon,
• Julius Hornung,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Maik Finze,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1754–1767, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.171

• images of Ni/Ga nanoparticles from a 0.5 wt % dispersion of Ni(COD)2 and GaCp* in [BMIm][NTf2] after 24 h of dispersion and 10 min of microwave-induced decomposition. Bottom: EDX spectrum and particle size distribution 3 ± 0.5 nm (87 particles counted). HRTEM images: a) Ni/Ga nanoparticles from a 1 wt

• % dispersion of Ni(COD)2 and GaCp* in [BMIm][BF4] after 24 h of dispersion and 10 min of microwave-induced decomposition. For details of the particle size distribution (2.5 ± 0.5 nm), see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2. b) Ni/Ga nanoparticles from 0.5 wt % dispersion of Ni(COD)2 and GaCp* in [BMIm

• ][BF4] after 24 h of dispersion and 20 min of microwave-induced decomposition. For details of the particle size distribution (2.5 ± 0.5 nm), see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3. c) Ni/Ga nanoparticles from 0.5 wt % dispersion of Ni(COD)2 and GaCp* in propylene carbonate after 24 h of dispersion

Doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles overcome transporter-mediated drug resistance in drug-adapted cancer cells

• Hannah Onafuye,
• Sebastian Pieper,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Klaus Langer and
• Martin Michaelis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1707–1715, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.166

• amount detected in the collected supernatants. Determination of particle size distribution The average particle size and the polydispersity were measured by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) using a Malvern zetasizer nano instrument (Malvern Instruments, Herrenberg, Germany). The resulting particle

Hierarchically structured 3D carbon nanotube electrodes for electrocatalytic applications

• Pei Wang,
• Katarzyna Kulp and
• Michael Bron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1475–1487, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.146

• secondary CNTs onto primary CNTs. (a) SEM image and (b) particle size distribution of Fe nanoparticles electrochemically deposited onto GC. SEM images of CNTs deposited onto GC by CVD at 750 °C using cyclohexane and a gas flow rate of 1.7 L h−1 for 120 min with an H2/Ar ratio of 1.8 (1.1 L h−1/0.6 L h−1

Energy distribution in an ensemble of nanoparticles and its consequences

• Dieter Vollath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1452–1457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.143

• temperature profile of a phase transformation, it is possible to calculate the particle size distribution of the ensemble with a precision within the scattering range of the experimental data. This is the most important application of this analysis and coincidently a proof of the basic premise. The basic

• : energy distribution; isothermal ensemble; nanoparticle ensemble; normal distribution; particle size distribution; temperature distribution; Introduction General theoretical considerations about ensembles of nanoparticles assume that the ensemble is isothermal. To connect these theoretical considerations

• particle size dependent, the determination of the particle size distribution is inherently possible from the experimentally found temperature dependence of a phase transformation. Results and Discussion Mathematical model Maxwell and Boltzmann assumed a normal distribution of the velocity for gas atoms

The effect of magneto-crystalline anisotropy on the properties of hard and soft magnetic ferrite nanoparticles

• Hajar Jalili,
• Bagher Aslibeiki,
• Ali Ghotbi Varzaneh and
• Volodymyr A. Chernenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1348–1359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.133

• order to determine the particle size distribution and morphology of the samples, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was carried out. Figure 3 shows FE-SEM images of all the samples. The images reveal that particles are in the nanometer range and roughly spherical in shape. The

• ) x = 0.4; (d) x = 0.6; (e) x = 0.8 and (f) x = 1.0. Insets show the particle size distribution fitted with a log-normal function (solid line). EDX spectra of CoxFe3−xO4 nanoparticles: (a) x = 0.2; (b) x = 0.6; and (c) x = 1.0. (d) Comparison of the Co/Fe atomic ratio obtained from EDX analysis and

On the relaxation time of interacting superparamagnetic nanoparticles and implications for magnetic fluid hyperthermia

• Andrei Kuncser,
• Nicusor Iacob and
• Victor E. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1280–1289, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.127

• to available approaches for describing the more complex cases related to particle size distribution and different concentrations. The influence of the dipolar interactions on the frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility has been more recently extensively studied by Ivanov et al. [24][25]. For

Photoactive nanoarchitectures based on clays incorporating TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles

• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky,
• Pilar Aranda,
• Marwa Akkari,
• Nithima Khaorapapong and
• Makoto Ogawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1140–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.114

• presence of smectites as a result of the re-stacking of the exfoliated nanosheets has been reported [84]. Due to the variety of hierarchical structures and particle locations (at the external surface or in the interlayer space), the resulting particle size distribution of ZnO NPs can be very wide

Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by phenolic compound-modified maghemite nanoparticles

• Małgorzata Świętek,
• Yi-Chin Lu,
• Rafał Konefał,
• Liliana P. Ferreira,
• M. Margarida Cruz,
• Yunn-Hwa Ma and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1073–1088, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.108

• proportional to the sixth power of size and, in contrast to Dn, is more sensitive to the presence of large objects. The polydispersity of γ-Fe2O3 (PD = 0.33), which characterizes the width of the particle size distribution, was relatively high, indicating the presence of particle agglomerates (doublets

Structural and optical properties of penicillamine-protected gold nanocluster fractions separated by sequential size-selective fractionation

• Xiupei Yang,
• Zhengli Yang,
• Fenglin Tang,
• Jing Xu,
• Maoxue Zhang and
• Martin M. F. Choi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 955–966, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.96

• exhibits a very broad particle size distribution, ranging from 0.5 to 5.4 nm, with an average core diameter of 2.1 ± 1.1 nm. Since the AuNC product is very polydisperse, the SSSP technique was employed to isolate the AuNC fractions with narrower size distribution from the AuNC product. The size-selective

The systemic effect of PEG-nGO-induced oxidative stress in vivo in a rodent model

• Qura Tul Ain,
• Samina Hyder Haq,
• Abeer Alshammari,
• Moudhi Abdullah Al-Mutlaq and
• Muhammad Naeem Anjum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 901–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.91

• (JEOL JEM-1400 Plus) was used to examine the morphology of GO, nGO, and PEG-nGO. The average particle size distribution of nGO and PEG-nGO were analyzed by dynamic light scattering (Malvern Panalytical ZS90). In vivo treatment Female albino mice were kept at the facility of King Saud University Research

• peaks in the fingerprint region demonstrate the successful PEGylation of nGO. UV–vis spectra of nGO and PEG-nGO. The red-shift of the UV peak confirmed the nGO loading with PEG. TEM images of (a,b) graphene oxide, (c,d) nano-graphene oxide, and (e,f) PEGylated nano-graphene oxide. Particle size

• distribution curves for nGO and PEG-nGO. Levels of lipid peroxides after intraperitoneal administration of PEG-nGO; error bars: one standard deviation. Catalase antioxidant enzyme activity after intraperitoneal administration of PEG-nGO, error bars: one standard deviation. Superoxide dismutase activity after

Co-doped MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles: magnetic anisotropy and interparticle interactions

• Bagher Aslibeiki,
• Parviz Kameli,
• Hadi Salamati,
• Giorgio Concas,
• Maria Salvador Fernandez,
• Alessandro Talone,
• Giuseppe Muscas and
• Davide Peddis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 856–865, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.86

• implemented for large-scale nanoparticle applications, such as for permanent magnets and biomedical applications. Given their good particle size distribution (≈10 nm diameter) and almost the same saturation magnetization per particle, these samples represent a good model system to study the systematic effect

• respective particle size distribution fitted with a Gaussian distribution (solid line). (a) Comparison of ZFC curve during cooling (blue circles) and subsequent warming up (red circles). The difference, ΔM, is reported in (b) as a function of temperature. Mössbauer spectra recorded at 300 K for all samples

Polydopamine-coated Au nanorods for targeted fluorescent cell imaging and photothermal therapy

• Boris N. Khlebtsov,
• Andrey M. Burov,
• Timofey E. Pylaev and
• Nikolai G. Khlebtsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 794–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.79

• applications, the stability of nanocomposites under ambient conditions is a key factor. Here, we measured zeta potential and the particle-size distribution for all stages of nanocomposite synthesis. The measurements were made in citric buffer (pH 4.4), in water (pH 6.2), and Tris buffer (pH 8.5) (Figure 1E

An efficient electrode material for high performance solid-state hybrid supercapacitors based on a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber/TiO₂ hybrid composite

• Mamta Sham Lal,
• Thirugnanam Lavanya and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 781–793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.78

• and (c) Cu/CuO/PCNF/TiO2 composites and (b, d) corresponding magnified images of (a, c). Inset (b, d) particle size distribution of Cu and TiO2, respectively. (a) N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of the Cu/CuO/PCNF/TiO2 composite at 77 K and the (b) differential pore volume of the Cu/CuO/PCNF/TiO2

Enhancement in thermoelectric properties due to Ag nanoparticles incorporated in Bi₂Te₃ matrix

• Srashti Gupta,
• Dinesh Chandra Agarwal,
• Bathula Sivaiah,
• Sankarakumar Amrithpandian,
• Kandasami Asokan,
• Ajay Dhar,
• Binaya Kumar Panigrahi,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Vinay Gupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 634–643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.63

• after exposure to air [24]. On the other hand conductivity is higher for samples annealed at 773 K in comparison to 573 K, which may be due to the variation in particle-size distribution. As discussed above, the particle sizes are small in samples annealed at 573 K whereas they are larger in samples

Reduced graphene oxide supported C₃N₄ nanoflakes and quantum dots as metal-free catalysts for visible light assisted CO₂ reduction

• Md Rakibuddin and
• Haekyoung Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.44

• dots. Particle size distribution of the synthesized CN nanoflakes and quantum dots. TEM image of CN nanoflake and quantum dot samples under heating at 190 °C for 5 h (a,b), 170 °C for 5 h (c,d), and 150 °C for 5 h (e,f). Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of the a) g-C3N4 nanosheet, b

Mechanism of silica–lysozyme composite formation unravelled by in situ fast SAXS

• Tomasz M. Stawski,
• Daniela B. van den Heuvel,
• Rogier Besselink,
• Dominique J. Tobler and
• Liane G. Benning

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 182–197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.17

• NP form factor with a Monte Carlo (MC) fit and the derived discrete particle size distribution (inset); C) the scattering data for period II showing the time frames spanning the injection of the LZM solution between 24.25 s and 27.50 s of the experiment, with the first 1.25 s (blue) dominated by the

The nanoscaled metal-organic framework ICR-2 as a carrier of porphyrins for photodynamic therapy

• Jan Hynek,
• Sebastian Jurík,
• Martina Koncošová,
• Jaroslav Zelenka,
• Ivana Křížová,
• Tomáš Ruml,
• Kaplan Kirakci,
• Ivo Jakubec,
• František Kovanda,
• Kamil Lang and
• Jan Demel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2960–2967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.275

• narrow particle size distribution (Figure 2 and Figure 3). Increasing the temperature to 120 °C resulted in the formation of longer nanoparticles (Figure S2, Supporting Information File 1). Unfortunately, all attempts to control the nanoparticle length failed and therefore we focused on the smaller

• 30 nm is virtually unchanged from the parent nanoparticles. The analysis of TEM data confirmed the preservation of the particle size (29 nm on average), only the particle size distribution was broader (Figure 2). DLS experiments with aqueous dispersions of nanoICR-2/porphyrin revealed the formation

Comparative biological effects of spherical noble metal nanoparticles (Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au) with 4–8 nm diameter

• Alexander Rostek,
• Marina Breisch,
• Kevin Pappert,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Marc Heggen,
• Manfred Köller,
• Christina Sengstock and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2763–2774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.258

• synthesis by-products that were not completely replaced by the stabilizing agent PVP [85]. Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the particle size distribution data from DLS and DCS, respectively. The average hydrodynamic diameter of the water-dispersed nanoparticles represents the diameter of the solid metallic core

• chemically inert and do not release toxic ions. Particle size distribution of PVP-stabilized noble metal nanoparticles determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). All data are given as size by number and are normalized for better comparison. The polydispersity index (PDI) was between 0.1 and 0.3 in all

• nanoparticles (Rh, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au). In each upper right corner, a typical nanoparticle is shown in higher magnification. Particle size distributions of noble metal nanoparticles determined by high-resolution TEM imaging (HRTEM; log-normal particle size distribution fit). The histograms were analysed using a log

Cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-conjugated poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-modified γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles towards human tumor cells

• Zdeněk Plichta,
• Yulia Kozak,
• Rostyslav Panchuk,
• Viktoria Sokolova,
• Matthias Epple,
• Lesya Kobylinska,
• Pavla Jendelová and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2533–2545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.236

• were used. Number- (Dn) and weight-average particle diameter (Dw) and polydispersity index (PDI = Dw/Dn) characterizing the particle size distribution were determined from analysis of at least 500 particles on micrographs from a FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit transmission electron microscope (TEM; Brno, Czech

• PDI = 1.23 documenting a moderately broad particle size distribution (Figure 4a). The hydrodynamic diameter Dh of γ-Fe2O3 particles in water according to DLS was 90 nm with polydispersity PI = 0.15, which was in agreement with PDI. It is a general observation that Dh > Dn, as DLS observes also solvent

Droplet-based synthesis of homogeneous magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Christian D. Ahrberg,
• Ji Wook Choi and
• Bong Geun Chung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2413–2420, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.226

• synthesized in the droplet reactor are compared to nanoparticles prepared through conventional batch synthesis in terms of particle size distribution and reproducibility. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the size of the synthesized particles can be adjusted by varying the reaction time in the droplet reactor

• the reaction. Furthermore, the particle size distribution is widening with increasing residence time in the reaction, starting ta a standard deviation of 0.9 nm at a residence time of 2.2 min and increasing to 1.7 nm at a residence time of 18.5 min. Although classical theory for nanoparticle

• nucleation and growth predicts a narrowing of the particle size distribution with increasing reaction time [35][36], the opposite is observed in our experiments. This is probably due to classical models not including effects such as Ostwald ripening and, in our case more significant, the aggregation of

Nanoconjugates of a calixresorcinarene derivative with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) fragments for drug encapsulation

• Alina M. Ermakova,
• Julia E. Morozova,
• Yana V. Shalaeva,
• Victor V. Syakaev,
• Aidar T. Gubaidullin,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Vladimir V. Zobov,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Olga B. Bazanova,
• Igor S. Antipin and
• Alexander I. Konovalov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2057–2070, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.195

• using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and a the bimodal particle size distribution of 3 was observed in aqueous solution. The detailed DLS data are presented in Table S1, Supporting Information File 1. In Figure 3a the intensity-averaged size distribution is presented. It shows that in the solution are

• at room temperature (Figure 4c, Figure S10, Supporting Information File 1). In the 0.9% NaCl solution a monomodal particle size distribution was observed (Table S1, Supporting Information File 1). TEM images of dried saline solution of 3 confirmed the growing of the macrocycle particle size to about

• carried out by using thin-film hydration. The particle size distribution of 3 significantly changes in the presence of Dox: The averaged size of small particles increases from 8 to 16 nm and large particles disappear, which leads to a decrease of the PDI value (Figure S11a, Table S1, Supporting

Cryochemical synthesis of ultrasmall, highly crystalline, nanostructured metal oxides and salts

• Elena A. Trusova and
• Nikolai S. Trutnev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1755–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.166

• additive. The scale bar represents 150 nm. Histograms of the particle size distribution for NaNO3 powders synthesized with the addition of 3 wt % (а) and 15 (b) wt % NaF. Scheme describing the formation of crystalline metal oxides with water, carbon dioxide, and NOx as byproducts. Men+ – metal ions; NO3

• powder practically does not affect the particle size, which was 100–200 nm. The micrographs clearly show that practically every nitrate crystallite is coated with a coating of 2–3 nm thickness. Using the DAS method, it was shown that a powder containing 15 wt % of NaF had a narrower particle size

• distribution (Figure 11a,b). For the powder containing 3 wt % of NaF, 72% of the particles had a diameter of 15–85 nm. When the powder contained 15 wt % of NaF, then 72% of the particles had a diameter of 25–70 nm. Apparently, the F− ions in the sodium nitrate solution (NaNO3) prevent both the growth of

Photoluminescence of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in nematic liquid crystals in electric fields

• Margarita A. Kurochkina,
• Elena A. Konshina and
• Daria Khmelevskaia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1544–1549, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.145

• changes in the particle size distribution in Figure 3d,e are observed. When the LC molecules do not reorient, QDs aggregates do not change their location. The results of the statistical analysis of the particle-size distribution in the active LC matrix are given in Table 1. The average area of QD

Understanding the performance and mechanism of Mg-containing oxides as support catalysts in the thermal dry reforming of methane

• Nor Fazila Khairudin,
• Mohd Farid Fahmi Sukri,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1162–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.108

• 550 °C to 850 °C as exhibited in Figure 12. This finding indicates a small particle size distribution, good morphology, and high surface area of the catalyst, as well as high diffusion of active metal without agglomeration during the reaction. Moreover, the average particle size was 11.6 nm, which was

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• -thermal (PT) route compared to other methods such as impregnation (IM) and physical mixture (PM). The CeO2/CNT-PT has smaller and narrower ceria particle size distribution (2 to 14 nm) than CeO2/CNT-IM (6 to 20 nm) based on the TEM and HRTEM analysis. In addition, NH3-TPD analysis was carried out in order