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Search for "penetration" in Full Text gives 326 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29
- , nanocarriers need to be engineered to add functionalities, both in their cores and at their surfaces. This includes therapeutic drugs and genes, targeting moieties, performance enhancers (e.g., for barrier penetration and to avoid opsonization), and imaging agents [2][3]. Core and matrix of the nanoparticles
- SH-SY5Y cells, and no hemolysis was observed. The presence of Tat on the surface of the nanoparticles enabled cell membrane penetration and uptake in HeLa Cells. The effect of electrolytes in the aqueous phase on Polysorbate 80-based PIC nanoemulsions and derived PLGA nanoparticles has been explored
Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28
- (CNS), where endothelial cells form the tightest and the most selective blood–brain barrier (BBB) that provides protection against the penetration of harmful substances and pathogens. Other types of connections include adherens junctions, maintained primarily by transmembrane VE-cadherin, and gap
- considered, because it is an energetically costly, slow, and receptor-dependent mechanism. Moreover, NPs can be retained in the cell and pose cytotoxicity concerns and vulnerability to lysosomal digestion [5][28][29]. The second mechanism, paracellular transport, is based on the penetration of NPs through
- few nanotherapeutic agents approved for clinical use. Nanomaterial-induced leakiness of blood vessels within the tumor may facilitate the penetration of living cancer cells into the bloodstream and to other organs, where they form metastases. Metastases arising from the spread of cancer cells are the
Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24
- of safety and efficiency. However, there are still many inadequacies that limit the application of nanoformulations in biomedicine, including limited tumor penetration and insufficient specificity. Furthermore, nanoformulations are often recognized as foreign materials by the reticuloendothelial
- , cancer cell membranes also show excellent performance in nontumor diseases such as immune system diseases [25] and cardiovascular diseases [26] because of their rich surface functions that yield immunomodulation [22] and biological barrier penetration [27]. Here, we review recent advances and original
- exhibit unique homotypic targeting to tumor tissues, as well as excellent antiphagocytosis, immunomodulation, and biological barrier penetration abilities. Second, the application of cancer cell-based NPs in different types of diseases are discussed (i.e., malignant neoplasms, hematological malignancies
Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23
- receptors. After binding to αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrin receptors in the tumor vasculature, iRDG is subsequently cleaved by cellular proteases to a fragment with a stronger affinity for the neuropilin-1 receptor. Neuropilin-1 receptor binding triggers extravasation and initiates deep tissue penetration
- , intratumoral dissemination, and infiltration into the tumor parenchyma [123][124][125]. RVPNs decorated with a composite of an anti-EGFR single-domain antibody and iRGD provided long circulation time, improved extravasation and tumor localization, enhanced parenchymal penetration, as well as increased
Spin dynamics in superconductor/ferromagnetic insulator hybrid structures with precessing magnetization
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 233–239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.22
- proximity effect”. Distributions of spin current and induced magnetization were calculated in recent works [20][21], where the authors investigate spin current flow through Josephson-like trilayer structures. The proximity effect is the penetration of superconducting correlations in an adjacent
- spin relaxation processes, but we do not take into account any spin relaxation mechanisms within our model for a superconductor. We should mention that both spin pumping mechanisms in superconductors and normal metals are determined by the penetration of nonequillibrium spin density from the interface
- . In metals, such a penetration is limited by the spin flip scattering, while inside the superconductor, the spin relaxation time is usually much longer. Thus, induced magnetization and spin current in our problem are determined mainly by the competition between spin singlet and spin triplet orders [34
Concentration-dependent photothermal conversion efficiency of gold nanoparticles under near-infrared laser and broadband irradiation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 205–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.20
- , and the characteristics of irradiation source [12][13][14][15][16][17]. For biomedical applications, to achieve maximum light penetration, a light source of spectral output within 700–900 nm (NIR-I range, termed therapeutic window) is required [18][19][20]. Here, the photothermal conversion efficiency
A distributed active patch antenna model of a Josephson oscillator
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 151–164, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.16
- from Josephson oscillators. Figure 1a shows a sketch of a typical FFO. It is based on a sandwich-type (overlap) JJ with the length, a ≫ λJ, much larger than the Josephson penetration depth, and both in-plane sizes much larger than the thickness of the junction interface, d ≪ b ≪ a. The in-plane
- the case of Nb/AlOx/Nb tunnel JJs, which are used in state-of-the-art FFOs [9][11]. I assume that a = 100 μm, b = 10 μm, d = 2 nm, εr = 10, d1 = d2 = 100 nm, the zero-temperature London penetration depth λL0 = 100 nm, Jc0 = 5 × 103 (A/cm2), Ic0 = Jc0ab = 50 mA, and the characteristic voltage Ic0Rn = 1
Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of functionalized textile by nanoarchitectured photoinduced Ag@polymer coating
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 95–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.11
- the bacterial cell membrane [19][20], allowing its penetration inside the cytoplasm. This leads to the leakage of cellular components through the pores of the perforated cellular membrane. Once inside, the ions promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, deactivate proteins, and block DNA
- with compounds generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) or blocks DNA replication and protein action (enzymes), thereby leading to cell death. The increased growth inhibition observed for C. albicans compared to E. coli could be explained in part by the difference in kinetics of silver penetration into
Observation of collective excitation of surface plasmon resonances in large Josephson junction arrays
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1578–1588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.132
- penetration depth. This precludes direct interaction between the JJs [28]. Therefore, JJs are coupled only indirectly via common cavity modes, corresponding to the formation of standing surface plasmon waves along the electrode [34]. The standing wave imprints its order on Josephson junctions in the array
- junctions are of the overlap type and are separated by a distance of 12 μm, that is, one hundred times larger than the London penetration depth in Nb. This precludes direct interactions between them. Nevertheless, they can be effectively synchronized via the indirect coupling mechanism mediated by the
Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115
- -PLGA NPs had positive surface charge with CS coating. The formulations have the potential to deliver the encapsulated drug to the bowel according to the in vitro release studies in three different simulated GIT fluids for approximately 72 h. Mucin interaction and penetration into the artificial mucus
- layer were also investigated in detail, and the mucoadhesive and mucus-penetration characteristics of the formulations were examined. Furthermore, in vitro release kinetic studies of the NPs were elucidated. DCX-PLGA NPs were found to be compatible with the Weibull model, and CS/DCX-PLGA NPs were found
- carboxyl groups of PLGA at the NP surface [43]. CS is a cationic heteropolysaccharide, which promotes cellular uptake, mucoadhesiveness, and tissue penetration [42]. Therefore, CS interacts easily with negatively charged groups at the surface of the NPs and increases the tissue penetration. Morphology of
Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98
- , the obtained material revealed an appropriate mechanical strength to reach penetration depth up to 200 µm. The degree of drug penetration across human excised cornea after 24 h was assessed for the traditional suspension used for 5 min or 24 h and after 5 min of contact with the microneedles. The
Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93
- Fe3+/Fe2+ in water, H2O2 can be split into hydroxyl radicals, and the ensuing radical is an incredibly potent oxidizing species. The treatment time lasted from 10 to 60 min, with 40 min yielding the highest CD luminescence. The resulting CDs (2–10 nm) have excellent penetration into HeLa cells
Influence of water contamination on the sputtering of silicon with low-energy argon ions investigated by molecular dynamics simulations
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 986–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.86
- milling is essential because most samples analysed in high-precision instruments are prepared using this method. This can be best achieved using low-beam energies, ideally in the sub-keV range [18], since low-energy ion beams (under 500 eV) produce a thinner amorphous layer due to their lower penetration
- . Description of the amorphization The two samples at several stages of the sputtering process are shown in Figure 6 to illustrate the evolution of the amorphization process. The penetration depth of argon atoms is limited to the first few lattices inside the silicon, for both the contaminated and clean samples
- Supporting Information File 1, where each slab is detailed and compared with the associated RDFs. As per design, the “semi-amorphous” layer is supposed to be one-slab thick, as it is the transition between the amorphized region and the crystalline/intact part of the sample. In some cases, deeper penetration
Solar-light-driven LaFexNi1−xO3 perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79
- be found that if more LaFe0.7Ni0.3O3 perovskite oxides were added to the solution, a better photocatalytic degradation performance would be obtained. However, while too many LaFe0.7Ni0.3O3 perovskite oxides were added, the excess catalyst would inhibit light penetration into the suspension. Thus, the
- catalysts would inhibit light penetration and decrease light availability. Accordingly, the catalyst dosage was set at 50 mg. On the other hand, H2O2 could enhance the generation of the hydroxyl radicals in the aqueous solution. Unfortunately, when excess H2O2 produced too many hydroxyl radicals, the
Temperature and chemical effects on the interfacial energy between a Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid alloy and nanoscopic asperities
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.72
- for an elastic contact, owing to the formation and rupture of chemical bonds between tip and sample in the former case. Furthermore, we used the approach part of the curves to calculate the force–penetration curves according to δ = Z − Fn/Cn. The determination of the interfacial energy γ between an
- interface and may involve a flow of the liquid sample, the tip–liquid interface geometry is better defined upon penetration of the tip in the liquid. Figure 5 shows the temperature and velocity dependences of the interfacial energy between eutectic Ga–In–Sn melt and three AFM tips of SiOx, PtSi, and Au. For
- crystallization of the oxide layer during electron beam exposition. We measured the temperature dependence of the interfacial energy between Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid and AFM tips by dipping the AFM tips inside a Ga–In–Sn liquid drop. The penetration depth of the tips was in the order of several hundreds of
Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68
- fate of particles after application, harder particles have a shorter blood circulation time as they are cleared faster from the bloodstream and the distribution into different tissues [3][9]. Furthermore, the particle penetration into tumor tissues could be demonstrated to be enhanced for softer
A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65
- , inhalation, or dermal penetration [3][4]. Due to its extreme toxicity, it is necessary that easy-to-use, cost-effective diagnostic kits for routine screening of pesticides in fruits and vegetables are developed. The high-throughput analytical methods such as chromatographic (gas, liquid) and spectroscopic
Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55
- considerable potential for medical applications such as transdermal drug delivery, point-of-care diagnostics, and vaccination. These miniature microdevices should successfully pierce the skin tissues while having enough stiffness to withstand the forces imposed by penetration. Developing low-cost and simple
- safety for the current MN design demonstrated its potential for transdermal drug delivery and fluid sampling. Experimental results indicated significant penetration improvements using the prototype applicator, which produced array penetration efficiencies as high as >92%, depending on the impact velocity
- setting. Keywords: hot embossing; microneedles; penetration efficiency; thermoplastic polymers; two-photon polymerization; Introduction During the past two decades, MN devices have become a promising tool for transdermal drug delivery, vaccination, and point-of-care diagnostics [1][2]. MNs are a
Ciprofloxacin-loaded dissolving polymeric microneedles as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of S. aureus skin infections
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 517–527, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.43
- microneedles are based on polymers such as PVA, PVP, chitosan, and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) [19]. In our study, polymer-based microneedles were optimized to achieve a formulation that can efficiently penetrate the skin. In this context, microneedles were studied regarding drug content and penetration of
- tip diameter. In a previous study, sharp tips with 5 µm tip diameter were required for smooth skin penetration, in contrast to needles with a larger tip diameter (15 µm or more), which showed sudden increase in depth after initial superficial penetration [30]. Moreover, in another study, the square
- base of the microneedles was shown to cause deeper penetration compared to hexagonal bases [31]. The shape of the microneedles in our study was faceted pyramidal due to the use of the pyramidal PDMS mold in the microneedle preparation. The faceted appearance of the CIP_MN1 and CIP_MN2 microneedles was
Design and characterization of polymeric microneedles containing extracts of Brazilian green propolis
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 503–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.42
- into the biological substrate, it was observed that MNs with a diameter of 5 µm presented greater penetration power than MNs with larger diameters [42]. The MNs containing EE and GE displayed similar tip shapes and sizes as the MNs of this previous study, thus favoring penetration. Analysis of hardness
- force of the best formulations are displayed in Table 4. The MNs did not yield total penetration of PVC film, Parafilm M, and porcine skin; however, it was verified that the applied force was sufficient to mark the substrates. All evaluated formulations displayed penetration of the gelatin substrate
- resulted in lower mechanical strength [34]. In contrast, the presence of EE resulted in better structured MNs that were harder and had greater penetration capacity. In other studies using MNs composed of PVA, Carbopol 971P, and alginic acid, it was observed that with a force of 0.03 N or greater, most MNs
Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41
- Application and Research Center, Kayseri, Turkey 10.3762/bjnano.13.41 Abstract Controlled release systems containing natural compounds have been successfully applied in cosmetics as antiaging products to enhance the penetration of active compounds through the skin. In this study, we aimed to develop novel
- these problems and enhance their effectiveness [13][14][15]. Upon application of various topical formulations, lipophilic drugs can easily penetrate into the skin, while hydrophilic drugs, such as EGCG, are limited in terms of penetration. The skin displays selective permeability for the penetration of
- many drugs. The stratum corneum in the epidermis, which is the top layer of the skin consisting of three layers, acts as an important barrier against penetration into the skin [9][16]. To overcome penetration limitations, various techniques such as penetration enhancers, phonophoresis, electroporation
Tunable superconducting neurons for networks based on radial basis functions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 444–454, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.37
- . In this case, the spin-valve effect determines the efficiency of penetration of superconducting correlations into the current-carrying layer, which is the reason for the change in inductance. Appendix We present the derivation of Equation 2–Equation 4 in the framework of the resistively shunted
Relationship between corrosion and nanoscale friction on a metallic glass
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 236–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.18
- be found in [21]. The lack of height contrast in Figure 3a is explained by penetration of the AFM tip into the soft outer layer surrounding the scan field. No height difference can be measured between the surrounding area, where the tip penetrates the outer layer, and the scan field, where the outer
Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15
- biofilm inhibition and treatment [88][89][90]. The size of the nps impacts the diffusion into the extracellular polymeric substance matrix, with diameters up to 130 nm demonstrating deep penetration into biofilms. Moreover, positively charged nps exert greater biofilm penetration over anionic or uncharged
- drawback of using TiO2 as photosensitizer is the shallow penetration depth in tissues as it gets activated only by UV light; however, for deep penetration of light into tissues, the wavelength should be in the near-infrared (NIR) window (700–1100 nm) [111]. TiO2 nps can be retained in the body for more
- continuous layer of TiO2 on rare earth nanomaterials and found 50–60% cell destruction when illuminated with NIR light. The results show the penetration of the nanoconstruct into deep tissue tumors, and PEG makes them more biocompatible in conjunction with a strong therapeutic efficacy in vitro as well as in
Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6
- imaging, on the other hand, has better sensitivity but suffers from limitations in the penetration depth in in vivo studies. However, it is quite successful in the preclinical research [43]. Hence, a combination of the two modalities provides many advantages. One of the approaches towards such structures
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