Application of visible-light photosensitization to form alkyl-radical-derived thin films on gold

• Rashanique D. Quarels,
• Xianglin Zhai,
• Neepa Kuruppu,
• Jenny K. Hedlund,
• Ashley A. Ellsworth,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Jayne C. Garno and
• Justin R. Ragains

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1863–1877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.187

• triangular facets result from the orientation of Au(111) on mica [54]. The surface coverage of the Au–Me thin film measured 79% for an array of nanopores with 500 nm periodicity. A hexagonal arrangement of seven nanopores within the film is shown in closer detail in Figure 1b. The edges of the nanopores are

• periodic arrangement of nanopores within a thin film of Au–NHBoc on Au(111) (Figure 4). The surface coverage of the Au–NHBoc thin film measured ≈85% for a sample prepared with 500 nm diameter particles (Figure 4a). The final arrangement of the nanopores produced within the films depends on the organization

• sample in ambient conditions for six months, using tapping mode AFM (Figure 5). The arrangement and locations of nanopores can still be resolved with AFM topographs (Figure 5a). The surface coverage of the Au–NHBoc film measured 83%, which is consistent with the value measured from the freshly prepared

Effect of the fluorination technique on the surface-fluorination patterning of double-walled carbon nanotubes

• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Emmanuel Flahaut,
• Jérémy Rio,
• Christopher P. Ewels,
• Victor O. Koroteev,
• Gregory Van Lier,
• Denis V. Vyalikh and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1688–1698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.169

• highest surface coverage with fluorine occurs when F2 gas is used as a fluorinating agent. The composition of the sample, CF0.33, is close to that determined in [3]. But in our case the exposure time was significantly shorter (10 min versus 5 h), due to a catalytic effect of HF present in the fluorine gas

Characterization of ferrite nanoparticles for preparation of biocomposites

• Urszula Klekotka,
• Magdalena Rogowska,
• Dariusz Satuła and
• Beata Kalska-Szostko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1257–1265, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.127

• nature of ferrites and difficulties in obtaining a sufficient surface coverage by surfactants. On the other hand, the preparation of the samples for TEM actually disturbs the functionality of primarily used surfactants, which can no longer maintain the separation of the particles. The lack of self

3D Nanoprinting via laser-assisted electron beam induced deposition: growth kinetics, enhanced purity, and electrical resistivity

• Brett B. Lewis,
• Robert Winkler,
• Xiahan Sang,
• Pushpa R. Pudasaini,
• Michael G. Stanford,
• Harald Plank,
• Raymond R. Unocic,
• Jason D. Fowlkes and
• Philip D. Rack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 801–812, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.83

• space and multiple interactions that are involved. The removal of impurities during the purification process competes with the simultaneous deposition of the desired material. Additionally, the deposition rate is related to the surface coverage of the precursor on the substrate [33] and therefore an

• surface coverage which inhibits the purification reaction. As will be demonstrated below, the resultant 3D composition at these lower beam currents is not appreciably affected, contrary to growth conditions at higher beam currents and much higher partial pressures [50]. Laser-assisted EBID (LAEBID

• a reduced growth rate and densification (discussed in more detail below). The effective precursor surface coverage was decreased using two different EBID configurations. In one case (#4), the precursor delivery nozzle was retracted and in another (#6) the precursor reservoir temperature was lowered

Vapor deposition routes to conformal polymer thin films

• Priya Moni,
• Ahmed Al-Obeidi and
• Karen K. Gleason

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 723–735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.76

• available for the initiator is directly related to the monomer fractional surface coverage given by Pm/Psat where Pm is the partial pressure of the monomer in the chamber and Psat is the monomer’s saturation pressure under the given deposition conditions [23]. Operating at lower Pm/Psat values thus reduces

Comparison of four methods for the biofunctionalization of gold nanorods by the introduction of sulfhydryl groups to antibodies

• Xuefeng Wang,
• Zhong Mei,
• Yanyan Wang and
• Liang Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 372–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.39

• , GNR applications should be functionalized to link biomolecules. The common GNR functionalization strategies are surface coverage and ligand replacement. The conventional surface modification of GNRs is coating anionic polyelectrolytes through electrostatic absorption, such as poly(acrylic acid) and

Tailoring bifunctional hybrid organic–inorganic nanoadsorbents by the choice of functional layer composition probed by adsorption of Cu²⁺ ions

• Veronika V. Tomina,
• Inna V. Melnyk,
• Yuriy L. Zub,
• Aivaras Kareiva,
• Miroslava Vaclavikova,
• Gulaim A. Seisenbaeva and
• Vadim G. Kessler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 334–347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.36

• feature of the monofunctional fluoroalkyl-substituted particles was that with increasing surface coverage they became more smooth and uniform in size (see Figure S3, Supporting Information File 1), which led to a loss of surface area. The presence of target functional groups in the surface layers of the

Functionalized TiO₂ nanoparticles by single-step hydrothermal synthesis: the role of the silane coupling agents

• Antoine R. M. Dalod,
• Lars Henriksen,
• Tor Grande and
• Mari-Ann Einarsrud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 304–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.33

• average size of 40 nm and they determined a maximum surface coverage of about 2.6 OTES molecules per square nanometer. Niederberger et al. developed a room-temperature non-aqueous in situ functionalization process of TiO2 nanoparticles with 4-tert-butylcatechol and dopamine [20]. A brittle brown solid and

• , surface coverage, and hydrophobicity. Tuning the surface properties of the nanoparticles for different applications by selecting the silane coupling agent is discussed. We further report the effect of heat treatment of the nanoparticles for the formation of core–shell TiO2–SiO2 nanoparticles. Experimental

• materials. The resulting hydrophobic properties of the nanoparticles depend on organic chain length and surface coverage [17], and are comparable to results reported by Iijima and co-workers on TiO2 nanoparticles post-modified with decyltrimethoxysilane and APTMS in mixed solutions of toluene and methanol

Nanostructured TiO₂-based gas sensors with enhanced sensitivity to reducing gases

• Wojciech Maziarz,
• Anna Kusior and
• Anita Trenczek-Zajac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1718–1726, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.164

• surface area of the gas sensitive layer, a lower gas concentration entails a lower surface coverage with gas molecules, and subsequently a smaller number of surface reactions occur. The higher the gas concentration, the larger surface coverage, hence the number of surface reactions increases as well. This

The effect of dry shear aligning of nanotube thin films on the photovoltaic performance of carbon nanotube–silicon solar cells

• Benedikt W. Stolz,
• Daniel D. Tune and
• Benjamin S. Flavel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1486–1491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.141

• observations with reference to the better surface coverage provided by such films. Recently, the process of dry shear aligning (DSA), wherein a randomly oriented thin film of nanotubes is flattened and aligned by application of shear force in the dry state, was reported to yield similar films as those obtained

Large-scale fabrication of achiral plasmonic metamaterials with giant chiroptical response

• Morten Slyngborg,
• Yao-Chung Tsao and
• Peter Fojan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 914–925, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.83

• ]. Instead of using the peak at 550 nm to determine the surface coverage as previously reported by PCMs [10], the peak at 330 nm has been used in this paper, since it is the peak located closest to the UV range (Table 4). From the data it is apparent that both cytochrome c and cysteamine do interact with the

• unknown the exact surface coverage cannot be determined. However, the sensitivity is not expected to deviate significantly from that observed with PCMs at 550 nm. Based on this both cytochrome c and cysteamine are adsorbed in picogram quantities on the ECM Au surface. The current results demonstrate that

Efficient electron-induced removal of oxalate ions and formation of copper nanoparticles from copper(II) oxalate precursor layers

• Kai Rückriem,
• Sarah Grotheer,
• Henning Vieker,
• Paul Penner,
• André Beyer,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 852–861, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.77

• effect in terms of particle quantity was observed. HIM images were also acquired of copper(II) oxalate samples prepared by four deposition cycles. An image of the pristine sample (Figure 6a) reveals again needle-like structures, which are, however, thinner and present at lower surface coverage than those

Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

• Rainhard Machatschek,
• Patrick Ortmann,
• Renate Reiter,
• Stefan Mecking and
• Günter Reiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 784–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.70

• packing with a surface coverage of about 78 ± 4%. Carboxyl groups of CPE45 were not easily accessible at the surface of nanocrystals, preventing the attachment of semiconducting molecules. Thermal annealing of the CPE45 nanocrystals did not result in increasing the areal density of semiconducting

Novel roles for well-known players: from tobacco mosaic virus pests to enzymatically active assemblies

• Claudia Koch,
• Fabian J. Eber,
• Carlos Azucena,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Alexander M. Bittner,
• Holger Jeske,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Fania C. Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 613–629, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.54

• % surface coverage [88]. This work has recently been extended to a related potyvirus, potato virus A (PVA), which could be fashioned with similar surface density not only with 4CL2, but also with a two-enzyme mix of 4CL2 and stilbene synthase (STS) expressed in E. coli, or with a fusion protein of both

Efficiency improvement in the cantilever photothermal excitation method using a photothermal conversion layer

• Natsumi Inada,
• Hitoshi Asakawa,
• Taiki Kobayashi and
• Takeshi Fukuma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 409–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.36

• . To control the surface coverage of colloidal graphite on a cantilever, the aqueous dispersion was diluted with Milli-Q water. We added glycerol (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) to each aqueous dispersion to obtain a final concentration of 23 wt % in order to prevent water evaporation in the coating

• different between PPP-NCHAuD (length; 125 μm, width; 30 μm, thickness; 4 μm) and AC55 (length; 55 μm, width; 31 μm, thickness; 2 μm). (a) Optical images of AC55 cantilevers having different surface coverage. (i): Noncoated cantilever. The cantilevers were coated with the dispersions in the colloidal

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

• tripods. The surface-induced chirality in a self-assembled monolayer of 17 was confirmed by STM measurements and both possible mirror configurations were observed. It turned out, that the surface chirality is strongly dependent on the surface coverage of the substrate. The formation of the racemic mixture

• thiols were chemisorbed on the gold substrate, which was confirmed by PM-IRRAS and XPS analyses. Reductive desorption of chemisorbed molecules from Au(111) revealed a high surface coverage of adsorbed molecules through three anchoring points and the obtained surface density is in agreement with the value

• localized at off-center of the adamantane-core frame. 2,2’-Bithiophene terminated dyads 20 [110], formed also SAMs on Au (111) trough three-point adsorption, but due to the anti–syn conformational flexibility of the perpendicular 2,2’-bithiophene rod like structure, the surface coverage was lower than that

Surface coating affects behavior of metallic nanoparticles in a biological environment

• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Ivona Capjak,
• Tea Crnković,
• Marija Lovrić,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Ivana Vinković Vrček and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 246–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.23

• -uniform surface coverage depending on surface coating. Thus, the BSA molecules clustered and adsorbed on the NP surface variously for different AgNPs and SPIONs, resulting in a thickness variation. Moreover, the BSA coating is likely to include many surface regions that retain adsorbed coating agents

Characterisation of thin films of graphene–surfactant composites produced through a novel semi-automated method

• Nik J. Walch,
• Alexei Nabok,
• Frank Davis and
• Séamus P. J. Higson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 209–219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.19

• chloroform. Graphene thin films were then produced using Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) or electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition techniques. The composition and morphology of the films produced was studied with SEM/EDX and AFM. The best results in terms of adhesion and surface coverage were achieved using

• . It is clear from these images that the surface coverage is not optimal. Additionally the graphene flakes were seen to change position and shape during scanning, suggesting poor adhesion to the silicon surface. This could potentially be overcome in future work by using surface-modified silicon wafers

• using a branched polycation such as PEI. The AFM image of graphene(−)SDS deposited onto a layer of PEI in Figure 8 shows far better surface coverage. However it can be seen that graphene flakes overlap and form double and, in some cases, triple layers. Sectional analysis performed on the sample shows

3D solid supported inter-polyelectrolyte complexes obtained by the alternate deposition of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)

• Eduardo Guzmán,
• Armando Maestro,
• Sara Llamas,
• Jesús Álvarez-Rodríguez,
• Francisco Ortega,
• Ángel Maroto-Valiente and
• Ramón G. Rubio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 197–208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.18

• modification of the ionic strength [19]. In fact, the increase of I leads to a screening of the charge of the chains that leads to the change from an extended to a coiled conformation. Thus the number of molecules that can be adsorbed to coat the surface increases and consequently the surface coverage

Controlled graphene oxide assembly on silver nanocube monolayers for SERS detection: dependence on nanocube packing procedure

• Martina Banchelli,
• Bruno Tiribilli,
• Roberto Pini,
• Luigi Dei,
• Paolo Matteini and
• Gabriella Caminati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.2

• (AFM) measurements of the resulting samples revealed that a similar surface coverage was achieved with both procedures but with a different distribution of silver nanoparticles. In the GO covered LB film, the AgNC distribution is characterized by densely packed regions alternating with empty surface

• surface. The hybrid samples were further characterized by means of atomic force microscopy that differences in the local morphology of the GO/AgNCs clusters. The relationship between surface coverage and morphology and SERS activity of the GO/AgNCs hybrid structures was addressed characterizing the SERS

• with this procedure are slightly smaller suggesting lower surface coverage. In both cases formation of complete bilayers can be excluded although the presence of domains of 3D clusters cannot be discarded at this stage. The value of the nanocube surface density is in agreement with other studies on

pH-Triggered release from surface-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles

• Manuel Häuser,
• Klaus Langer and
• Monika Schönhoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2504–2512, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.260

• data, the properties of the PAA layers adsorbed at different pH values have to be taken into account. Considering adsorption at pH 3, PAA adsorbs as a slightly charged chain, forming a thick layer of coiled chains with a high surface coverage of carboxylic functions, as previously explained. The IEP

• strongly depends on the surface coverage of carboxylic functions. A higher carboxylic surface coverage requires a larger proton concentration in solution to yield neutralisation of the surface layer. On the other hand, at high pH values during adsorption of the PAA layer, a low surface coverage of

Au nanoparticle-based sensor for apomorphine detection in plasma

• Chiara Zanchi,
• Andrea Lucotti,
• Matteo Tommasini,
• Sebastiano Trusso,
• Ugo de Grazia,
• Emilio Ciusani and
• Paolo M. Ossi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2224–2232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.228

• produced and NP arrays with different degrees of surface coverage on the substrate (corresponding to strongly differentiated morphologies) are obtained in a finely controlled way [22][23][24][25]. Such nanostructured, artificially roughened surfaces are characterized by plasmonic properties, such as the

• , optical microscope observation of the sensor surface did not reveal any distinct feature when the dipping time was 2 or 5 min. It is likely that the observed change in the sensor sensitivity on the dipping time is associated with changes in the degree of surface coverage. SERS measurements of APO in blood

Distribution of Pd clusters on ultrathin, epitaxial TiO_x films on Pt₃Ti(111)

• Christian Breinlich,
• Maria Buchholz,
• Marco Moors,
• Tobias Pertram,
• Conrad Becker and
• Klaus Wandelt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2007–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.204

• change. At complete surface coverage, it is energetically more favourable for the oxide film to adopt the hexagonal symmetry of the substrate. This is normally not very common for titanium oxides and makes the w'-TiOx phase a very interesting object of investigation. For the experiments presented here

Optimized design of a nanostructured SPCE-based multipurpose biosensing platform formed by ferrocene-tethered electrochemically-deposited cauliflower-shaped gold nanoparticles

• Wicem Argoubi,
• Maroua Saadaoui,
• Sami Ben Aoun and
• Noureddine Raouafi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1840–1852, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.187

• surface through two gold–sulfur bonds, greatly limits ferrocene leakage into solution and keeps the sensors active. Higher surface coverage allows higher loading in ferrocene and thus widens the dynamic ranges. Selectivity and specificity of the immune response Selectivity and specificity are among the

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• , noble metals such as gold, or oxide layers such as silica or alumina) not only prevents their aggregation due to the change in surface charge, but also protects them from oxidation [12][20][21]. Additionally, proper surface coverage increases the stability and half-life of the magnetic nanoparticles