Direct observation of the Si(110)-(16×2) surface reconstruction by atomic force microscopy

• Tatsuya Yamamoto,
• Ryo Izumi,
• Kazushi Miki,
• Takahiro Yamasaki,
• Yasuhiro Sugawara and
• Yan Jun Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1750–1756, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.157

• high-performance metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (p-MOSFETs) [1][2] because the hole mobility of Si(110) is twice that of the other Si planes [3]. For surface science research, Si(110) has been used as a template substrate for self-assembled nanowires [4][5][6], nanomeshes [7], and

• nanodots [8][9]. Particularly, the Si(110)-(16×2) reconstructed surface is considered to be an ideal 1D template [4][7][9]. Since this reconstructed surface is reported to be two dimensionally chiral, it has been the subject of many investigations, for example, in efforts to control the chirality for

High-responsivity hybrid α-Ag₂S/Si photodetector prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

• Raid A. Ismail,
• Hanan A. Rawdhan and
• Duha S. Ahmed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.142

• hydrothermal methods, chemical bath deposition, laser ablation in liquid reverse microemulsion, electrospinning, sol–gel, electrochemical method, template method, sonochemical method, and hydrochemical bath deposition [10][11][12][13]. The size of Ag2S NPs depends on the preparation conditions [14]. Ag2S NPs

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• . Subsequently, nanoholes were transferred onto the glass surface using the peeling template method and R6G molecules (10−6 mol·L−1) were used with the substrate for detection. Au nanostructures of different shapes and sizes (including grating, disk, and pyramid structures) have also been fabricated using EBL

• . [42] used a nanoporous template of AAO as a SERS substrate, and varied the thickness of either the Au film or the AAO itself. An enhancement factor of 107 was obtained with an Au thickness of 20 nm and an AAO thickness of 100 nm. Using an AAO template, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from peanut extract was

Self-assembly and spectroscopic fingerprints of photoactive pyrenyl tectons on hBN/Cu(111)

• Domenik M. Zimmermann,
• Knud Seufert,
• Luka Ðorđević,
• Tobias Hoh,
• Sushobhan Joshi,
• Tomas Marangoni,
• Davide Bonifazi and
• Willi Auwärter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1470–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.130

• is reduced with an increasing number of substituents. Furthermore, we discuss the influence of template-induced gating and supramolecular organization on the energies of distinct molecular orbitals. The selection of the number and positioning of the pyridyl termini in tetrasubstituted, trans- and cis

• as such spacer layers [18] and can promote site-dependent decoupling and adsorption [19][20], yielding access to optical transitions [21] as well as allowing for orbital-resolved STM imaging [19][21][22][23]. For instance, hBN/Cu(111) [24][25][26][27] features a work function template with a moiré

• at the submolecular level via STM and STS, e.g., reveal to be close to the gas-phase-like frontier orbitals. The electronic landscape of the hBN/Cu(111) template induces a periodic modulation of the electronic structure of the pyrene films at the single digit nanometer scale. The on-surface STM/STS

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• platform and can be adapted to detect biomolecules [9]. Silicon nanowires are used as template for cancer sensors. The nanowires are implemented as gate in integrated sensing FETs [10][11]. A wide range of chemical sensors and biosensors benefit from porous silicon structures [12]. All these presented

• dominant mechanism [13]. This work presents the integration of the MACE process at the wafer level using several metal nanoparticles as catalysts for the reduction process (Equation 1). The aim is to generate a high aspect ratio template of silicon. This template has to be fully integrable into a common

Growth of a self-assembled monolayer decoupled from the substrate: nucleation on-command using buffer layers

• Robby Reynaerts,
• Kunal S. Mali and
• Steven De Feyter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1291–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.113

• symmetry of the underlying alkane layer [27]. Buffer layers of tetratriacontane [25] and tridecylamine [31] were used to template the self-assembly of copper phthalocyanine. Room temperature STM measurements revealed that the adsorption as well as the diffusion of clusters of CuPc molecules was strongly

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• transport. There are various ways to induce pore formation, including the activation and template methods [17][18][19]. In the context of electrospinning experiments, an effective method to induce porous formation is to change the composition of the electrospinning solution (e.g., by adding polymers that

Magnetic-field-assisted synthesis of anisotropic iron oxide particles: Effect of pH

• Andrey V. Shibaev,
• Petr V. Shvets,
• Darya E. Kessel,
• Roman A. Kamyshinsky,
• Anton S. Orekhov,
• Sergey S. Abramchuk,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Olga E. Philippova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1230–1241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.107

• ] in the presence of shear [40], etc. Almost all of these methods involve either the use of a template or a stabilizing agent to induce a directional one-dimensional growth of rod-like nanoparticles. The most common agents used are surfactants [11][21][23][26][37], polymers [27][36] and other additives

• oxide. It consists of co-precipitating Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions upon exposure to an external magnetic field, which is used as a template for directional nanoparticle growth. Note that in the absence of a magnetic field, the same reagents yield spherical nanoparticles [30]. Hence, one can conclude that the

• aggregation and recrystallization of primary nanocrystals. Nonetheless, one cannot fully neglect direct crystal growth by the accretion of atoms, which can help the construction of single rod-like crystals on the basis of column-like aggregates of particles acting as a template. The growth of rods by

Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of rubrene on clean and graphene-covered metal surfaces

• Karl Rothe,
• Alexander Mehler,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1157–1167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.100

• . A template effect of graphene or a moiré lattice on the molecular assembly was not identified. Merely the orientation of the tetracene backbone perpendicular to a graphene crystallographic direction was observed. A finite residual coupling of the molecule to graphene-covered Pt(111) is likewise

Highly sensitive detection of estradiol by a SERS sensor based on TiO₂ covered with gold nanoparticles

• Andrea Brognara,
• Ili F. Mohamad Ali Nasri,
• Beatrice R. Bricchi,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay,
• Matteo Ghidelli and
• Nathalie Lidgi-Guigui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1026–1035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.87

• template for the growth of Au NPs (in the following the samples will be referred as TiO2/Au). Both TiO2 film and Au NPs were synthetized by vapor phase deposition techniques (involving pulsed laser deposition and thermal evaporation) avoiding the use of solvents, while accurately tuning the morphology and

Microwave-induced electric discharges on metal particles for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials under solvent-free conditions

• Vijay Tripathi,
• Harit Kumar,
• Anubhav Agarwal and
• Leela S. Panchakarla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1019–1025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.86

• . The average diameter of the nanorods is 100 nm and the length ranges from 2 to 3 µm. The formation of external amorphous fluorinated carbon nanotubes helps as a template in the formation of ZnF2 nanorods. It is well established that sulfur acts as a growth promoter for carbon nanotubes and carbon

• mixture along with g-C3N4, sulfur helps to produce carbon nanotubes instead of carbon nanospheres. The reactivity of sulfur with the end caps of nanotubes does not allow the carbon nanotubes to close. These amorphous carbon nanotubes help as a template to intercalate metal fluorides/metal sulfides. As the

Gas-sensing features of nanostructured tellurium thin films

• Dumitru Tsiulyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1010–1018, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.85

• galvanic displacement of sacrificial cobalt nanowires were employed [15]. Lastly, to grow one-dimensional nanostructures, either template-free electrodeposition of Te, from an ionic liquid binary mixture [16], or thermal evaporation in a furnace under argon gas flow [17] were strategies utilized. The

• exhibit a striking morphological structure; therefore, their SEM image was omitted. At the same time, the Te films grown on the Al2O3 substrate (Figure 1B) exhibited a nanostructured morphology, corresponding to the substrate template, which consists of ≈100 nm diameter dotted holes, separated 400 nm from

• The nanostructuring of Te-based films by growing vitreous Te on a pre-nanostructured (porous) dielectric template significantly improves their gas sensing capabilities. At room temperature (22 °C), the response and recovery times decrease by approximately 10 and 20 times, respectively, in comparison

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• -phenylalanine) were fabricated by a template method reported by Cui et al. [32]. In this study, we functionalize porous alumina substrates to induce the formation of three-dimensional supported organo-gels within their porous architecture to study a new inorganic–organic composite material. Such a surface

Simulations of the 2D self-assembly of tripod-shaped building blocks

• Łukasz Baran,
• Wojciech Rżysko and
• Edyta Słyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 884–890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.73

• a confinement template to initiate chemical reactions. It can be thought of as an extension of heterogenous catalysis where the initial precursors, the intermediate state, and the final supramolecular network all remain in an adsorbed state. Complex self-assembled structures are essential for many

Transition from freestanding SnO₂ nanowires to laterally aligned nanowires with a simulation-based experimental design

• Jasmin-Clara Bürger,
• Sebastian Gutsch and
• Margit Zacharias

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 843–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.69

• epitaxial contact with the substrate surface they are self-aligned [10]. Several methods such as template-based methods [13][14] or VLS-based methods [10][15][16] have been demonstrated in the literature. It was shown that for VLS-based methods laterally aligned NWs of different materials can be grown

Integrated photonics multi-waveguide devices for optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy: design, fabrication and performance demonstration

• Gyllion B. Loozen,
• Arnica Karuna,
• Mohammad M. R. Fanood,
• Erik Schreuder and
• Jacob Caro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 829–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.68

• video typically contains about 9000 frames, taken at a frame rate of 541 fps and an exposure time of 1 ms. The videos are recorded for ten values of Pfib. We track the bead positions using a template matching algorithm [12]. Briefly, we calculate the 2D cross-correlation between an example image of only

• maximum. In Figure 7, examples of 2D histograms of the position of a 1 μm bead obtained from template matching are presented for the 2-waveguide trap (upper row) and the 16-waveguide trap (lower row) and for various values of Pfib. The left side of the figure shows microscope images of the central part of

Templating effect of single-layer graphene supported by an insulating substrate on the molecular orientation of lead phthalocyanine

• K. Priya Madhuri,
• Abhay A. Sagade,
• Pralay K. Santra and
• Neena S. John

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 814–820, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.66

• . Raman spectrum of single-layer graphene on a SiO2/Si substrate used as a template for the deposition of the PbPc film. (a) 2D-GIXRD pattern of a 10 nm PbPc film on SLG/SiO2/Si. (b) Profile section along the qz direction. (c) Intensity as a function of the azimuthal angle for different Bragg peaks

Effect of Ag loading position on the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ nanocolumn arrays

• Jinghan Xu,
• Yanqi Liu and
• Yan Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 717–728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.59

• solar energy harvesting in photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications owing to their extremely high visible-light absorption and tuned effective band gap. In this work, Ag-loaded TiO2 nanocolumn (Ag-TNC) arrays were fabricated based on anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template by combining atomic layer

• ) of Ag and the absorption of light by TiO2. These results represent a promising step forward to the development of high-performance photocatalysts for energy conversion and storage. Keywords: anodic aluminum oxide template; nanocolumn arrays; photocatalysis; surface plasmon resonance; Introduction

• preparation of 1D TiO2 nanostructures is mainly performed by using anodization [17], hydrothermal [18] and template [19] methods. Meanwhile, the most common methods for the combination with precious metals are chemical deposition [20] and physical deposition [21]. The development of anodized aluminum oxide

A novel dry-blending method to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of polymer templates for OTFT electrodes

• Xiangdong Ye,
• Bo Tian,
• Yuxuan Guo,
• Fan Fan and
• Anjiang Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 671–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.53

• thermal expansion (CTE) of the polymer template is much higher than the CTE of the dielectric layer. Here, a novel dry-blending method is described in which SiO2 nanoparticles are filled into a grooved silicon template, followed by permeation of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) into the SiO2 nanoparticle gaps

• . The SiO2 nanoparticles in the groove are extracted by curing and peeling off PDMS to prepare a PDMS/SiO2 composite template with a nanoparticle content of 83.8 wt %. The composite template has a CTE of 96 ppm/°C, which is a reduction by 69.23% compared with the original PDMS template. Finally, we

• achieved the alignment of OTFT electrodes using the composite template. Keywords: coefficient of thermal expansion; dry blending; organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs); OTFT electrodes; PDMS/SiO2 composite template; Introduction Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) provide a platform to construct next

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• biopolymers. The selection of a sacrificial template for capsule formation, the driving forces involved, the encapsulation of a variety of cargo and release based on different internal and external stimuli have also been addressed. We describe recent perspectives and obstacles of weak polyelectrolyte

• significance in biotechnological and nanotechnological frontiers with applications in the fields of chemistry, physics, biology and medicine [1]. The multilayered capsules are fabricated by alternate deposition of anionic and cationic PEs on a sacrificial colloidal template, followed by the dissolution of the

• varying the size of the sacrificial template [10]. The shell thickness can also be altered by the number of layers and the preparation conditions, thus providing control over thickness and morphology. Notably, these capsules have better encapsulation efficiency (EE) and a stable zeta potential mainly due

Formation of nanoripples on ZnO flat substrates and nanorods by gas cluster ion bombardment

• Xiaomei Zeng,
• Vasiliy Pelenovich,
• Bin Xing,
• Rakhim Rakhimov,
• Wenbin Zuo,
• Alexander Tolstogouzov,
• Chuansheng Liu,
• Dejun Fu and
• Xiangheng Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 383–390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.29

• controlled by the orientation of the nanorod side edges. A similar “guiding” effect was observed in experiments where the boundary of irradiated regions was used to template the lateral ripples formed by focus ion beam irradiation [24]. From these findings one can conclude that the “guiding” effect is

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) polyplexes as novel therapeutic gene carriers for lung cancer therapy

• Gayathri Kandasamy,
• Elena N. Danilovtseva,
• Vadim V. Annenkov and
• Uma Maheswari Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 354–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.26

• (cRNA) was amplified using in vitro transcription (IVT) of the double-stranded cDNA template using T7 RNA polymerase. 12 μg of the purified cRNA was fragmented using divalent cations at elevated temperature. The labeled fragmented sample was loaded into Primeview® Genechip and the chip was hybridized

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• physisorption was applied, using deuterated p-xylene (DPX) as a contrast-matching agent in the neutron scattering process. The impact of the carbon precursor on the structural order on an atomic scale in terms of size and disorder of the carbon microstructure, on the nanopore structure, and on the template

• impregnated with a liquid or dissolved carbon precursor, and thus the carbonization of the precursors takes place within the pores. Template removal is typically performed with concentrated aqueous solutions of NaOH or HF. The hierarchical pore system and the bimodal distribution of pore sizes provide a high

• the carbon microstructure, on the nanopore structure, and on the template process. A graphitizable pitch and a non-graphitizable resin, which carbonization turns into a glassy carbon, is used for comparison. Glassy carbon materials are derived from thermally processed phenolic formaldehyde resins

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• -specific hybridization (mutation-dependent hybridization of short nucleotides with variable target DNA), (2) primer extension (DNA polymerase-based incorporation of specific desoxyribonucleotides complementary to the DNA template, (3) allele-specific ligation (ligase-based covalent linking of two

• oligonucleotides upon hybridization on a DNA template), and (4) invasive cleavage (nuclease-based cleavage of the 3D structure formed when two overlapping oligonucleotides hybridize perfectly to a target DNA). The genotyping method should meet several requirements, namely, facile development from sequence

• isothermal exponential amplification reaction (EXPAR). The EXPAR technique uses a DNA template, deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) and two enzymes to achieve the exponential amplification of a target sequence. DNA polymerase and NEase are used in the same reaction mixture. Once connected to the template

Fabrication of Ag-modified hollow titania spheres via controlled silver diffusion in Ag–TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures

• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Marta Michalska-Domańska,
• Krzysztof Kopczyński and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 141–146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.12

• NP-modified TiO2 HSs are based mainly on multistep processes including hard-templating methods [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Au-modified TiO2 HSs of regular shape were prepared using a multistep process in which sulfonated polystyrene spheres were used as a hard-template [10]. The

• template was used in the fabrication of rattle-type HSs of Au@TiO2 using multistep template deposition and a surface-protected etching method [13], of TiO2 HSs of mixed anatase/rutile composition loaded with noble metal NPs (Au, Pt, Pd) [14], and of N-doped Ag/TiO2 HSs [15]. A hard-templating method with a

• carbon template was used in a one-pot synthesis of uniform TiO2–Ag hybrid HSs [16], and of Ag/AgCl modified self-doped TiO2 HSs [17]. Finally, polymer spheres were used as hard-templates in a multistep fabrication of tri-modified TiO2 HSs (Ag–C/N–TiO2) [18], and of silver/TiO2 HSs [19]. Many papers