Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• adsorption of CS macromolecules on the surface of the NPs [42]. Besides coating, drug loading to NPs also led to remarkable changes in particle size. Moreover, after CS coating, the zeta potential of PLGA NPs changed from negative to positive. The negative zeta potential is attributed to the presence of

• through the mucus layer. Since the zeta potential of PLGA NPs changed from negative to positive due to CS coating, strong interaction occurred between NPs and mucus layer. In contrast, negatively charged unmodified PLGA NPs showed less interaction with the mucus layer since both mucus layer and PLGA

• phase for the blank PLGA nanoparticles. In vitro characterization of the nanoparticles Mean particle size and surface charge Mean particle size (nm), PDI, and zeta potential (mV) of the NPs were investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS; Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS series, UK) with a disposable

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• utilization property. Electronic properties and zeta potential The electronic properties exhibited by as-synthesized samples were also studied through light-induced EPR measurements. The Figure 4a demonstrates EPR spectra of MBN-25, MBN-50, and MBN-80. The samples exhibit single Lorentzian lines which can be

• studied through zeta potential analysis (depicted in Figure 4b). It was observed that the surface of MBN-80 is positively charged at lower pH values which gradually increases with the increase in pH range. The isoelectric point was determined to be at pH 5.08. The MBN-80 was found to be negatively charged

• with a zeta potential of −20 mV at a neutral pH. This implies that the surface of MBN-80 is negatively charged above pH 5.08 which results in better adsorptive ability towards positively charged pollutant moieties and vice-versa. Optical studies The UV–vis light harvesting characteristics (absorbance

Supramolecular assembly of pentamidine and polymeric cyclodextrin bimetallic core–shell nanoarchitectures

• Alexandru-Milentie Hada,
• Nina Burduja,
• Marco Abbate,
• Claudio Stagno,
• Guy Caljon,
• Louis Maes,
• Nicola Micale,
• Massimiliano Cordaro,
• Angela Scala,
• Antonino Mazzaglia and
• Anna Piperno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1361–1369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.112

• , Figure 1) achieved by supramolecular assembly of the components as well as their physicochemical characterization in terms of size and colloidal stability. The drug binding ability of nanoGS with Pent has been investigated by complementary spectroscopic techniques such as UV–vis, zeta potential (ζ

• (nanoG) and 0.2 cm path length quartz cells (nanoGS and nanoGSP) at room temperature (≈25 °C). The zeta potential, average hydrodynamic diameter, and width of distribution (polydispersity index, PDI) measurements were carried out by a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instrument, Malvern, U.K.) at 25 °C in

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• cylindrical, the potential change (ΔV) is given by [10]: where ε is the dielectric constant of the fluid, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, R is the flow resistance of the channel, ζ is the zeta potential of the ionic double layer on the channel surfaces, η is the liquid viscosity, C is the ionic concentration

• to CC BY 4.0. (d) From left to right are the zeta potential values of two different CNFs, the SEM image of the nanostructure, and the schematic diagram of the heterostructure. Figure 8d was adapted from [85]. This article was published in Nano Energy, vol. 71, by W. Yang; X. Li; X. Han; W. Zhang; Z

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• of 10 °C/min. The zeta potential was measured by analyzing 0.1 g of ZnO in 10 mL of water using a Malvern ZetasizerPro. The solid UV–vis DRS was carried out using a JASCO V550 UV–vis spectrometer. Photocatalytic degradation reaction The photocatalytic degradation of a dye solution under visible and

• (Figure 6b). The bandgap energy of synthesized ZnO was 3.15 eV, which is close to the bandgap value of 3.2 eV of ZnO shown in a previous report [33]. The zeta potential value displays the surface charge and stability of ZnO NPs. In this study, the zeta potential of ZnO NPs was −19 mV (Figure 7

• synthesized ZnO NPs. HR-TEM images of synthesized ZnO NPs. UV–vis DRS spectra (a) and plot of (α·hν)2 as a function of photon energy for ZnO NPs (b). Zeta potential of synthesized ZnO NPs. UV–vis spectra of degradation of MO (a, b) and MB (c, d) under visible and UV light. Photodegradation efficiency of MO (a

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• stable in aqueous environment. The choice of the crosslinker has an impact on the resulting particle characteristics, such as isoelectric point or zeta potential [10][12]. For gelatin nanoparticles, only in vitro data is presented showing the impact of mechanical properties. In the past, it was shown

• polydispersity index (PdI) from 0.075 to 0.115, indicating a narrow size distribution. Crosslinking for 15 min did not result in stable particles with uniform colloidal properties. The surface charge of gelatin nanoparticles is clearly pH-dependent. At a pH value of 7.5 ± 0.1, the zeta potential values ranged

• size distribution. The zeta potential of FITC-dextran-loaded particles was slightly increased in comparison to the unloaded ones, which can be due to a slightly lower crosslinking rate. Sizes, PdI, and zeta potential of all formulations are listed in Table 1. Particle imaging in the QI™-mode allowed to

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• charges of GNPs, GNPs-GSH, and GNPs-GSH-Rh6G2 are shown in Figure 2d. Once GNPs were modified with GSH, the surface potential increased from −34.5 to −12.1 mV due to the positive surface charges of GSH. After further modifying with Rh6G2, the zeta potential increased to −8 mV. These results indicated that

• Fluorescence spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Japan). Mean particle size and the zeta potential were recorded using a Zetasizer Nano ZS90 (Malvern, UK). A Nicolet iS10 infrared spectrometer (Nicolet, USA) was used to gather FTIR spectra in a scanning range of 400–4000 cm−1. Fluorescence images of cells were

• bottle contain GNPs-GSH-Rh6G2 and GSH-Rh6G2, respectively); (c) UV–vis spectra of GNPs, GNPs-GSH, and GNPs-GSH-Rh6G2; (d) fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of GNPs-GSH-Rh6G2. DLS of (a) GNPs, (b) GNPs-GSH, and (c) GNPs-GSH-Rh6G2 (insets: TEM images); (d) zeta potential of GNPs, GNPs-GSH, and

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• confirmed by dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. The loading capacity of PHEG-Tyr and Nα-Lys-NG nanogels and their release profiles were first optimized with bovine serum albumin. The nanogels were then used for loading and release of AAT. PHEG-Tyr and Nα-Lys-NG nanogels showed

• represented by DH and zeta potential. Figure 2a depicts the change in DH of PHEG-Tyr nanogel as a response to pH variation from 4 to 4.7 at 25 °C, showing a continuous increase of DH from 179 to 205 nm as a result of the protonation of amine groups of PHEG-Tyr nanogel and the expansion of PHEG-Tyr nanogel

• indicates that PHEG-Tyr nanogel is more solubilized at 25 °C than at 37 °C when the polymer–polymer interactions prevail [28]. The zeta potential of PHEG-Tyr nanogel was measured to determine the surface properties at different pH values and temperatures. Figure 2b shows that the zeta potential of PHEG-Tyr

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

• size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), encapsulation efficiency percentage (EE%), and in vitro release. The best ETH formulation was used to prepare the ethosome-based gel (ETHG) by using Carbopol 980 as a gelling agent at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v). The gel formulation was evaluated

• [30][31]. The negative zeta potential in all of our formulations is thought to be due to the presence of ethanol. Conversely, there is a decrease in the encapsulation efficiency due to the increasing lipid ratio. All formulations showed approximately 50% of in vitro release, but the highest rate was

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in rats. The SM-loaded NPs showed suitable properties in terms of particle size (81.4 nm), zeta potential (−28.3 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (97.5%). Histological criteria, knee bend score, and oxidative stress remarkably improved in rats treated with the SM

Coordination-assembled myricetin nanoarchitectonics for sustainably scavenging free radicals

• Xiaoyan Ma,
• Haoning Gong,
• Kenji Ogino,
• Xuehai Yan and
• Ruirui Xing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 284–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.23

• shows spherical MZG nanoparticles. Size and zeta potential value of the MZG nanoparticles were 44.6 ± 26.5 nm and −23.1 ± 3.4 mV, respectively, measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Figure 2b) and consistent with the TEM results. Importantly, the co-assembly mechanism was further revealed through

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• found that nps smaller than 100 nm produce more ROS due to their higher surface area [29]. Properties of nps such as surface charge density and zeta potential are influential in determining their reactivity, agglomeration properties, interaction with cells, stability in complex media, and adsorption of

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• . Additionally, HbMP were prepared with a spiked hemoglobin solution as well as under standard process conditions as a control. Hemoglobin microparticles – size, zeta potential, morphology In addition to particle preparation with spiked hemoglobin, particles were also prepared using the standard protocol. The

• the CCD method after precipitation, as well as after cross-linking, dissolution, and final washing steps are shown in Figure 1. The zeta potential of HbMP in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, was −8.51 ± 0.9 mV. The zeta potential in PBS, pH 7.0, of E. coli was −16 mV, that of S. epidermidis

• , −8 mV [40]. Thus, both the HbMP and the bacteria showed a negative zeta potential and strong aggregation due to different charges seems unlikely. In the CCD process there are some centrifugation steps in the preparation of the HbMP. After centrifugation, both the particles and the majority of the

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• solution, added into the gel wells, and separated under an electric field (80 mV, 400 mA) for 60 min using a Bio-Rad Mini-Sub Cell GT Cell. DLS and zeta potential measurements The hydrodynamic radius and ζ-potential of the nanoparticles were determined using a Zetasizer Ultra (Malvern Instruments Ltd, UK

• the hydrodynamic radius by preventing agglomeration and increasing stabilization of the nanoparticles. The zeta potential values of SPION@bPEI and SPION@bPEI-Erb were measured to be +35.2 mV and +29.1 mV, respectively (Supporting Information File 1, Table S1), which is expected since the conjugation

• particles used for pGFP transfection. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 72: Supporting Information contains dynamic light scattering (DLS), photoluminescence spectra, and zeta potential analysis of SPION@bPEI, SPION@bPEI/pDNA, SPION@bPEI-Erb, SPION @bPEI-Erb/pDNA, and SPION@bPEI-Erb/pDNA

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• specificity with significantly higher (p < 0.005) drug release in an acidic environment (pH 5.5). The nanoparticles were highly colloidal (zeta potential = −35 to −26 mV) in deionized water, phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and sodium borate buffer (SBB). They showed elevated and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in

• ) dispersed in deionized water, sodium borate buffer (SBB) pH 9.0, phosphate buffer saline (PBS) pH 7.4, and DMEM were used for zeta potential measurements. The purpose of using buffers (i.e., SBB, PBS) was to get indirect surface charge information. Deionized water was used to check the influence of

• electrolytes on the stability of NPs [29], and DMEM was used as a representative of biological assays. All NPs (MFe2O4-PMA, MFe2O4+DOX, and MFe2O4+MTX) indicated high zeta potential values (−35 to −26 mV) in all dispersion media except DMEM (−17 to −10 mV) as shown in Table 4. The reason behind lower zeta

A review on slip boundary conditions at the nanoscale: recent development and applications

• Ruifei Wang,
• Jin Chai,
• Bobo Luo,
• Xiong Liu,
• Jianting Zhang,
• Min Wu,
• Mingdan Wei and
• Zhuanyue Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1237–1251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.91

• hand, it should be noted that the increase in surface charge density can also directly increase the bare surface potential, thus increasing the zeta potential, denoted by ζ, which is a key parameter that reflects the amplitude of the electrokinetic effects. Therefore, the increase in surface charge

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• vibration at 1734.5 (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). Such peak shifts are also observed when NOR interacts with metal ions like NiO [41]. The zeta potential of these particles was found to be +29 mV, validating the loading of drug and indicating nanoparticle stability at neutral pH

• zeta potential of these particles was indeed found to be −16.5 mV, supporting this. Comparing the different nanoparticles synthesized, i.e., UIONPs, NOR@IONPpH5 and NOR@IONPpH10, we observed that the drug coated IONPs have a much lower aggregate size with a reduced hydrodynamic size distribution (Table

• drug loading is 3 times greater than determined for NOR@IONPs synthesized in our previous study, where the drug coating was estimated to be 17.13 µg/mg of the nanoparticle [30]. At pH 5, we know from the zeta potential that, IONPs express a positive charge (Figure 2d). Therefore, an electrostatic

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) were used as basic polymer modifiers to create positive charges on the Ag surface (Figure 7, numbers 1 and 2). Both of them were described as effective Ag NP stabilizers, which lead to NPs with positive zeta potential [7][19]. We found that treatment of the Ag NPs with those

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

• Khosro Adibkia,
• Ali Ehsani,
• Asma Jodaei,
• Ezzatollah Fathi,
• Raheleh Farahzadi and
• Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 786–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.62

• laboratory unit, which is approved by the Iranian Nanotechnology Initiative Council (Figure 9A). Also, the size distribution and zeta potential distribution was provided by the commercial supplier as (Figure 9B,C). BM-MSCs isolation BM-MSCs were isolated for a previous study by Fathi and co-workers [41

• real-time PCR (D and E); (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001), respectively. Ag-NPs structure. (A) SEM image of Ag-NPs, (B) size distribution by intensity, and (C) zeta potential distribution. Ag-NPs characterization. Primer sequences used for the aTL measurement. Primer sequences used for the

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• a final AgNP concentration of 10 mg Ag/L and incubated at room temperature on a digital waving rotator (Thermo Scientific, USA), protected from light. The changes in size distribution and zeta potential were monitored by DLS and ELS, respectively, with the recordings taken at 0, 1, 4, and 24 h after

• biological media. Information on the composition and pH of biologically relevant artificial media used for the evaluation of the stability and transformation of AgNPs. Values of primary size (obtained by TEM), hydrodynamic diameter (dH), zeta potential (ζ), and percentages of released ionic silver in

• colloidal suspension of AgNPs coated with PLL, AOT, or PVP. Supporting Information This file shows three tables with values of hydrodynamic diameter, % volume distribution, zeta potential, and % of dissolved AgNPs immersed in different media. Supporting Information File 62: Experimental parameters of AgNPs

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• hydrodynamic diameter (Smoluchowski's approximation) of the as-prepared- (as-loaded) and the partially dissolved nanoceria was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a Brookhaven 90Plus Particle Size Analyzer. The zeta potential (0.5 mg/mL) from pH 0.5 to 13, adjusted with nitric acid and sodium

• contrast, solvothermally synthesized nanoceria was coated with, on average, a monolayer of citrate, intentionally applied to inhibit agglomeration [35]. It is assumed that the citrate coating was dissolved as surface cerium ions were solubilized. The reduction in absolute zeta potential of the partially

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• , such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and zeta potential (ZP) [51][52][53]. The storage temperature is a critical factor that controls the percentage of oxidative dissolution of AgNPs. The higher the temperature, the greater the speed of the dissolution reaction [54][55]. Kittler et al. studied the dissolution

• expensive instrument cost include the requirement of high voltage, high vacuum and a tricky sample preparation protocol, which is extremely important to obtain high-quality images [33][156]. Zeta potential: The zeta potential, also called the electrokinetic potential, is the potential in the sliding plane

Colloidal particle aggregation: mechanism of assembly studied via constructal theory modeling

• Scott C. Bukosky,
• Sukrith Dev,
• Monica S. Allen and
• Jeffery W. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 413–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.33

• parameterized by the zeta potential, ζp. This repulsive double layer force is given by [14]: where d is the particle separation distance, a is the particle radius, T is the temperature of the system, e is the elementary charge, kB is Boltzmann’s constant, and ε0 and εc are vacuum permittivity and fluid

Doxorubicin-loaded gold nanorods: a multifunctional chemo-photothermal nanoplatform for cancer management

• Uzma Azeem Awan,
• Abida Raza,
• Shaukat Ali,
• Rida Fatima Saeed and
• Nosheen Akhtar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 295–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.24

• compared to non-irradiated samples (p < 0.05). The zeta potential values of GNRs, PSS-GNRs and DOX-PSS-GNRs were measured as 42 ± 0.1 mV, −40 ± 0.3 mV and 39.3 ± 0.6 mV, respectively. PSS-GNRs nanocomplexes were found to be biocompatible and showed higher photothermal stability. The DOX-conjugated

• refractive index around GNRs due to adsorption of DOX might lead to a stronger Columbic restoring force and a redshift of the LSPR peak [29]. The zeta potential of unrefined GNRs was measured to be 60 ± 0.2 mV, which decreased to 42 ± 0.1 mV after removal of excess CTAB (two rounds of centrifugation and re

• -dispersion). A negative zeta potential of −30 ± 0.3 mV was measured after successful coating of the GNR surfaces with PSS. The positive zeta potential (40.3 ± 0.6 mV) of DOX-PSS-GNRs, due to the positive charge of DOX, confirmed the chemistry changes to the GNR surfaces (Figure 1d). Our results revealed a