Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• change of the chemical composition of the contacting materials. Electrical-current-induced thermal effects have been studied in various one-dimensional nanostructures such as Si [92], Ge [10][54], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [93][94][95], GaN [96][97] and ZnTe [98]. The evolution of a nanocontact between a

• . Several CNT-based relays and switches have been fabricated using the bottom-up arrangement of CNTs, including dielectrophoresis [33], controlled growth of CNTs [34][37], dispersion coating [12][35][36], nanomanipulation [15][32] techniques and electron beam lithography/metal sputtering for the fabrication

• voltages for these switches were relatively high at 20–40 V. The high current density that is caused by the high actuation voltage in CNTs during switching cycles can be lowered by the use of an insulating layer [15] or by the choice of the appropriate type of CNTs. For example, studies performed on

Dynamic behavior of a nematic liquid crystal with added carbon nanotubes in an electric field

• Emil Petrescu and
• Cristina Cirtoaje

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 233–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.25

• Emil Petrescu Cristina Cirtoaje University Politehnica of Bucharest, Department of Physics, Splaiul Independenţei 313, 060042, Bucharest, Romania 10.3762/bjnano.9.25 Abstract The dynamic behavior of a nematic liquid crystal with added carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in an electric field was analyzed. A

• theoretical model based on elastic continuum theory was developed and the relaxation times of nematic liquid crystals with CNTs were evaluated. Experiments made with single-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed in nematic 4-cyano-4’-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) indicated a significant difference of the relaxation time

• Dierking and co-workers [13][14] proved an alignment of CNTs parallel to the liquid crystal molecules, so we may assume that the anchoring angle α is neglectable. Thus, Equation 11 becomes: When exposed to an external electric field higher than the critical Fréedericksz transition threshold the molecules

Dielectric properties of a bisimidazolium salt with dodecyl sulfate anion doped with carbon nanotubes

• Doina Manaila Maximean,
• Viorel Cîrcu and
• Constantin Paul Ganea

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 164–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.19

• melting and clearing points. Hence, there is the interest to design such materials for further electro-optical applications [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanoparticles were also dispersed in LCs [33][34][35][36]. It is well-known that the order of the LCs can be

• imposed on the CNTs in such a way that the alignment axis of the CNTs is driven by the LC reorientation controlled by an electric field [37]. The concentration and the spatial distribution of charges in the LC matrix will be affected by the presence of CNTs and, hence, the conductivity will be changed [38

• ][39][40][41][42][43][44]. There are studies dedicated to the dielectric spectroscopy (DS) of ILCs doped with CNT [45]. In the present work we studied the effect of added CNTs on the dielectric properties of a new ILC based on a bisimidazolium salt with a dodecyl sulfate ion. The dielectric spectra of

Magnetic field induced orientational transitions in liquid crystals doped with carbon nanotubes

• Danil A. Petrov,
• Pavel K. Skokov and
• Alexander N. Zakhlevnykh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2807–2817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.280

• ferronematics have been published [4][5], which indicates the interest in this kind of composite materials. Along with ferri- or ferromagnetic particles it is also possible to use carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in order to increase the magneto-orientational response of the LC matrix [6][7]. Due to the highly elongated

• shape (aspect ratios of 102 to 103) and anomalously high anisotropy of the diamagnetic susceptibility ( ≈ 10−5 to 10−4) [8][9][10][11], CNTs are very attractive for the creation of nanocomposites based on LCs with high magneto-orientational response. From experimental data [12][13][14][15][16], it is

• known that in the absence of external fields CNTs are oriented parallel to the director of the LC matrix, which corresponds to the planar type of coupling. However, homeotropic coupling is also possible [17]. Thus, for suspensions of CNTs based on LC with positive diamagnetic susceptibility anisotropies

Dry adhesives from carbon nanofibers grown in an open ethanol flame

• Christian Lutz,
• Julia Syurik,
• C. N. Shyam Kumar,
• Christian Kübel,
• Michael Bruns and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2719–2728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.271

• force microscopy; carbon nanofibers; Introduction One-dimensional carbon nanostructures (1D-CNs), such as carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) consisting of cylindrical graphitic sheets, are very promising materials for nanotechnology [1]. They are well known for their outstanding

• open flame, which serves as the carbon source and provides the necessary temperature. Li and Hsieh demonstrated the growth of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MW-CNTs) from the flame of a paraffin wax candle [7] and a Bunsen burner [8]. Pan and co-workers grew CNTs and CNFs with an ethanol flame [5] and

• GPa [30]. CNTs act similarly to the hairs of a Gecko, due to their diameters in the nanometer-range, they can bend quite easily when getting in contact with a rough surface. This effect enables effective contact splitting [31], which leads to an increased contact area, resulting in a high adhesion

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• (CNTs) or fibers in an electrode material [4][5]. A typical synthesis procedure for carbon–carbon hybrid materials includes the mechanical mixing of the components, previously synthesized separately by different methods (ex situ synthesis). The mixing is usually carried out in a solvent, but since

• works devoted to one-step formation of porous carbon–CNT hybrids for energy storage applications. Lei et al. have reported the CCVD synthesis of nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous carbon and multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) with the use of a silica SBA-15 template impregnated by iron nitrate [14

• , and nanostructured CaCO3 as a template [16]. The electrodes from the synthesis products exhibited a good reversible capacity and long-term cycling stability. The role of CNTs in such hybrids was to enhance the electrical conductivity and to act as a physical barrier, blocking large pores in the second

Localized growth of carbon nanotubes via lithographic fabrication of metallic deposits

• Fan Tu,
• Martin Drost,
• Imre Szenti,
• Janos Kiss,
• Zoltan Kónya and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2592–2605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.260

• Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, MTA-SZTE Reaction Kinetics and Surface Chemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Rerrich ter 1, 6720 Szeged, Hungary 10.3762/bjnano.8.260 Abstract We report on the fabrication of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at predefined positions and controlled

• morphology, for example, as individual nanotubes or as CNT forests. Electron beam induced deposition (EBID) with subsequent autocatalytic growth (AG) was applied to lithographically produce catalytically active seeds for the localized growth of CNTs via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). With the precursor Fe

• (CO)5 we were able to fabricate clean iron deposits via EBID and AG. After the proof-of-principle that these Fe deposits indeed act as seeds for the growth of CNTs, the influence of significant EBID/AG parameters on the deposit shape and finally the yield and morphology of the grown CNTs was

Preparation and characterization of polycarbonate/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites

• Claudio Larosa,
• Niranjan Patra,
• Marco Salerno,
• Lara Mikac,
• Remo Merijs Meri and
• Mile Ivanda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2026–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.203

• common issue in obtaining good quality nanocomposites, especially in the case of high aspect ratio fillers such as CNTs. The efficiency in minimizing the amount of entangled bundles of MWCNTs and ensuring proper dispersion of them in the polymer matrices influences nearly all relevant properties of the

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

• Peter Krauß,
• Jörg Engstler and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

• -prepared iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene composite material for direct synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under CVD conditions. The graphene was transferred onto a SiO2/Si wafer after CVD synthesis on a copper substrate (Figure 6). The copper substrate was etched with a solution of 1 M iron(III

• ) chloride in 10% hydrochloric acid. The ratio of copper to etchant was increased as described previously in order to obtain a higher number of iron oxide nanoparticles which serve as a catalyst for CNT growth. The water-assisted CVD growth of CNTs was then performed at 875 °C in an argon/hydrogen atmosphere

• [45][46][47]. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms the growth of CNTs on metal oxide decorated graphene samples. The CNTs have an outer diameter of about 10–20 nm (Figure 7a). In selected regions of the graphene substrate, growth of vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs) was observed

Enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties of continuous-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites with stacked graphene

• Naum Naveh,
• Olga Shepelev and
• Samuel Kenig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1909–1918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.191

• -mechanical behavior. Keywords: composite; exfoliation; graphene; surface-active agents (SAAs); thermo-mechanical properties; Introduction Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been suggested as an efficient conductive filler because of the outstanding electrical properties and the high aspect ratio. CNT-modified

• carbon epoxy composites have been studied, where the CNTs are either dispersed in the matrix and/or grafted on the carbon fibers [1][2]. However, the cost of CNTs limits intensive industrial applications. Other treatments have been attempted, among these, oxidation of the carbon fibers, plasma treatment

Effect of the fluorination technique on the surface-fluorination patterning of double-walled carbon nanotubes

• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Emmanuel Flahaut,
• Jérémy Rio,
• Christopher P. Ewels,
• Victor O. Koroteev,
• Gregory Van Lier,
• Denis V. Vyalikh and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1688–1698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.169

• onto the inner shell too [4]. Although fluorinated CNTs are generally expected to be insulating, one-dimensional structures with a conducting shell surrounded by an insulating layer from the fluorinated carbon could find potential application in nanoelectronics and gas sensing [5]. The ability to

• change the functional composition of the outer shell would significantly extend the areas of possible DWCNT applications. For example, quantum-chemical calculations predict that the conductivity of fluorinated CNTs changes from semiconducting to metallic depending on surface distribution of fluorine

• atoms [6]. Furthermore, the energy of a C–F bond decreases with reduction of fluorine content in CNTs [7], which should promote nucleophilic substitution reactions, leading to new derivatives [8][9]. Fluorinated CNTs have a potential in chromatographic separations of various halogenated compounds owing

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

• of the most abundant elements on the earth. In the past two decades, carbon-based materials such as graphene, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been explored for various applications such as Li-ion batteries [22], supercapacitors [23], energy storage [24

Low-temperature CO oxidation over Cu/Pt co-doped ZrO₂ nanoparticles synthesized by solution combustion

• Amit Singhania and
• Shipra Mital Gupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1546–1552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.156

• , different types of catalysts including monometallic (e.g., Pt, Pd, Rh, Au, Ni, Co and Sn), bimetallic (e.g., Pd–Au, Pd–Rh, Pt–Co, Cu–Rh, Au–Cu and Au–Ag) along with various types of supports (e.g., CeO2, SiO2, Al2O3, Co3O4, Fe2O3, activated carbon (AC), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and ZrO2) have been reported

Miniemulsion copolymerization of (meth)acrylates in the presence of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for reinforced coating applications

• Bertha T. Pérez-Martínez,
• Lorena Farías-Cepeda,
• Víctor M. Ovando-Medina,
• José M. Asua,
• Lucero Rosales-Marines and
• Radmila Tomovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1328–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.134

• ; miniemulsion polymerization; multiwalled carbon nanotubes; Introduction Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are hollow, fiber-like materials, with a diameter on the nanometer scale and a relatively long length on the micrometer scale, resulting in a very high aspect ratio material. Two types of CNTs exist, those made of

• a single graphene layer rolled-up into a cylinder (single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)) or multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) that consist of two or more sheets of graphene concentrically rolled around a hollow core. Due to the excellent electrical, optical, thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties

• of CNTs, they are considered to be an advanced material that may be useful for multiple applications, one of which is polymer composite synthesis [1][2][3][4]. By inclusion of CNTs in polymer matrices, nanostructured materials with improved mechanical, electrical and thermal properties may be

Carbon nanomaterials sensitize prostate cancer cells to docetaxel and mitomycin C via induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation

• Kati Erdmann,
• Jessica Ringel,
• Silke Hampel,
• Manfred P. Wirth and
• Susanne Fuessel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1307–1317, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.132

• , Dresden 01171, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.8.132 Abstract We have previously shown that carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can sensitize prostate cancer (PCa) cells to platinum-based chemotherapeutics. In order to further verify this concept and to avoid a bias, the present study

• investigates the chemosensitizing potential of CNFs and CNTs to the conventional chemotherapeutics docetaxel (DTX) and mitomycin C (MMC), which have different molecular structures and mechanisms of action than platinum-based chemotherapeutics. DU-145 PCa cells were treated with DTX and MMC alone or in

• cell death rates were observed in combinatory treatments than in monotreatments, e.g., a combination of MMC and CNFs more than doubled the cell death rate mediated by apoptosis. Combinations with CNTs showed a similar, but less pronounced impact on cellular functions. In summary, carbon nanomaterials

Hierarchically structured nanoporous carbon tubes for high pressure carbon dioxide adsorption

• Julia Patzsch,
• Deepu J. Babu and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1135–1144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.115

• mesoporous carbon [8], single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [9], multiwall CNTs [10], double-wall aligned CNTs [11] as well as graphene [12]. In the case of (ii), oxygen groups such as C–O and C=O were introduced on the carbon surface to enhance the adsorption of gases such as CO2 [11]. Silicon carbide is

• reduction at high temperatures (≈1300 °C) [22][23] or magnesio-thermic reduction at moderate temperatures (≈700 °C) [24]. Following these approaches, SiC nanotubes were successfully synthesized by reaction with CNTs [25][26], with porous aerogels [27], fibres [28], and ordered mesoporous SiC structures

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• risk communication strategies. The use of NanoRiskCat was demonstrated for categorization of the following ENM containing products: cleansing soap (containing nano Ag), tennis rackets (CNTs), automotive oil (Fullerene C60), and sunblock (nano ZnO), among others [35]. NanoRiskCat analysis concluded that

• sunblock and cleansing soap were in the category of overall red/high exposure potential for human and for environmental hazards [35]. The tennis racket, as a source of ENMs, on the other hand, was categorized as being of low potential exposure. However, since the tennis racket contained CNTs it was

• product/system while RA provides an assessment a particular substance or component of a complex material. Hischier et al. [40] reviewed LCA case studies of several ENMs (e.g., CNTs, single walled CNTs, fullerenes, quantum dots and TiO2) and nano-enabled products (e.g., dye containing nano-TiO2 and carbon

Vapor deposition routes to conformal polymer thin films

• Priya Moni,
• Ahmed Al-Obeidi and
• Karen K. Gleason

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 723–735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.76

• that can be used as a cathode for micro lithium ion batteries. Composite electrodes for supercapacitors have been developed by forming pseudo-capacitive, conjugated polymer thin films on various electrodes such as vertically aligned CNTs, aligned graphene flakes, and nano-porous anodized alumina (NAA

Carbon nanotube-wrapped Fe₂O₃ anode with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries

• Guoliang Gao,
• Yan Jin,
• Qun Zeng,
• Deyu Wang and
• Cai Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 649–656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.69

• preparation methods. Yu et al. [26] successfully embedded Fe2O3 nanoparticles inside CNTs, which reduced the volume change of Fe2O3 nanoparticles during charge/discharge. A highly reversible conversion reaction between Fe0 and Fe3+ (Fe2O3) during lithiation/delithiation can also be observed. The synthesized

Dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes with supramolecular Congo red – properties of the complexes and mechanism of the interaction

• Anna Jagusiak,
• Barbara Piekarska,
• Tomasz Pańczyk,
• Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska,
• Elżbieta Bielańska,
• Barbara Stopa,
• Grzegorz Zemanek,
• Janina Rybarska,
• Irena Roterman and
• Leszek Konieczny

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 636–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.68

• ; Introduction Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) present enormous application potential in many areas of chemistry, technology and medicine and are currently one of the most intensely studied nanomaterials. Biomedical use of CNTs includes biosensors [1], bioimaging [2][3], drug delivery [4][5][6][7][8][9] and tissue

• engineering [10][11][12]. Pristine CNTs exist in form of bundles composed of hundreds of single tubes bound by van der Waals interactions. Most applications of carbon nanotubes require their dispersion (solubilization) which can be achieved by either covalent or noncovalent functionalization [8][13][14

• amphiphilic molecules that cover the hydrophobic CNT surface with hydrophilic groups [15]. Functionalization leads not only to the increased water dispersibility of CNTs but also improves their biocompatibility due to enhanced penetration through biological membranes and reduced cytotoxicity [16][17

Gas sensing properties of MWCNT layers electrochemically decorated with Au and Pd nanoparticles

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Riccardo Rossi,
• Gennaro Cassano,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 592–603, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.64

• greatly to the improvement and diffusion of gas sensor technology [5]. Specifically, the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has extensively advanced gas sensor applications [6]. Indeed, CNTs are a class of promising materials in the field of gas sensors, thanks to their unique properties, such as a

• analyte gaseous molecules and CNTs, making their desorption difficult [11][12]. Several attempts have been made to improve the CNT-based sensor performance by modifying CNTs with polymeric composites [13], and/or catalyst metals, hybrid, and other catalytic materials [14]. Recently, a surfactant-free

• approach, not requiring any post-treatment for the removal of dispersants or any CNT functionalization, has been developed to reduce the production costs and, at the same time, to obtain CNTs with improved sensing performance thanks to the use of continuous in situ UV irradiation to accelerate the gas

Nanostructured carbon materials decorated with organophosphorus moieties: synthesis and application

• Giacomo Biagiotti,
• Vittoria Langè,
• Cristina Ligi,
• Stefano Caporali,
• Maurizio Muniz-Miranda,
• Anna Flis,
• K. Michał Pietrusiewicz,
• Giacomo Ghini,
• Alberto Brandi and
• Stefano Cicchi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.52

• , Raman spectroscopy, TEM, XPS, elemental analysis and ICP-AES. The cycloaddition of nitrene provided the higher loading on ox-MWCNTs and GPs as well, while the Tour approach gave best results with nanotubes (CNTs). Finally, we investigated the possibility to reduce the TPPO functionalized CNMs to the

• of reactions most used for their functionalization are the same and limited in number. The Tour reaction [8] is one of the most used synthetic approach for the functionalization of CNTs and GPs. In this reaction, an aniline derivative is transformed into a diazonium ion that, upon decomposition and

• dispersion. Subsequently, substrates 4 and 5 were reacted with the azido derivative 2 (Scheme 2). The mixture of the reagents in dichlorobenzene was kept in the ultrasound bath for 25 min, to obtain a homogeneous dispersion, and subsequently stirred at 165 °C for four days [10][31][32]. Again CNTs derivative

Nanocrystalline ZrO₂ and Pt-doped ZrO₂ catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation

• Amit Singhania and
• Shipra Mital Gupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 264–271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.29

• anthropogenic activities. The catalytic CO oxidation is a very well established and exploited process. So far, noble metals such as Pt, Pd, Rh and Au dominated as catalysts for CO oxidation [10][11][12]. Various supports such as Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, CeO2, Fe2O3 and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have also been used for

Photo-ignition process of multiwall carbon nanotubes and ferrocene by continuous wave Xe lamp illumination

• Paolo Visconti,
• Patrizio Primiceri,
• Daniele Longo,
• Luciano Strafella,
• Paolo Carlucci,
• Mauro Lomascolo,
• Arianna Cretì and
• Giuseppe Mele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 134–144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.14

• ignitors; multiwalled carbon nanotubes; photo-induced ignition; Introduction The photo-ignition process of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was observed for the first time accidentally by exposing single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to the flash of an ordinary camera [1]. Following this, studies [2] highlighted

• that this photo-effect occurs in air for different types of SWCNTs prepared with different methodologies and weight percent of CNTs (in the range 50–90 wt %) with respect to the Fe metal catalyst mixed with them. The authors conjectured that the ignition and combustion occur when there is a local

• dispersed in the CNTs is pivitol [1][2][4], Sysoev et al. [6] gave a qualitative description of the processes that occur during photo-ignition of carbon nanotubes. This analysis determined the roles and functionalities of the different stages of combustion. At the first stage (during flash ignition), the

Sensitive detection of hydrocarbon gases using electrochemically Pd-modified ZnO chemiresistors

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Gennaro Cassano,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 82–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.9

• scientific community. HCs gas sensors based on organic conducting polymers (such as polyaniline (PANI) [15][16], polypyrrole (PPy) [17] and polythiophene (PTh) [18]) and on carbon-based nanomaterials with desired functionality and conductivity (e.g., carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [19] and graphene [20]) exhibit a