A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• Klein et al., the effects of ion dose on the optical and valleytronic properties of the material were investigated [36]. In this study, Raman spectroscopy was used to systematically probe the effect of increasing disorder for increasing irradiation dose, and the corresponding distance between the ion

• modify the mechanical, electronic, and magnetic properties of these materials [73]. In this work, the focus was on characterizing the accumulation of defects and structural changes for increasing dose, using correlative Raman spectroscopy and TEM. The effect of sample thinning due to sputtering on the

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

• Jakub Kierdaszuk,
• Piotr Kaźmierczak,
• Justyna Grzonka,
• Aleksandra Krajewska,
• Aleksandra Przewłoka,
• Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
• Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
• Marta Sobanska,
• Maria Kamińska,
• Andrzej Wysmołek and
• Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

• engineering. Keywords: carrier concentration; gallium nitride; graphene; nanowires; Raman spectroscopy; scattering on defects; strain; Introduction The combination of excellent electrical and mechanical properties with interesting physical phenomena occurring in two-dimensional structures makes graphene an

• a deep understanding of the phenomena occurring on such interface. One of the most common experimental techniques for studying properties of graphene is Raman spectroscopy [10]. Non-invasive measurements of inelastic light scattering give an insight into the phonon structure of graphene. The

• influence of NWs supporting graphene and graphene strain, carrier concentration, and defects performed with higher resolution are essential. Conclusion We transferred graphene onto GaN NWs with 0, 100, and 500 nm variations in height and studied their properties by SEM and Raman spectroscopy. Graphene on

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• of different organic solvents and buffer solutions. Keywords: chemical stability; microwave synthesis; scanning electron microscopy; silver nanoparticles; surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy; Introduction Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been developed into a standard analytical tool

• substrates is studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their impact on the SERS enhancement capabilities of the substrates is evaluated by Raman spectroscopy (Figure 1b). For this purpose, all treated substrates are carefully rinsed after immersion into the solvents and buffers and are subsequently

• (methanol, ethanol, DMF, toluene, and DMSO) were used without further purification. 4-ATP was also utilized as purchased. Preparation of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates A silver acetate precursor solution was used as a metal salt and ethanol was utilized as a reducing agent. Commercially

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• the world and a vital substance for every living organism. Despite being so abundant, water is still not an entirely known substance [2][3]. Raman spectroscopy is a very useful technique to study the water structure and molecular interactions in liquid water [4]. Analyses of Raman spectra of water in

• AgNPs were studied by UV–vis and Raman spectroscopy without any purification. Characterization of silver nanoparticles The absorption spectra of AgNP dispersions were obtained by using double-beam UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometer (Cary 5000 - Varian) in the 200–800 nm range in relation to pure water, used

• (received from Merck). Raman spectroscopy The Raman spectra were obtained by using a T64000 (Jobin Yvon) triple-grating spectrometer (Ar laser excitation line – 514.5 nm) with a spectral resolution of approx. 0.5 cm−1. The measurements were carried out in a macro chamber, in a spectrofluorometric QX quartz

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• Raman spectroscopy (RS) measurements. The experimental results from both techniques are shown in Figure 1 and they are complementary. The XRD pattern presented in Figure 1a reveals seven peaks located at 19°, 31.3°, 36.8°, 38.7°, 44.8°, 55.8°, and 59.4°, which correspond to the (111), (220), (311), (222

• Raman spectroscopy (RS). XRD data was acquired using a SIEMENS D500 diffractometer equipped with a Cu Kα (λXRD = 1.542 Å) radiation source. The room-temperature XRD pattern in the range of 15° ≤ 2θ ≤ 60° was collected with a step size of 0.002° and an acquisition time of 3 s per step. The RS experiments

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• using XPS and Raman spectroscopy. Such bonds can play an important role also in our case with regard to charge transfer. It has been established that adsorption of NO2 molecules will cause upward band bending by capturing free electrons from the conduction band and shift the Fermi level of WO3 away from

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• , HIM and Raman spectroscopy were performed on the samples after the EFTEM experiments. The SE image in Figure 7b shows that membrane turned brighter in the areas previously imaged with EFTEM, which is indicative of a higher electric conductivity, as demonstrated in the following. In Figure 7c, a Raman

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• measurements are easier to implement, since no additional sample preparation is necessary [20]. There is a number of AFM-based methods, such as tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) [21], AFM-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) [16][22], noncontact AFM (ncAFM ) [23][24], chemical AFM (cAFM) [25][26], and

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• , which is expected due to the quantum confinement effect [13]. Another crucially important optical characterization technique for the investigation of defects is Raman spectroscopy. The phonon vibration modes are highly sensitive to the existence of point defects, which are reflected in distinct spectral

• tantalum carbide MXene sheets was carried out using X-ray diffraction measurements (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The results of XRD, FE-SEM, and Raman showed that tantalum carbide MXenes are layered solid

• . Nanometer-sized ZnO shows a significant increase in bandgap due to quantum confinement effects [7][8][9]. (d) Structural changes of ZnO during the size reduction from bulk to the nanoscale can be tracked via Raman spectroscopy. Nanoscale ZnO exhibits significant blueshift, broadening, and softening of the

Towards 3D self-assembled rolled multiwall carbon nanotube structures by spontaneous peel off

• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1865–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.168

• . Characterization MWCNT structures were characterized by SEM (Jeol 840F operated at 5 kV and a Zeiss NVision FIB microscope equipped with an in-lens and a backscattered-electron detector, also operated at 5 kV) and by Raman spectroscopy (JY Horiba Labram Aramis imaging confocal Raman microscope equipped with a 532

Nanomechanics of few-layer materials: do individual layers slide upon folding?

• Ronaldo J. C. Batista,
• Rafael F. Dias,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Alan B. de Oliveira,
• Taise M. Manhabosco,
• Thiago R. Gomes-Silva,
• Matheus J. S. Matos,
• Andreij C. Gadelha,
• Cassiano Rabelo,
• Luiz G. L. Cançado,
• Ado Jorio,
• Hélio Chacham and
• Bernardo R. A. Neves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1801–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.162

• thickness range. In contrast, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy measurements on edges in folded graphene flakes, 14 layers thick, show no significant strain. This indicates that layers in graphene flakes, up to 5 nm thick, can still slip to relieve stress, showing the richness of the effect in 2D systems. The

• methods; atomic force microscopy (AFM); molecular dynamics (MD); Raman spectroscopy; nanostructured materials; Introduction Layered materials such as graphite, talc, and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), held together by strong covalent bonds within layers and relatively weak van der Waals

• any 2D material and not restricted to talc. This hypothesis was investigated employing a near-field tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) setup [36][37] that can probe strain variations across the edge of a folded graphene flake of 5 nm thickness (see Supporting Information File 1, section “Near

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149

• -perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA); Raman spectroscopy; Introduction In recent years, two-dimensional materials (2DMs) have been established as a highly interesting field of studies, both in regard to their fundamental physical properties as well as their potential for technical applications [1

• cm−1 in Figure 2 exhibit Raman shifts that correspond to the energies of the vibrational modes of PTCDA adsorbed on surfaces observed before [41][42]. The vibronic modes of PTCDA that can be observed in Raman spectroscopy are Ag, B1g, B2g, and B3g modes, with the most prominent modes being Ag modes

• small quantity of molecules can be observed here at all is attributed to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) [45]. This effect is most commonly observed on rough surfaces of noble metals [45] or at metal nanostructures [46], and it is utilized in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [47]. There are

High-responsivity hybrid α-Ag₂S/Si photodetector prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

• Raid A. Ismail,
• Hanan A. Rawdhan and
• Duha S. Ahmed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.142

• , Shimadzu) was employed to estimate the chemical composition of the Ag2S NPs. The morphology and size of the nanocrystals were examined via transmission electron microscopy (TEM; EM208, Philips). Raman spectroscopy was performed on colloidal Ag2S and thiourea solution using a Raman spectrometer (Bruker

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• /nanopore; nano/microstructures; SERS substrate; Introduction Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can be used to detect biomolecules [1][2][3], explosives [4][5][6], and pesticide residues [7][8][9]. Plasmonic metal nanostructures are often used as SERS substrates to increase the molecule-specific

• Raman signal by several orders of magnitude. The functionality of SERS is due to a combination of surface electron movement in the substrate and charge transfer between substrate and the analyte molecules, in contrast to the typical signal intensity elicited during spontaneous Raman spectroscopy, which

Optically and electrically driven nanoantennas

• Monika Fleischer,
• Dai Zhang and
• Alfred J. Meixner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1542–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.136

• spectroscopy (SERS); tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS); tunnel junction; Editorial Optical antennas + serve to confine the energy of photons transported by a light wave to a tiny volume much smaller than the wavelength; or reversely, to convert the energy of an evanescent field that oscillates at optical

• configurations with increasing control over their optical performance [1][2][3][4]. The strong local near-field enhancement by plasmonic nanoantennas is being harnessed for high sensitivity, high-resolution optical nanospectroscopy techniques [5], such as surface-enhanced or tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS

• , Germany 10.3762/bjnano.11.136 Keywords: active plasmonics; electrically driven nanoantenna; gap antenna; nanoantenna; nanofabrication; nanospectroscopy; nano-photonics; optical antenna; second harmonic generation; sensing; scanning tip; surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA); surface-enhanced Raman

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• amorphous layer (Ar/H2 ≈59, Figure 4d, right panel). Raman spectroscopy was performed to determine the quality (defect density, defect type, and hybridization) of the deposited Pt/CNW layers. All samples produced at sufficiently high pressures and low carrier gas flow rates exhibit the typical spectrum

• Information File 1). Characterization The morphology of the resulting samples was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM; Inspect F and Helios 600 NanoLab DualBeam, FEI Deutschland GmbH). Raman spectroscopy was performed with green laser excitation (532 nm) in a Renishaw confocal inVia Raman

• percent) determined by XPS. For this, two GCEs were placed close to each other and coated with Pt/CNW in the same process. Afterward, both GCEs were compared to each other via SEM, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS. If the two GCEs were found to be almost identical (in terms of wall density, defect number/type

Magnetic-field-assisted synthesis of anisotropic iron oxide particles: Effect of pH

• Andrey V. Shibaev,
• Petr V. Shvets,
• Darya E. Kessel,
• Roman A. Kamyshinsky,
• Anton S. Orekhov,
• Sergey S. Abramchuk,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Olga E. Philippova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1230–1241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.107

• synthesized material were investigated using electron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. It was shown that the morphology of the reaction product strongly depends on the amount of OH− ions in the reaction mixture, varying from Fe3O4 nanorods to spherical Fe3O4 nanoparticles

• identified using electron diffraction and confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Diffraction data combined with HRTEM micrographs showed that magnetite nanorods are single crystalline and have no preferred crystallographic orientation along the rod axis. We propose that the formation of such cylindrical structures

• diffraction patterns were performed using Origin 8.5. To calculate the area and FWHM, the peaks were fitted by Gaussian functions. Raman spectroscopy The crystalline structure and phase composition of the iron oxide nanoparticles were investigated using a Horiba Jobin Yvon micro-Raman spectrometer (LabRam

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• carbonized at 1000 or 1600 °C for 2 h in a stream of argon gas (1 L min−1). The carbon samples derived from RF gels (RF carbons) were labeled with the carbonization temperature, namely RF-1000 and RF-1600. Characterization Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements and Raman spectroscopy were employed to

Revealing the local crystallinity of single silicon core–shell nanowires using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Marius van den Berg,
• Ardeshir Moeinian,
• Arne Kobald,
• Yu-Ting Chen,
• Anke Horneber,
• Steffen Strehle,
• Alfred J. Meixner and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1147–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.99

• , Germany 10.3762/bjnano.11.99 Abstract Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is combined with polarization angle-resolved spectroscopy to investigate the nanometer-scale structural properties of core–shell silicon nanowires (crystalline Si core and amorphous Si shell), which were synthesized by platinum

• of the Raman peaks of crystalline Si and amorphous Si by applying tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, at sample positions being 8 nm apart. The local crystallinity revealed using confocal Raman spectroscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy agrees well with the high-resolution transmission electron

• local structural properties of Si nanomaterials at the sub-10 nanometer scale using tip-enhanced Raman techniques. Keywords: core–shell nanowires; local crystallinity; polarization angle-resolved spectroscopy; silicon; tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy; Introduction The properties of silicon are long

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• nanoparticles) were developed to rapidly detect and inhibit pathogenic microorganisms [59]. By using the label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy technique, the authors demonstrated that the optical fingerprints can be used to sense bacterial cell molecular structures and to promote recyclable

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• microscopy (EM), iron oxide magnetic beads for the separation of cells and molecules, gold and silver nanoparticles as fiducials for EM, for immuno-EM labeling and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, or for gene transfection, liposomes for drug delivery, and gadolinium or iron oxide nanoparticles for

Integrated photonics multi-waveguide devices for optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy: design, fabrication and performance demonstration

• Gyllion B. Loozen,
• Arnica Karuna,
• Mohammad M. R. Fanood,
• Erik Schreuder and
• Jacob Caro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 829–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.68

• International B.V., P.O. Box 456, 7500 AL, Enschede, Netherlands 10.3762/bjnano.11.68 Abstract We realized integrated photonics multi-waveguide devices for optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy of particles in a fluid. In these devices, multiple beams directed towards the device center lead to a local field

• the influence of surfaces. We report the design (including simulations), fabrication and performance demonstration for multi-waveguide devices, using our Si3N4 waveguiding platform as the basis. The designed ridge waveguides, optimized for trapping and Raman spectroscopy, emit narrow beams. Multiple

• waveguides. Keywords: Brownian motion; integrated optics devices; lab-on-a-chip; optical trapping; nanofabrication; Raman spectroscopy; ridge waveguides; Introduction Photonic lab-on-a-chip (LOC) techniques strongly attract attention for the manipulation and measurement of biological particles such as

Templating effect of single-layer graphene supported by an insulating substrate on the molecular orientation of lead phthalocyanine

• K. Priya Madhuri,
• Abhay A. Sagade,
• Pralay K. Santra and
• Neena S. John

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 814–820, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.66

• (111), Si and SiO2. Detailed studies using Raman spectroscopy and 2D-GIXRD show ordered monoclinic and triclinic moieties on HOPG and Si substrates, respectively, while the Au(111) surface gives rise to disordered fractions due to the absence of long-range ordering [9][26]. In the present study, the

Light–matter interactions in two-dimensional layered WSe₂ for gauging evolution of phonon dynamics

• Avra S. Bandyopadhyay,
• Chandan Biswas and
• Anupama B. Kaul

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 782–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.63

• electronic, optoelectronic and thermoelectric devices in the future. Keywords: phonon concentration; phonon lifetime; Raman spectroscopy; thermal coefficients; Tungsten diselenide; two-dimensional material; Introduction Since the discovery of graphene, atomically thin two-dimensional layered materials have

• analyzed as a function of P. Najmaei et al. [45] have analyzed the laser-induced thermal effects in 1L MoS2 and with increasing thickness approaching the bulk by means of Raman spectroscopy. Here, for the first time, we report on the variation of the and A1g modes for 1L, ML and bulk WSe2 crystallites as

• power P at T = 298 K. (a) Raman spectroscopy of 1L WSe2 obtained for P in the range of 0.31 mW to 3.35 mW. (b) The Δωp of the and A1g (inset) Raman active modes for 1L WSe2 with increasing P. The corresponding error bars calculated from the standard deviation (1σ) of the Raman shifts in and A1g are