Graphynes: an alternative lightweight solution for shock protection

• Kang Xia,
• Haifei Zhan,
• Aimin Ji,
• Jianli Shao,
• Yuantong Gu and
• Zhiyong Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1588–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.154

• earlier bond breakage is observed, which results in a small out-of-plane deformation (ca. 29.87 Å, left panel of Figure 4e). It is interesting to note that the kinetic energy transmission region exhibits an elliptical shape (right panel of Figure 4e), which is expected because of the anisotropic

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• extensively explored because they often exhibit unique and superior properties due to quantum effects and anisotropic effects [40][41][42][43][44] (Figure 1). Synthetic methodologies to yield nanoparticles and zero-dimensional materials have been developed using conventional chemical methods and/or physical

• dielectric natures. Another distinctive characteristic of liquid interfaces is the anisotropic environment regarding molecular motion. Certain degrees of motional freedom exist along the interfacial plane, which can be deformed at the macroscopic level (compression, expansion, and bending). In contrast

• molecular controls based on external stimuli switching [184][185][186][187][188] (basics for molecular machines, Nobel prize in 2016 [189][190][191]). The anisotropic dynamics at liquid interfaces described above are expected to play a crucial role in the production of low-dimensional materials and systems

Magnetic segregation effect in liquid crystals doped with carbon nanotubes

• Danil A. Petrov,
• Pavel K. Skokov,
• Alexander N. Zakhlevnykh and
• Dmitriy V. Makarov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1464–1474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.145

• ratio the physical properties of this carbon nanomaterial vary greatly in different directions. In this sense, the anisotropic properties of CNTs (for example, thermal and electrical conductivities) are attractive for a wide range of applications, including nanoelectronics and optics [2]. A distinctive

The effect of magneto-crystalline anisotropy on the properties of hard and soft magnetic ferrite nanoparticles

• Hajar Jalili,
• Bagher Aslibeiki,
• Ali Ghotbi Varzaneh and
• Volodymyr A. Chernenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1348–1359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.133

• sample [40]. Hence, another reason for the sudden drop of the magnetic anisotropy may be attributed to the increasing number of A-sites occupied with Co2+ ions, which leads to a reduced anisotropy because of the less anisotropic environment of the A-sites. Deepak et al. [41] observed a sharp decrease in

Fabrication of phase masks from amorphous carbon thin films for electron-beam shaping

• Lukas Grünewald,
• Dagmar Gerthsen and
• Simon Hettler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1290–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.128

• ). Pyramid-shaped trenches are generated beneath the thin films by anisotropic wet-etching of Si in a heated KOH solution (KOH + H2O in a ratio of 2:3, 80 °C, Figure 1a,c). The lithography mask was designed such that a 3 × 3 array of square-shaped SixNy thin films was produced on a single wafer (Figure 1b,c

• is not to scale as the SixNy windows and the Si wafer have a thickness of 120 nm and 200 µm, respectively. SEM images of the (b) top and (c) bottom surface reveal the 3 × 3 array of SixNy membranes and the pyramid-shaped trenches caused by anisotropic wet-etching of Si. The fabrication steps to

Photoactive nanoarchitectures based on clays incorporating TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles

• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky,
• Pilar Aranda,
• Marwa Akkari,
• Nithima Khaorapapong and
• Makoto Ogawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1140–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.114

• . Synthesis strategies of hierarchically designed TiO2 and ZnO nanoarchitectures with controlled morphology, crystallinity, anisotropic shape, and composition have been investigated recently. The aim was to obtain accessible and interconnected porous networks with increased specific surface area for the

Structural and optical properties of penicillamine-protected gold nanocluster fractions separated by sequential size-selective fractionation

• Xiupei Yang,
• Zhengli Yang,
• Fenglin Tang,
• Jing Xu,
• Maoxue Zhang and
• Martin M. F. Choi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 955–966, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.96

• that the AuNCs have an anisotropic crystalline structure. This result is similar to that obtained by Lakshminarayanan for the diffraction characteristic of 1–3 nm thiol-monolayer-protected clusters [21]. As for the fractions F72% and F90%, the {111} and {200} planes appear blurrier and the {220}, {311

Magnetic field-assisted assembly of iron oxide mesocrystals: a matter of nanoparticle shape and magnetic anisotropy

• Julian J. Brunner,
• Marina Krumova,
• Helmut Cölfen and
• Elena V. Sturm (née Rosseeva)

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 894–900, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.90

• iron oxide-truncated nanocubes using the slow evaporation of the solvent within an externally applied homogeneous magnetic field. Anisotropic mesocrystals with an elongation along the direction of the magnetic field can be produced. The structure of the directed mesocrystals is compared to self

• driven by competing of two types of anisotropic interactions caused by particle shape (i.e., faceting) and orientation of the magnetic moment (i.e., easy axes: <111>magnetite). Hence, these findings provide a fundamental understanding of formation mechanisms and structuring of mesocrystals built up from

• superparamagnetic nanoparticles and how a magnetic field can be used to design anisotropic mesocrystals with different structures. Keywords: directed assembly; magnetite; mesocrystal; nanoparticle; transmission electron microscopy; Findings In materials science, nanoparticles and their assemblies belong to the

Ultrasonication-assisted synthesis of CsPbBr₃ and Cs₄PbBr₆ perovskite nanocrystals and their reversible transformation

• Longshi Rao,
• Xinrui Ding,
• Xuewei Du,
• Guanwei Liang,
• Yong Tang,
• Kairui Tang and
• Jin Z. Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 666–676, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.66

• water. The mechanism of this transformation between the CsPbBr3 PNCs and Cs4PbBr6 PNCs and their morphology change are studied, involving ions equilibrium, anisotropic growth kinetics, and CsBr-stripping process. Keywords: CsPbBr3 PNCs; Cs4PbBr6 PNCs; polar-solvent-free; reversible transformation

• dissociation of CsPbBr3 PNCs. Morphology changes are mainly ascribed to the anisotropic growth of the crystals. In addition, a reverse transformation from Cs4PbBr6 PNCs to CsPbBr3 PNCs can be achieved by adding water to pre-synthesized Cs4PbBr6 PNCs. The developed ultrasonication assistance results in the

Coexisting spin and Rabi oscillations at intermediate time regimes in electron transport through a photon cavity

• Vidar Gudmundsson,
• Hallmann Gestsson,
• Nzar Rauf Abdullah,
• Chi-Shung Tang,
• Andrei Manolescu and
• Valeriu Moldoveanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 606–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.61

• might view the system as one highly geometrical, anisotropic quantum dot. In that case, the quantum selection rules make the Rabi resonance between the lowest lying one-electron states to be caused by the paramagnetic electron–photon interaction for a y-polarized cavity field, and by the diamagnetic

Mechanical and thermodynamic properties of Aβ₄₂, Aβ₄₀, and α-synuclein fibrils: a coarse-grained method to complement experimental studies

• Adolfo B. Poma,
• Horacio V. Guzman,
• Mai Suan Li and
• Panagiotis E. Theodorakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 500–513, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.51

• infer the elastic parameter under ideal conditions, which is given by the Hertz model [12] and is valid for isotropic materials and as close as possible to the experimental conditions [13]. While other sophisticated “Hertz-based models” [14][15] aim to study the elastic properties of anisotropic

• materials with high symmetries, e.g., crystals, such descriptions are not suitable for softer materials such as biological fibrils or polymers. Although biological matter is an example of an anisotropic material, it is not expected to follow a priori a simple Hertzian relationship given by F ≈ YTh3/2 (with

• use it as a reference for comparing the indentation values we obtained to the experimental ones, although we remark that our molecular modeling can adapt further anisotropic mechanical models, envisioned within force microscopy techniques. Biological fibrils are well-known biomaterials of practical

Geometrical optimisation of core–shell nanowire arrays for enhanced absorption in thin crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells

• Robin Vismara,
• Olindo Isabella,
• Andrea Ingenito,
• Fai Tong Si and
• Miro Zeman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 322–331, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.31

• of SiOxFy particles, which start the formation of randomly distributed etch pits [42]. These regions become deeper during the process, thanks to the strong anisotropic nature of this RIE etching. A back-side emitter was formed by phosphorous ion implantation, with energy of 2 × 1015 cm−2 and dose of

A Ni(OH)₂ nanopetals network for high-performance supercapacitors synthesized by immersing Ni nanofoam in water

• Donghui Zheng,
• Man Li,
• Yongyan Li,
• Chunling Qin,
• Yichao Wang and
• Zhifeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 281–293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.27

• ] directions [37]. The anisotropic growth leads to the formation of high-density crosslinked nanopetals. The flower-like structures composed of Ni(OH)2 nanopetals are formed through Ostwald ripening [38]. Meanwhile, the dissolved tiny and unstable plates provide the source material for the growth of plates

Interaction of Te and Se interlayers with Ag or Au nanofilms in sandwich structures

• Arkadiusz Ciesielski,
• Lukasz Skowronski,
• Marek Trzcinski,
• Ewa Górecka,
• Wojciech Pacuski and
• Tomasz Szoplik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 238–246, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.22

• silver and gold are strong. Increasing density profiles as well as large deviations of the lattice constant from sample to sample suggest an anisotropic microstrain on the metal grains. This would indicate the greatest number of nanocrystalline structure defects – and thus the greatest number of lattice

Threshold voltage decrease in a thermotropic nematic liquid crystal doped with graphene oxide flakes

• Mateusz Mrukiewicz,
• Krystian Kowiorski,
• Paweł Perkowski,
• Rafał Mazur and
• Małgorzata Djas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 71–78, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.7

• presence of the electric field was discussed. Keywords: graphene oxide; liquid crystal; nematic phase; switching; threshold voltage; Introduction Liquid crystals (LCs) are classified as a type of soft matter which are characterized by anisotropic molecules and a liquid-like fluidity behavior. Of all LC

• areas. Therefore, the main advantage of GO is easy dispersibility in water and organic solvents [23][25]. Graphene oxide occurs in the form of two-dimensional flakes with anisotropic properties [24]. In thermotropic nematic liquid crystals, GO flakes create dipoles due to Maxwell–Wagner polarization [26

A comparison of tarsal morphology and traction force in the two burying beetles Nicrophorus nepalensis and Nicrophorus vespilloides (Coleoptera, Silphidae)

• Liesa Schnee,
• Benjamin Sampalla,
• Josef K. Müller and
• Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 47–61, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.5

• claws influence the attachment performance only on (micro-)rough surfaces, but not on smooth ones, where they are not able to interact with any surface protuberances. (4) Single tarsi show an anisotropic frictional directionality, resulting in higher friction coefficients in the pull (compared with the

• fraction has been investigated so far, polar components such as proteins/peptides and carbohydrates might contribute to its amphiphilic property. Directionality of friction force Our nanotribometer experiments (performed on the fore tarsi) clearly revealed a direction-dependent (anisotropic) friction

Bidirectional biomimetic flow sensing with antiparallel and curved artificial hair sensors

• Claudio Abels,
• Antonio Qualtieri,
• Toni Lober,
• Alessandro Mariotti,
• Lily D. Chambers,
• Massimo De Vittorio,
• William M. Megill and
• Francesco Rizzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 32–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.4

• the cantilever beams (300 nm etching depth). Subsequently, anisotropic back side wet etching with a potassium hydroxide (KOH) 28% solution at 85 °C creates two cavities underneath the cantilever beams (400 μm etching depth). The SiO2 insulating layer acts as an etching barrier. Next, a hydrofluoric

The effect of flexible joint-like elements on the adhesive performance of nature-inspired bent mushroom-like fibers

• Elliot Geikowsky,
• Serdar Gorumlu and
• Burak Aksak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2893–2905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.268

• anisotropic characteristic of the adhesive. This can be remedied in the future by creating tips that are tilted. The effect of the fiber tip angle has been shown to improve anisotropy by Murphy et al. [16] and Parness et al. [23]. Experimental Experimental set-up Both the fabrication of the bent stalk and the

• , indicating a shear force anisotropic ratio of 2:1. a) Shear force and average shear stress during the sliding phase of the dragging stage as a function of preload. Sliding is identified in the dragging region in Figure 6 as the portion of curves between 10 to 50 seconds. The results are in terms of average

• force anisotropic ratio of up to 10:1 is observed between the gripping and releasing directions for the soft joint fibers. a) The ratio of adhesive to shear force during sliding in the gripping direction as a function of preload. The gradual decrease in this ratio for the soft and very soft joint fibers

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

• mostly determined by the directionality of the etching, which is preferably anisotropic, and the surface quality after etching. The height ratio, defined as the ratio between the height of the mask before etching and the height of the structure after etching, allows an estimate of the relative etching

Controlling surface morphology and sensitivity of granular and porous silver films for surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS

• Sherif Okeil and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2813–2831, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.263

• surface. However, the formation of a particulate morphology and the faceting of the silver surface is best explained by an anisotropic etching or a restructuring process of the silver surface by reactive nitrogen plasma species such as N2+, N2* (excited nitrogen), N•+ and N• (nitrogen radicals) [79]. The

Biomimetic surface structures in steel fabricated with femtosecond laser pulses: influence of laser rescanning on morphology and wettability

• Camilo Florian Baron,
• Alexandros Mimidis,
• Daniel Puerto,
• Evangelos Skoulas,
• Emmanuel Stratakis,
• Javier Solis and
• Jan Siegel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2802–2812, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.262

• for mimicking this structure by exploiting self-organization mechanisms. In particular, employing a combination of such isotropic microstructures shown in Figure 2B (which determine the water contact angle, as will be shown in Figure 4) with an anisotropic overstructure with dimensions of hundreds of

Magnetic and luminescent coordination networks based on imidazolium salts and lanthanides for sensitive ratiometric thermometry

• Pierre Farger,
• Cédric Leuvrey,
• Mathieu Gallart,
• Pierre Gilliot,
• Guillaume Rogez,
• João Rocha,
• Duarte Ananias,
• Pierre Rabu and
• Emilie Delahaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2775–2787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.259

• factors. The structures were solved by direct methods using SIR92 [73], and refined against F2 by full-matrix least-squares methods using SHELXL-2014 with anisotropic displacement parameters for all non-hydrogen atoms [74][75]. All calculations were performed by using the crystal structure

Low cost tips for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy fabricated by two-step electrochemical etching of 125 µm diameter gold wires

• Antonino Foti,
• Francesco Barreca,
• Enza Fazio,
• Cristiano D’Andrea,
• Paolo Matteini,
• Onofrio Maria Maragò and
• Pietro Giuseppe Gucciardi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2718–2729, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.254

• wire diameter at the meniscus is thinner than the portion immersed in the liquid. This difference is likely due to the anisotropic distribution of the reaction products (AuCl4− and AuCl2−) along the wire surface that hinders the renewal of fresh etchant. The reaction products generated at the meniscus

• fall due to gravity, covering the surface of the wire still immersed in the bulk solution, affecting the concentration distribution of the chlorine ions along the wire. A higher local concentration of Cl− ions at the meniscus with respect to the bulk can justify the observed anisotropic etching rate

Evidence of friction reduction in laterally graded materials

• Roberto Guarino,
• Gianluca Costagliola,
• Federico Bosia and
• Nicola Maria Pugno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2443–2456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.229

• vertical stress distribution, FEM simulations display an anisotropic behaviour when considering a positive or a negative gradient. This is equivalent to considering the same sign of the gradient but with an opposite sliding direction. This result can be attributed to the vertical stress distribution at the

• friction force from the region with higher thresholds is more influential, so that the maximum of the friction force occurs later during the detachment process and not shortly after its beginning. Thus, while SBM cannot capture anisotropic behaviour emerging from 3D deformation effects occurring in the

• within 1% as shown in Figure 7. Again, the FEM results are anisotropic with respect to Δ, for the reasons explained above. However, the effect of the gradient on the dynamic friction cannot be fully captured by a formulation only based on an Amontons–Coulomb friction law, as in the case of the SBM

Magnetism and magnetoresistance of single Ni–Cu alloy nanowires

• Andreea Costas,
• Camelia Florica,
• Elena Matei,
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Andrei Kuncser,
• Victor Kuncser and
• Ionut Enculescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2345–2355, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.219

• magnetic elements, usually of dipolar type. In this paper we report on a strategy of studying the magnetic properties of single Ni–Cu alloy nanowires of high aspect ratio via specific anisotropic magnetoresistance measurements. In this respect, arrays of nanowires have been fabricated by means of templated

• , one observes the lack of any magnetoresistive effect in the parallel geometry and a magnetoresistive effect of the order of percent in the perpendicular geometry. Such behavior clearly reminds on anisotropic magnetoresistance effects the physical mechanisms of which were excellently described already

• segments still exhibit the high aspect ratio required for shape anisotropy and hence, their lengths of hundreds of nanometers are consistent with anisotropic magnetoresistive effects and not with a GMR spin-valve configuration of a segmented structure with magnetic/nonmagnetic layers of nanometer thickness