Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• protect UCNPs surfaces from dissolution. In contrast to a more complex polymeric coating, silica surfaces can be easily functionalized with a wide range of coupling agents and biomolecules, and the interior of the silica shell can be modified by integrating dye molecules, for example. However, amorphous

• silica is a porous material. A typical Stöber silica has a pore size of around 1–4 nm [35][36]; therefore, a thin silica coating shell cannot completely inhibit the dissolution of UCNPs [37]. The thickness of silica shells on UCNPs can be easily adjusted over a wide range [38]. Lathinen et al. have shown

• , Table S1 shows the amounts of detected filtered ions, from initial ion concentration values of 1.0 ± 0.1 and 2.0 ± 0.1 ppm, after dissolution in water. The recovery rate of the ions in water was the lowest for Er3+ (approx. 6%), followed by Yb3+ (17–21%) and Y3+ (38–45%). Due to these results and to the

Atomic layer deposited films of Al₂O₃ on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

• Hana Krýsová,
• Michael Neumann-Spallart,
• Hana Tarábková,
• Pavel Janda,
• Ladislav Kavan and
• Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

• redox couples (ferricyanide/ferrocyanide) in aqueous media. However, these films were rapidly dissolved in 1 M NaOH (≈100 nm/h). The dissolution was slower in 1 M H2SO4 (1 nm/h) but after 24 h the blocking behaviour was entirely lost. The optimal stability was reached at pH 7.2 where no changes were

• , F:SnO2 on glass). The resistance to dissolution in aqueous solutions of various pH values was tested as well as the blocking capability of electron transport as criteria for the presence or change of Al2O3 on the surface. Experimental K3[Fe(CN)6], K4[Fe(CN)6], KCl, NaOH, and H2SO4 were of analytical

• cycles. The layer thickness of the films was determined via referenced spectroscopic ellipsometry (RSE, Accurion). In the range of 10 to 200 deposition cycles, the measured deposition rate was 0.085 nm/cycle, corresponding to layer thickness values of 2.5, 5, 10, and 17 nm, respectively. For dissolution

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• Pt substrates using a sonoelectrochemical ORC method with different ratios between the time periods of deposition and dissolution. The detection level of R6G molecules was 2 × 10−13 mol·L−1 and the highest enhancement factor achieved was 2.3 × 108. Yang et al. [36] used ORC treatments in KCl solution

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• catalytic metal that supports the wet etching of silicon. However, copper dissolves in the harsh HF/H2O2 solution too fast for the etching of high aspect ratio templates. On the other side, this metal can be used to increase surface roughness. The complete dissolution of copper leaves a clean metal-free

• surface. The wafer etched with the low H2O2 concentration shows large cavities after wet etching. Figure 8a and Figure 8b are centred at one of these cavities. The use of a higher H2O2 concentration leads to a faster copper dissolution. Therefore, the cavities in Figure 8c,d are significantly smaller. In

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• threshold value for catalyst corrosion via Pt dissolution of 2 nm reported in the literature [16][34], which is not the case for HiSPEC4000 (mean particle diameter of 4.5 nm). After 10,000 cycles, no significant ECSA value could be measured for any of the catalysts. Furthermore, during the first 500 cycles

Straightforward synthesis of gold nanoparticles by adding water to an engineered small dendrimer

• Sébastien Gottis,
• Régis Laurent,
• Vincent Collière and
• Anne-Marie Caminade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1110–1118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.95

• gold atom to the sulfur atom and thus the electron-withdrawing power of the sulfur towards phosphorus decreases [42]. This is consistent with the decrease observed for the 2JPP coupling constant upon complexation (Table 1). Synthesis of gold nanoparticles and UV–vis characterization The dissolution of

• of gold nanoparticles 0.5 mL of water was added to 30 mg of the powdered dendrimer complex 4. The dissolution occurred promptly yielding a colloidal suspension that instantaneously became deep red. The gold nanoparticles were characterized using a PerkinElmer Lambda 35 UV–vis spectrometer (Waltham

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• %). It has been shown that such mixtures can remove physically adsorbed polypetides on flat surfaces [51]. The treatment was performed by soaking the membranes in the mixture for 18 hours at room temperature. Diffusion limited dissolution of the weakly bonded polymers is the main process of removal of

Three-dimensional solvation structure of ethanol on carbonate minerals

• Hagen Söngen,
• Ygor Morais Jaques,
• Peter Spijker,
• Christoph Marutschke,
• Stefanie Klassen,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Ralf Bechstein,
• Lidija Zivanovic,
• John Tracey,
• Adam S. Foster and
• Angelika Kühnle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 891–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.74

• of the earth’s crust and their interaction with the environment is relevant for a wide range of geological processes, such as dissolution and weathering. Moreover, calcite plays a prominent role in many industrial processes, for example, incrustation inhibition and desalination. As any interaction

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• the assumed decrease of the electrochemical activity, suggested by the reduction of the ESM signal intensity. In former studies of LFP degradation, the main effect observed was iron dissolution and Fe2+ migration to the anode and redeposition. Fe particles on the anode play a decisive role in

• accelerated SEI formation [9][69][70]. Iron dissolution from LFP has been found to increase with water content of the electrolyte and phase impurities in the cathode. The dissolution of iron leads to Fe-deficient inactive phases. The aged cathode showed a higher Fe content on the cathode surface and lower Fe

• content in the cross-section (Fe mass content fresh: 32.1 ± 0.3% and aged: 27.8 ± 0.8%), indicating iron dissolution from the bulk material [71]. Another factor influencing the ESM signal is the structure of the material. Chen et al. observed a dependency of the crystallinity of LFP on the ESM signal and

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• significance in biotechnological and nanotechnological frontiers with applications in the fields of chemistry, physics, biology and medicine [1]. The multilayered capsules are fabricated by alternate deposition of anionic and cationic PEs on a sacrificial colloidal template, followed by the dissolution of the

• core. The schematic diagram of layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition on colloidal templates, core dissolution and drug encapsulation into LbL-assembled capsules is shown in Figure 1. The method of fabricating core–shell particles and multilayered hollow capsules via LbL assembly was originally proposed and

• important step for hollow multilayer capsule preparation is the dissolution and complete removal of its core whose size can vary from nanometers to micrometers. The template should be inert and should not affect the chemical and mechanical properties of the polymer shell. A wide range of organic and

Interfacial charge transfer processes in 2D and 3D semiconducting hybrid perovskites: azobenzene as photoswitchable ligand

• Nicole Fillafer,
• Tobias Seewald,
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 466–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.38

• 600 s is sufficient (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S13). 1H NMR requires the dissolution of the materials in MeOD, which is indeed destructive. However, an exact DOI can be evaluated. After irradiation 2D-AzoC2 shows a very low DOI of 2.5%, while 2D-AzoOC4 and 2D-AzoOC12 show slightly

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• was stirred overnight at 50 °C for complete dissolution and cooled down to RT. Then, 3 vol % of 1,8-diiodoctane were added 2 min before deposition at 1500 rpm for 120 s and 1000 rpm for 1 s on a substrate preheated to 50 °C (110 ± 10 nm). The sample was finally loaded into a secondary vacuum

Understanding nanoparticle flow with a new in vitro experimental and computational approach using hydrogel channels

• Armel Boutchuen,
• Dell Zimmerman,
• Abdollah Arabshahi,
• John Melnyczuk and
• Soubantika Palchoudhury

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 296–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.22

• synthesis, the ligand mixture of PVP and PEI was heated to dissolution in the solvent TREG at 90 °C for 10 min. The iron precursor, Fe(acac)3 was subsequently added to this reactant mixture and thermally decomposed at 290 °C for 1 h to form the iron oxide NPs. The different biocompatible iron oxide NP

Influence of the epitaxial composition on N-face GaN KOH etch kinetics determined by ICP-OES

• Markus Tautz,
• Maren T. Kuchenbrod,
• Joachim Hertkorn,
• Robert Weinberger,
• Martin Welzel,
• Arno Pfitzner and
• David Díaz Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 41–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.4

• process control, etching can be terminated at the 2D–3D interface. This therefore constitutes a useful tool for the selective dissolution of distinct epilayers exposed on the wafer surface. The finding that the interface leads to plateau formation or even etch stop up to this point was not expected. The

Gold and silver dichroic nanocomposite in the quest for 3D printing the Lycurgus cup

• Lars Kool,
• Floris Dekker,
• Anton Bunschoten,
• Glen J. Smales,
• Brian R. Pauw,
• Aldrik H. Velders and
• Vittorio Saggiomo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 16–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.2

• dissolution of AgNP@PVA which can compete with PVP on the nanoparticle surface. We studied this effect also by SAXS, comparing the size distribution of the nanoparticles in solution, the ones from the dissolved AgNP@PVA and also the ones in a 3D printed AgNP@PVA. SAXS analyses of the three samples do not show

Fully amino acid-based hydrogel as potential scaffold for cell culturing and drug delivery

• Dávid Juriga,
• Evelin Sipos,
• Orsolya Hegedűs,
• Gábor Varga,
• Miklós Zrínyi,
• Krisztina S. Nagy and
• Angéla Jedlovszky-Hajdú

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2579–2593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.249

• , which is equal to the amount of CYS cross-linkers applied in the synthesis (see above). These results prove that each disulfide bond in the PASP-20CYS-LYS hydrogels has been cleaved by DTT in the described experiments (Figure 3). Due to the dissolution of the hydrogels containing higher amounts of CYS

• metoprolol in the liquid. The kinetics curves are very similar to normal kinetics curves of drug release indicating a burst effect [15]. The presence of DTT leads to a higher saturation concentration of metoprolol presumably due to the cleavage of the disulfide bonds. The dissolution of the PASP-100CYS-LYS

• faster compared to the 0CYS-LYS and the 20CYS-LYS gels in the first 20 min of the metoprolol release, which is presumably caused by the dissolution of the gels (Figure 3b). Although the dissolution of the 40CYS-LYS, the 60CYS-LYS, the 80CYS-LYS and the 100CYS-LYS gels occurs already after 10 min in DTT

Antimony deposition onto Au(111) and insertion of Mg

• Lingxing Zan,
• Da Xing,
• Abdelaziz Ali Abd-El-Latif and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2541–2552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.245

• (CV) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Monolayer deposition results in a characteristic row structure; the monolayer is commensurate in one dimension, but not in the other. The row structure is to some extent maintained after deposition of further layers. After dissolution of the Sb multilayers

• electrodeposited Bi0.88Sb0.12 alloy by Arthur et al. [7]. However, the capacity declines to 215 mAh/g after 100 cycles with an electrolyte mixture of ethylmagnesium chloride, diethylaluminum chloride and anhydrous THF. A detailed, fundamental study of magnesium deposition/dissolution at a Sb-modified Au electrode

• corresponding dissolution peak A1 at +0.34 V amounts to 290 µC cm−2. The charge ratio of the anodic peak A1 to the cathodic peaks C1 and C2 in the first potential cycle for Sb stripping/deposition in UPD region gives a value of 90%. This residual 10% (30 µC cm−2) may indicate some alloy formation from which Sb

The role of Ag⁺, Ca²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Al³⁺ adions in the SERS turn-on effect of anionic analytes

• Stefania D. Iancu,
• Andrei Stefancu,
• Vlad Moisoiu,
• Loredana F. Leopold and
• Nicolae Leopold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2338–2345, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.224

• citrate capping agent can be switched on by the intrinsic generation of Ag+ ions at the AgNP surface. The addition of HNO3 to the colloidal cit-AgNPs leads to the generation of Ag+ ions at the silver surface due to an incipient dissolution process of the AgNPs in the acidic medium [27][28]. Thus, by

• was excluded since no broadening or any additional extinction bands at higher wavelengths were observed in the corresponding UV–vis spectrum (Figure 1B). The incipient dissolution of the AgNPs and the formation of Ag+ ions on the surface of the nanoparticles leads to the adsorption of citrate to the

• turn-on effect. Similarly, the intrinsic generation of Ag+ adions by the partial dissolution of cit-AgNPs in an acidic environment gives rise to the switch-on of the SERS spectrum of the citrate capping agent. The chemisorption of the target analytes to the cit-AgNPs can be monitored qualitatively

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• improved through the combination of amorphous carbon and rGO, which could also limit the dissolution of polysulfides. After annealing at different temperatures, it is found that the C-MoS2/rGO-6-S composite annealed at 600 °C yields a noticeably enhanced performance of lithium–sulfur batteries, with a high

• electrolyte, the sulfur is also continuously depleted. Consequently, a rapid decay of the specific capacity occurs when the composite is loaded with less sulfur. After several cycles of charge and discharge, the dissolved polysulfide ions in the electrolyte will reach a dynamic equilibrium. The dissolution of

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

• temperatures using dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). This process is followed by rapid dissolution to create an injectable solution in the human body. This procedure can provide up to a 10,000-fold increase in the signal compared to typical thermal polarization conditions. The 13C-labeled probes must be well

Ion mobility and material transport on KBr in air as a function of the relative humidity

• Dominik J. Kirpal,
• Korbinian Pürckhauer,
• Alfred J. Weymouth and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2084–2093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.203

• and recorded the evolution of these defects as a function of the time. We observed an exponential decay of the size of the defects and material accumulations, and from this data we determined energy barriers to dissolution and aggregation of approximately 0.9 eV. Keywords: ambient conditions; atomic

• that a qPlus AFM is capable of observing material dissolution [7][15]. These studies show that the high stiffness is beneficial and allows one to use larger tips built from any appropriate tip material and to operate the AFM at small amplitudes without risking jump to contact [7][16][17][18][19]. A

• edge length and structure size is large enough the material transport is mainly driven by adsorption and dissolution at the step edges. To understand why that would lead to higher material transport, we consider a circular accumulation or defect with a total number of atoms N. With a radius r and

Synthesis of highly active ETS-10-based titanosilicate for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

• Muhammad A. Zaheer,
• David Poppitz,
• Khavar Feyzullayeva,
• Marianne Wenzel,
• Jörg Matysik,
• Radomir Ljupkovic,
• Aleksandra Zarubica,
• Alexander A. Karavaev,
• Andreas Pöppl,
• Roger Gläser and
• Muslim Dvoyashkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2039–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.200

• min, but more pronounced for longer treatment times (Figure 8). Despite these defects, the particle size distribution probed by laser diffraction revealed minor changes suggesting that treatment neither leads to dissolution of smaller particles, nor to detectable fractioning of the larger ones (Figure

• silica-containing solution while stirring, resulting in the appearance of an opaque mixture. After this, the mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. A KF-solution was prepared by dissolution of 0.1 g of KF in 2.5 mL of DDW, resulting in a 0.0011 g mL−1 concentration. The prepared amount of a KF

Preservation of rutin nanosuspensions without the use of preservatives

• Pascal L. Stahr and
• Cornelia M. Keck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1902–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.185

• the early 1990s [1][2][3][4]. They are composed of 100% substance, are stabilized with only small amounts of surfactants, and possess particle sizes below 1 µm. According to the Ostwald–Freundlich equation nanocrystals possess a higher curvature leading to an enhanced dissolution pressure and thus to

• an enhanced kinetic saturation solubility [5]. Due to their small size they possess an increased surface area, resulting in an increased dissolution rate expressed by the Noyes–Whitney equation. In addition, they also possess an increased adhesiveness and thus, represent a universal, powerful and

• active ingredient occurs, changes in the IC50 value during storage can be observed [35]. As methanol is a good solvent for rutin, the addition of the nanocrystals to the methanolic DPPH solution led to a complete dissolution of the rutin nanocrystals. Hence, all rutin remaining in the formulations was

Processing nanoporous organic polymers in liquid amines

• Jeehye Byun,
• Damien Thirion and
• Cafer T. Yavuz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1844–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.179

• responsible for the dissolution of polymers. The obtained polymer film exhibited high CO2-philicity by having nitrogen-rich surfaces. The film could be also turned into a fine carbon film by heat treatment in inert atmosphere. Results and Discussion Processing COP-100 in liquid amines COP-100 is a network

• film itself was thin and brittle, it was easily cracked, but the film did not show any polymeric granules exposed on the surface. The dissolution of polymer chains in a solvent is known to involve two transport processes; (i) solvent diffusion and (ii) chain disentanglement [22]. When the COP-100 was

• the dissolution in the liquid amine took much longer compared to COP-100 due to the slower penetration of EDA. The rigid backbone of COP-600 with the triphenylbenzene core also contributed to the slower dissolution of polymer in EDA. As shown in Figure 5b, a red polymer solution of COP-600 could be

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• silver [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The dissolution of AgNPs in both biological and in different environmental media has been proven, although the rate and amount varies depending on the AgNP characteristics determined by the size, stabilization and the presence of other molecules [17]. Still, some

• circulation via different routes [40][41][42][43]. Absorbed or intravenously applied NPs will accumulate in different body compartments [44][45][46]. AgNPs are prone to oxidative dissolution in biological media and the released Ag+ reacts with thiolate groups of sulfur-containing biomolecules [47], which may

• NPs (Figure 3). As the biological effect resulting from interaction with metallic NPs may originate from the release of metallic ions in the biological environment, it was important to evaluate the dissolution behavior of the NPs. The release of Ag+ and Au3+ ions from AgNPs and AuNPs surfaces was