Determination of Young’s modulus of Sb₂S₃ nanowires by in situ resonance and bending methods

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Alexander I. Livshits,
• Juris Prikulis,
• Subhajit Biswas,
• Justin D. Holmes and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 278–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.25

• from surface atoms being in a different environment than the bulk. An increasing surface-to-volume ratio may lead to the observed stiffening trend that has been described using a number of mechanisms such as surface reconstruction [28], surface bond saturation [41] and bulk nonlinear elasticity [42

Controlled graphene oxide assembly on silver nanocube monolayers for SERS detection: dependence on nanocube packing procedure

• Martina Banchelli,
• Bruno Tiribilli,
• Roberto Pini,
• Luigi Dei,
• Paolo Matteini and
• Gabriella Caminati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.2

• interparticle distance, which in turns results in rigid arrays with suppressed elasticity and scarce resistance to mechanical stress. Nevertheless, the fabrication of large-scale homogeneous layers required for SERS detection has not been fully achieved. In this work we assembled closely packed AgNCs arrays

• /m in contrast with what reported previously [29][37]. We computed the surface compressional modulus from the experimental π–A data using Equation 1 The surface compressional modulus is related to the elasticity and fluidity of the monolayer [38] and its value identifies the different monolayer

A simple and efficient quasi 3-dimensional viscoelastic model and software for simulation of tapping-mode atomic force microscopy

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2233–2241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.229

• ], providing a modulus of elasticity and ‘dissipation’ parameters, which can be practical and efficient in a variety of situations. Nevertheless, further developments still remain in terms of model improvements that consider the most fundamental behaviors of viscoelastic bodies. Specifically, the above

Imaging of carbon nanomembranes with helium ion microscopy

• André Beyer,
• Henning Vieker,
• Robin Klett,
• Hanno Meyer zu Theenhausen,
• Polina Angelova and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1712–1720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.175

• mechanical properties, such as elasticity and porosity, as well as the chemical composition of the resulting CNM. The freely suspended CNMs are made by transferring the cross-linked SAM from its substrate to a holey structure, such as a metal grid. The resulting CNM is approximately as thick as the original

Atomic force microscopy as analytical tool to study physico-mechanical properties of intestinal cells

• Christa Schimpel,
• Oliver Werzer,
• Eleonore Fröhlich,
• Gerd Leitinger,
• Markus Absenger-Novak,
• Birgit Teubl,
• Andreas Zimmer and
• Eva Roblegg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1457–1466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.151

• topographies of Caco-2 cells and M cells. Furthermore, cell elasticity (i.e., the mechanical response of a cell on a tip indentation), was elucidated by force curve measurements. Besides elasticity, adhesion was evaluated by recording the attraction and repulsion forces between the tip and the cell surface

• available at the cell edge. The elasticity of M cells was 1.7-fold higher compared to Caco-2 cells and increased significantly from the cell periphery to the nuclear region. Since elasticity can be directly linked to cell adhesion, M cells showed higher adhesion forces than Caco-2 cells. The combination of

• ; elasticity; M cells; mechanical properties; Introduction The human small intestine consists of a cell monolayer, which is predominantly composed of enterocytes mixed with mucus-secreting goblet cells [1]. Apart from enterocytes, membranous epithelial cells (M cells) reside throughout the small intestine as

Stiffness of sphere–plate contacts at MHz frequencies: dependence on normal load, oscillation amplitude, and ambient medium

• Jana Vlachová,
• Rebekka König and
• Diethelm Johannsmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.87

• partial slip, which assumes the tangential stress in the sliding zone to be constant, independent of normal pressure [14][15]. The value of the constant stress, τ0, is the free parameter of the model. Savkoor solved the equations of continuum elasticity and derived the force–displacement relations. These

Mapping of elasticity and damping in an α + β titanium alloy through atomic force acoustic microscopy

• M. Kalyan Phani,
• Anish Kumar,
• T. Jayakumar,
• Walter Arnold and
• Konrad Samwer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 767–776, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.79

• -resonance spectra are used to calculate the contact stiffness k* and the local contact damping E″/E′ by employing suitable models for the tip–specimen contact, and in turn enabling one to image and to measure the local elasticity or the storage modulus E′ and the damping or loss modulus E″ of the specimen

Exploiting the hierarchical morphology of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotube films for highly hydrophobic coatings

• Francesco De Nicola,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Manuela Scarselli,
• Francesca Nanni,
• Ilaria Cacciotti and
• Maurizio De Crescenzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 353–360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.34

• evaporative drying of single-walled carbon nanotube film during its preparation [36][37][41]. The out-of-plane assembly is the result of the competition between attractive capillary forces and bending stress due to the elasticity of SWCNT film. Once the liquid is completely evaporated, a pattern of micrometer

Strain distribution due to surface domains: a self-consistent approach with respect to surface elasticity

• Javier Fuhr and
• Pierre Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 321–326, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.30

• integral equation that contains surface elastic constants, Sij. For surfaces with positive Sij the new approach avoids the introduction of a cut-off length. The classical and the new approaches are compared in case of 1-D periodic ribbons. Keywords: surface strain; surface elasticity; strain field

• generalized to other structures such as 2D circular domains. The so-obtained equations are less tractable but the main result remains the same (see Appendix II). Appendix I: Surface elasticity From a thermodynamic point of view all extensive quantities may present an excess at the interface between two media

• ) Classical model in which each domain is characterized by its own supposedly constant surface stress. (b) When taking into account surface elasticity, the surface stress at mechanical equilibrium is no longer constant except far from the boundary. (a) Continuous (red) curve: normalised strain field ε/Δs1

Mechanical properties of MDCK II cells exposed to gold nanorods

• Anna Pietuch,
• Bastian Rouven Brückner,
• David Schneider,
• Marco Tarantola,
• Christina Rosman,
• Carsten Sönnichsen and
• Andreas Janshoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 223–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.21

• the elasticity of the epithelial cell line MDCK II probed by AFM and QCM. The combination of these two techniques allows to monitor the influence of nanoparticles on the elastic properties of MDCK II cells both from the apical and basal side. The data permits to compare mechanics of cells exposed to

• of Hertzian mechanics to describe the elasticity of cells we also used a recently introduced tension model treating the cells as a liquid droplet (red continuous lines in Figure 3) [27][28]. According to the tension model we consider the cell as an isotropic elastic shell that produces a restoring

• force in response to indentation with a conical indenter originating from two sources, linear elasticity due to area dilatation and pre-stress (constant tension). Pre-stress is mainly generated by contractile actomyosin, strong adhesion at the cell-borders and interaction of the plasma membrane with the

Boosting the local anodic oxidation of silicon through carbon nanofiber atomic force microscopy probes

• Gemma Rius,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Soichiro Matsui,
• Masaki Tanemura and
• Francesc Perez-Murano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 215–222, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.20

• occurs in spite of the relative weakness of the mechanical clamping of the CNF onto the Si apex. The bending elasticity of the CNF-Si probe upon mechanical contact above a few nanonewtons can be compromised to permanent bending (buckling), particularly for longer CNFs, or rupture [22]. Nevertheless, CNF

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

• compared to HA alone, an increase in elasticity of up to 120%, a 129% increase in hardness, and an 86% increase in fracture toughness were possible. The BNNT–HA composite also showed a 75% increase in the wear resistance. It was noted that the addition of BNNTs to HA did not have any adverse effect on

The capillary adhesion technique: a versatile method for determining the liquid adhesion force and sample stiffness

• Daniel Gandyra,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Stanislav Gorb,
• Wilhelm Barthlott and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 11–18, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.2

• ) determination of the water adhesion force and the elasticity of individual hairs (trichomes) of the floating fern Salvinia molesta. (2) The investigation of human head hairs both with and without functional surface coatings (a topic of high relevance in the field of hair cosmetics) was performed. The method

• ], it is interesting to study the properties of the hairs of Salvinia molesta as a model for future developments. The key factors are the high water adhesion of the trichome tips (the “Salvinia effect”, [1]) and the high elasticity of the trichomes [2][3], which allows the pinning of the air–water

• meniscus with respect to the pulling direction. Using this method, we have investigated the hairs (trichomes) of Salvinia molesta and obtained precise values for the water adhesion force of the trichome tip and for the trichome elasticity. These data can now be used as a guideline for the design of

Aquatic versus terrestrial attachment: Water makes a difference

• Petra Ditsche and
• Adam P. Summers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2424–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.252

• surface texture, from smooth to very rough and smooth to hairy or covered with waxes [18][19]. Also the surface energy and with it the wettability of surfaces as well as the elasticity of the substrates are important properties, which can influence attachment [17]. Another important point needs to be

• Table 4 and Table 5. Very large attachment forces are generated by glue adhesion and suction. However, as the given values have been determined under very different conditions (substrates of different material, surface energy, roughness and elasticity; different measurement methods) the values are hard

• macrozobenthos of the marine intertidal. Third, flow forces acting on an animal depend on the flow velocity, which can show huge variations between different habitats and even inside the same habitat. Fourth, the shape and other properties (such as elasticity) of the animal also strongly influences drag and lift

Nanoparticle interactions with live cells: Quantitative fluorescence microscopy of nanoparticle size effects

• Li Shang,
• Karin Nienhaus,
• Xiue Jiang,
• Linxiao Yang,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Thomas Simmet and
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2388–2397, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.248

• . Based on studies of the uptake of carboxydextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs of 20 and 60 nm by human macrophages, Lunov et al. [49] developed a mathematical model that predicts the wrapping times of different NPs. In addition, the relation between membrane elasticity, cytoskeletal forces

Nanobioarchitectures based on chlorophyll photopigment, artificial lipid bilayers and carbon nanotubes

• Marcela Elisabeta Barbinta-Patrascu,
• Stefan Marian Iordache,
• Ana Maria Iordache,
• Nicoleta Badea and
• Camelia Ungureanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2316–2325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.240

• strength (due to C–C sp2 bonds, which is one of the strongest bonds), flexibility without breakage or damage, high elasticity, good electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. These cylindrical graphene nanotubes are considered one of the most attractive nanomaterials. Applicability of CNTs in the

Anticancer efficacy of a supramolecular complex of a 2-diethylaminoethyl–dextran–MMA graft copolymer and paclitaxel used as an artificial enzyme

• Yasuhiko Onishi,
• Yuki Eshita,
• Rui-Cheng Ji,
• Masayasu Onishi,
• Takashi Kobayashi,
• Masaaki Mizuno,
• Jun Yoshida and
• Naoji Kubota

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2293–2307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.238

• compared to the state in which it is not bound (enthalpy–entropy compensation or isokinetic theory) [28]. The enthalpy–entropy decrease is expected to stabilize the complexes against supramolecular stress, by Brownian movement owing to the law of entropy increase (effect of entropy elasticity) [29]. This

• including a guest are now defined as artificial enzymes in which the low-molecular-weight subunit containing the active site is complexed with a high-molecular-weight carrier. These supramolecular assemblies have the characteristic of conformational flexibility (slide-ring elasticity) owing to entropy

• elasticity [32], such as a self-structural change, so that it may become advantageous functionally according to the structural change of a substrate and an intermediary body. MTT assay (WST8) The WST-8 (2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) method is superior to

Nanometer-resolved mechanical properties around GaN crystal surface steps

• Jörg Buchwald,
• Marina Sarmanova,
• Bernd Rauschenbach and
• Stefan G. Mayr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2164–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.225

• ≥ 0} and {(x,y,0) | y ≤ 0} will be neglected as it is constant along x and y, but its treatment would follow the same procedure concerning surface elasticity and symmetry arguments as depicted in the following approach. We first sub-divide the material of interest into infinitesimal cubes of the

• for quantitative mechanical analysis [26]. From this data, we obtained M = 285 GPa with an uncertainty of 5–10%, typical for CR-AFM measurements. According to previous investigations, the radius of curvature, R, of the Si-tip hardly remains below 25 nm during elasticity measurements of stiff materials

• accurate elasticity values and thereby detecting the reduction in the indentation modulus with nanometer-sized steps. Conclusion Tensile stresses lead to a significant local effective reduction in the elastic constants. In the case for a step of several nanometers in height, this effect can lead to

Mechanical properties of sol–gel derived SiO₂ nanotubes

• Boris Polyakov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Leonid M Dorogin,
• Mikk Vahtrus,
• Roberts Zabels,
• Sven Lange and
• Rünno Lõhmus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1808–1814, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.191

• performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) under ambient conditions. Half-suspended and three-point bending tests were processed in the framework of linear elasticity theory. Finite element method simulations were used to extract Young’s modulus values from the nanoindentation data. Finally, the Young’s

• solutions based on elasticity theory were used to process cantilever-beam and three-point-bending tests data, while the data from nanoindentation experiments were fitted by using finite element method (FEM) simulations and compared with the analytical models (thin shell or membrane model and Hertz model

• of the NTs. Bending tests inside the HRSEM revealed a limited elasticity and high resistance to fracture of the half-suspended SiO2 NTs. A typical bending experiment is shown in Figure 2. The tip approaches the NT and pushes it near its end (Figure 2a,b). Only negligible elastic shape restoration was

Probing viscoelastic surfaces with bimodal tapping-mode atomic force microscopy: Underlying physics and observables for a standard linear solid model

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1649–1663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.176

• order to simultaneously acquire the topography and quantify the elasticity of a Ge(001) surface with high resolution [17]. Li and coworkers used a bimodal method in which the first eigenmode was driven by using the phase modulation scheme and the higher mode was driven in open loop, which allowed them

• to obtain images of the sample topography, energy dissipation and elasticity of polymer surfaces immersed in a liquid environment [16]. We have also reported experiments in which images of Vts and Pts were compared for different control schemes applied to the higher mode, including open loop

Influence of the PDMS substrate stiffness on the adhesion of Acanthamoeba castellanii

• Sören B. Gutekunst,
• Carsten Grabosch,
• Alexander Kovalev,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Christine Selhuber-Unkel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1393–1398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.152

• and position themselves [6]. Once grown on a substrate with defined elasticity, cells adapt their own elasticity to the elasticity of their environment [7]. But not only differentiated cells are influenced by substrate stiffness. For stem cells it has been demonstrated that their differentiation is

• polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates with Young’s moduli of 4 kPa, 29 kPa, and 128 kPa. These Young’s moduli were chosen in order to cover an elasticity range, for which a significant effect of substrate stiffness on the adhesion of mammalian cells has already been reported [1]. We systematically investigated the

• cool down to room temperature. Elasticity measurements Mechanical properties of PDMS substrates were determined by microindentation using a micro-force measurements device (Basalt-BT01, Tetra GmbH, Ilmenau, Germany) [24]. The recorded force–distance curves were used to calculate the Young’s modulus of

Physical principles of fluid-mediated insect attachment - Shouldn’t insects slip?

• Jan-Henning Dirks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1160–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.127

• , a softer adhesive pad/substrate (with a lower elasticity) deforms more easily at a given external force, resulting in a larger contact area. This larger contact area again increases the radius of the mediating meniscus of the liquid (the liquid is pressed towards the outside of the pad), which then

Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

Insect attachment on crystalline bioinspired wax surfaces formed by alkanes of varying chain lengths

• Elena Gorb,
• Sandro Böhm,
• Nadine Jacky,
• Louis-Philippe Maier,
• Kirstin Dening,
• Sasha Pechook,
• Boaz Pokroy and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1031–1041, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.116

• different characteristics of crystalline wax surfaces influence the attachment? We also measured adhesion (pull-off) forces of artificial adhesive systems on these surfaces. Here, tacky and deformable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) semi-spheres, having elasticity moduli similar to those of insect adhesive pads

A nanometric cushion for enhancing scratch and wear resistance of hard films

• Katya Gotlib-Vainshtein,
• Olga Girshevitz,
• Chaim N. Sukenik,
• David Barlam and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1005–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.114

• overlayer based on the elasticity of an underlying PDMS elastomer. To demonstrate the generality of the strategy, different substrates were coated with titania, with and without a soft underlayer. We have previously reported the deposition of thin and uniform titania films on Si, kapton, and