Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

• Rainhard Machatschek,
• Patrick Ortmann,
• Renate Reiter,
• Stefan Mecking and
• Günter Reiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 784–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.70

• crystals, both nucleation rate [28] and crystal growth rate [29] need to be low. The bulk CPE45 polymer material was dissolved in THF to yield a homogeneous solution with an initial concentration between 0.01 and 0.001 mg/mL. The homogeneous solution was kept in an open vial at an elevated temperature. A

• ]. Temperature, evaporation rate and polymer concentration affect nucleation probability and crystal growth rate. However, pinning of the contact line had the strongest influence on number density and size of the crystals. Therefore, on most samples, we observed arrays of many crystals which all had a length of

Chemical bath deposition of textured and compact zinc oxide thin films on vinyl-terminated polystyrene brushes

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Caroline G. Hofmeister,
• Peter Lindemann,
• Cheng Huang,
• Johannes Baier,
• Andreas Leineweber,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Christof Wöll,
• Thomas Schimmel and
• Joachim Bill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 102–110, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.12

• of a ZnO film grown on PS is shown in Figure 5e. In Figure 5d the film thickness is plotted in dependence on the number of deposition cycles. The growth rate seems to decrease with increasing film thickness. This might indicate a stronger interaction of the particles in solution with the template

Influence of wide band gap oxide substrates on the photoelectrochemical properties and structural disorder of CdS nanoparticles grown by the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method

• Mikalai V. Malashchonak,
• Alexander V. Mazanik,
• Olga V. Korolik,
• Еugene А. Streltsov and
• Anatoly I. Kulak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2252–2262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.231

• + cations on the surface of WBGO, the dependence of the CdS NP growth rate on the WBGO material may be related to the difference in the Cd2+ adsorption efficiency. The adsorption of Cd2+ on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles is extremely efficient and the maximum adsorption capacity was estimated to be 387 mg

A single-source precursor route to anisotropic halogen-doped zinc oxide particles as a promising candidate for new transparent conducting oxide materials

• Daniela Lehr,
• Markus R. Wagner,
• Johanna Flock,
• Julian S. Reparaz,
• Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres,
• Alexander Klaiber,
• Thomas Dekorsy and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2161–2172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.222

• growth rate could be confirmed by preparing a series of ZnO1−xClx samples differing systematically in chlorine content. The materials were prepared from molecular precursor mixtures of [EtZnOiPr]4 and [ClEt3Zn4(OiPr)4], the required doping concentration was adjusted via the precursor composition (see

Template-controlled mineralization: Determining film granularity and structure by surface functionality patterns

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Jonathan Berson,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Petia Atanasova,
• Johannes Baier,
• Joachim Bill and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1763–1768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.180

• sensitivity to topographic features of the SEM. Temperature has a significant influence on the deposition behavior. For higher temperatures, there is bulk precipitation and an inhomogenous film is formed. At lower temperatures, the growth rate is drastically reduced so that film formation is very slow. The

Continuum models of focused electron beam induced processing

• Milos Toth,
• Charlene Lobo,
• Vinzenz Friedli,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1518–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.157

• to the growth rate. In practice, the reaction rate limited regime can be identified simply by measuring or simulating the steady state growth rate as a function of electron flux, as illustrated in Figure 1 (in the figures, numerical values are excluded from axis labels when the plots are used to

• . Inclusion of diffusion in continuum FEBIP models adds a layer of complexity to the modelling and to interpretation of the model outputs. It is necessary only if diffusion is a major contribution to the growth rate. We will discuss models that incorporate diffusion in a self-contained section below, but will

• concentration can be found by solving Equation 12 in the limit t→∞: Substituting into Equation 13 gives the steady state growth rate . The vertical growth rate ∂h/∂t, which is easily measured experimentally, is proportional to : where h is the deposit height (or etch pit depth), ι is ±1 for deposition and

Formation of pure Cu nanocrystals upon post-growth annealing of Cu–C material obtained from focused electron beam induced deposition: comparison of different methods

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Alfredo Rodrigues Vaz,
• Yucheng Zhang,
• Andrzej Rudkowski,
• Czesław Kapusta,
• Rolf Erni,
• Stanislav Moshkalev and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1508–1517, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.156

• ) with the best purity enhancement for W(CO)6 (from 37 atom % at 25 °C to 59 atom % of W at 280 °C). However, the temperature rise during the deposition may not be favorable as it also decreases the residence time of adsorbates, significantly lowering the growth rate. Furthermore, the high temperature

The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Ryusuke Nakamura and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1348–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.139

•  7d, 73.2 s). In such a case, the growth rate of the oxide shell was found to be enhanced compared to the cases previously described. Nanotubes Growth strategies Following the report on hollow nanoparticles by Yin et al. in 2004 [7], Li and Penner [20] demonstrated in 2005 that the Kirkendall effect

Scanning reflection ion microscopy in a helium ion microscope

• Yuri V. Petrov and
• Oleg F. Vyvenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1125–1137, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.114

• exists both in a case of RIM and in conventional HIM. Fortunately, IBID that is mainly stimulated by secondary electrons [21] can be eliminated in RIM by applying a positive bias to the sample and reducing the contamination growth rate, and it can be completely avoided by usage of high vacuum conditions

Morphology control of zinc oxide films via polysaccharide-mediated, low temperature, chemical bath deposition

• Florian Waltz,
• Hans-Christoph Schwarz,
• Andreas M. Schneider,
• Stefanie Eiden and
• Peter Behrens

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 799–808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.83

• the films in the first CBD step is affected by the HYA addition, but also the growth rate in the second CBD step is strongly influenced. The film morphology after the second CBD step determines the final properties of the films. Figure 6 displays SEM micrographs of these films taken in plan view and

Morphological and structural characterization of single-crystal ZnO nanorod arrays on flexible and non-flexible substrates

• Omar F. Farhat,
• Mohd M. Halim,
• Mat J. Abdullah,
• Mohammed K. M. Ali and
• Nageh K. Allam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 720–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.73

• nanorods and the growth rate along the (002) direction was found to be sensitive to the substrate type. The lattice constants and the crystallite size of the fabricated ZnO nanorods were calculated based on the XRD data. The obtained results revealed that the increase in the crystallite size is strongly

Boosting the local anodic oxidation of silicon through carbon nanofiber atomic force microscopy probes

• Gemma Rius,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Soichiro Matsui,
• Masaki Tanemura and
• Francesc Perez-Murano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 215–222, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.20

• height of SiOx as a function of the writing speed, patterned at a bias voltage of 20 V. The height was determined by averaging ten scan lines. As mentioned above, the oxide growth rate depends inversely upon the writing speed, for both kinds of probes. However, the oxide growth rate by using a CNF probe

• is significantly higher than that of the bare-Si probe. The proposed exponential decay fit for the experimental data is shown in Figure 6a. The growth rate, expressed here as the oxide height at a certain writing speed, is almost double for the CNF probe. The linear dependence of oxide line height

• shows an increased oxide growth rate, compared to bare-Si probes which we attribute to the shape and chemistry of the CNF tip. Particularly, concentration of the electric field due to the high aspect ratio provided by the CNF apex and changes in wettability, affecting water meniscus shape, with respect

Controlling the optical and structural properties of ZnS–AgInS₂ nanocrystals by using a photo-induced process

• Takashi Yatsui,
• Fumihiro Morigaki and
• Tadashi Kawazoe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1767–1773, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.187

• induce an oxidation–reduction reaction in the nanocrystals. Consequently, the etching of the deposited ZAIS atoms on the nanocrystals surface proceeds. The growth rate is controlled by the absorbed light intensity and wavelength, which control the nanocrystal size. Similar photo-synthesis for controlling

Self-organization of mesoscopic silver wires by electrochemical deposition

• Sheng Zhong,
• Thomas Koch,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Harald Rösner,
• Eberhard Nold,
• Aaron Kobler,
• Torsten Scherer,
• Di Wang,
• Christian Kübel,
• Mu Wang,
• Horst Hahn and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1285–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.142

• the growth rate of the wires is of the order of 10 μm/s in our experiments and that the entropy of interfacial phase transition for silver is small. The faces tend to be roughened [34] and the surfaces of the wires are rounded without obvious faces. This may indicate that the surface is rough on

• atomic scale. It is known, that the (112) surface energy is relatively high and that the growth speed of [112] is faster than that of other facets [35]. Hence elongated silver wires are generated due to the anisotropy in growth rate. However, anisotropy in growth rate cannot guarantee for the formation

Review of nanostructured devices for thermoelectric applications

• Giovanni Pennelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1268–1284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.141

• sections, because the oxide growth rate is faster in <111> directions. A correct design of the top width Wtop, defined by lithography, with respect to the top silicon layer thickness, allows for the formation of a triangular cross section during the oxidation process. Once a triangular cross section is

Electron-beam induced deposition and autocatalytic decomposition of Co(CO)₃NO

• Florian Vollnhals,
• Martin Drost,
• Fan Tu,
• Esther Carrasco,
• Andreas Späth,
• Rainer H. Fink,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1175–1185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.129

• indicates that the Fe layer thickness is mainly determined by the autocatalytic growth time, with an autocatalytic growth rate of 0.5 ± 0.1 Å per minute (approx. 1.3 × 10−3 Å/Langmuir). The observation that for electron doses of 0.05 C/cm2 and below only reduced thicknesses are obtained indicates that the

• insight into the underlying reaction(s), chemically more sensitive methods like XPS and IR spectroscopy may be helpful. The apparent cobalt thickness observed on the thick Fe seed layers is 7.4 ± 0.8 nm; the average growth rate is 0.35 ± 0.05 Å/min. It is likely, however, that the growth on Fe seeds

• reactive deposit–vacuum interface. The analysis of the chemical composition of the structures prepared from Co(CO)3NO points to an oxygen-, nitrogen-, and carbon-rich CoOxNyCz composite material, with the Co L3 peak shifted towards an oxidic state. Fe(CO)5 exhibits a constant growth rate of 0.5 ± 0.1 Å/min

Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

• growth is not fully of ALD type, but one of the precursors diffuses into the film, improving the growth by providing more reactive sites: The diffusion out of the film is enhanced at higher temperatures, resulting in a lower growth rate [12]. The decrease in growth at increasing deposition temperatures

• surface, reducing the number of reactive surface sites and lowering the growth rate. Organic precursors are also often bulky, causing steric hindrance. The various difficulties encountered when using organic precursors are discussed in detail in a review by George et al. [24]. Several strategies have been

• somewhat higher than what the predicted unit-chain length, 17.4 Å, would suggest: This higher than predicted growth rate was attributed to a CVD-type growth. Kubono et al. [6] deposited nylon 79 from heptane-1,7-diamine and nonanedioyl dichloride at room temperature. The GPC value achieved, 18 Å per cycle

Gas sensing with gold-decorated vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Prasantha R. Mudimela,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Oriol González-León,
• Nicolas Reckinger,
• Rony Snyders,
• Eduard Llobet,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 910–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.104

• characterized by using SEM, TEM, and XPS. The FE-SEM images present VA-CNT rugs with different lengths used in the experiments (Figure 1). The length of the CNTs increases linearly with growth time at the beginning and the growth rate decreases after a certain time (depending on the experimental conditions) due

• to the poisoning of the catalysts [23]. The CNT growths were realized with three different times: 7, 15 and 30 min, giving rug lengths of 150, 300, and approximately 500 µm (Figure 1a, b and c, respectively). The growth rate in the CVD conditions used in this study was estimated to be 17.5 µm/min

Biocalcite, a multifunctional inorganic polymer: Building block for calcareous sponge spicules and bioseed for the synthesis of calcium phosphate-based bone

• Xiaohong Wang,
• Heinz C. Schröder and
• Werner E. G. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 610–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.72

• diameter of about 4 μm and a length greater than 100 µm, show a very fast growth rate of 65 μm/h. Hence it has to be concluded that an acceleration of the velocity of the exergonic reaction at ambient environmental conditions has to occur by lowering the activation energy by an enzyme, or by allowing the

An ultrasonic technology for production of antibacterial nanomaterials and their coating on textiles

• Anna V. Abramova,
• Vladimir O. Abramov,
• Aharon Gedanken,
• Ilana Perelshtein and
• Vadim M. Bayazitov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 532–536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.62

• ]. We have calculated the antibacterial activity according to the following formula: where F is the growth rate of bacteria in the control sample (log10 CFU/mL after incubation − log10 CFU/mL before incubation), G is the growth rate of bacteria on the coated samples. Results and Discussion In order to

Encapsulation of nanoparticles into single-crystal ZnO nanorods and microrods

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Marco Notarianni,
• Llew Rintoul and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.56

• ; Introduction Anisotropic growth of compound semiconductors with wurtzite crystal structure normally leads to the formation of one-dimensional (1D) structures. A typical example is ZnO that, in its wurtzite form, has the fastest growth rate over the <0001> face and has been extensively studied in terms of

• be multi-functional by hosting luminescent dye molecules or magnetic nanoparticles. As the growth rate over the side facets of a ZnO nanorod is much slower than that over the top facet, it would be more challenging to encapsulate large nanoparticles with size beyond the 100 nm regime into ZnO nanorod

• in Figure 3a. Nanobeads attached to the top facet can be entirely encapsulated into the nanorod after a regrowth process due to the fast axial growth rate. However, those attached to the side surface were partially embedded into the nanorods after a second growth from solution (20 mM, 5 h), as seen

Nanoscale patterning of a self-assembled monolayer by modification of the molecule–substrate bond

• Cai Shen and
• Manfred Buck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 258–267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.28

• ] this is expected since the growth rate scales with the flux of Cu ions integrated across the defect area. Interestingly, a minimum size of the defect was observed to be required. For defects smaller than 5 nm, it is difficult to trigger the UPD, or even if the UPD starts, the UPD can easily be blocked

En route to controlled catalytic CVD synthesis of densely packed and vertically aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays

• Slawomir Boncel,
• Sebastian W. Pattinson,
• Valérie Geiser,
• Milo S. P. Shaffer and
• Krzysztof K. K. Koziol

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 219–233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.24

• key parameters, i.e., growth temperature (660, 760 and 860 °C), composition of the feedstock and time of growth, on morphology and properties of N-CNTs. The presence of nitrogen species in the hot zone of the quartz reactor decreased the growth rate of N-CNTs down to about one twentieth compared to

• the growth rate of multi-wall CNTs (MWCNTs). As revealed by electron microscopy studies (SEM, TEM), the individual N-CNTs (half as thick as MWCNTs) grown under the optimal conditions were characterized by a superior straightness of the outer walls, which translated into a high alignment of dense

• . Optimising the conditions. In order to establish conditions for a high growth rate of N-CNTs and the highest achievable alignment as well as a high density of the N-CNTs arrays, temperature and composition of the feedstock were scanned as variable parameters (Table 2). The parameters used were set

3D-nanoarchitectured Pd/Ni catalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition for the electrooxidation of formic acid

• Loïc Assaud,
• Evans Monyoncho,
• Kristina Pitzschel,
• Anis Allagui,
• Matthieu Petit,
• Margrit Hanbücken,
• Elena A. Baranova and
• Lionel Santinacci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 162–172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.16

• to grow metallic clusters or it is applied to protect those metallic clusters with an ultrathin metal oxide layer (see, e.g., the reviews [18][19][20]). This deposition method is particularly interesting for electrocatalysis because it allows an accurate control of both growth rate and composition of

• regular cyclic variation of the mass vs the number of ALD cycles is observed with an overall linear evolution, which is typical for an ALD process with constant growth rate. An enlarged view of one cycle presented in Figure 2b shows in detail the process during the four successive steps of the NiO ALD

• shown in Figure 8a. Two growth regimes are identified in the curve: before and after 50 cycles. At first, the growth rate of Pd is low and non-linear. It progressively increases and reaches an almost linear growth after 50 ALD cycles. Such behavior has already been observed [36][39]. The initial low

Quantum size effects in TiO₂ thin films grown by atomic layer deposition

• Massimo Tallarida,
• Chittaranjan Das and
• Dieter Schmeisser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 77–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.7

• spectroscopy. The Ti precursor, titanium isopropoxide, was used in combination with H2O on Si/SiO2 substrates that were heated at 200 °C. The low growth rate (0.15 Å/cycle) and the in situ characterization permitted to follow changes in the electronic structure of TiO2 in the sub-nanometer range, which are

• films Thermal ALD of TiO2 with titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) and H2O at 200 °C proceeds very slowly [16], with a growth rate of about 0.15 Å/cycle. Indeed, the XAS spectra at the Ti-L2,3 edge in Figure 1 show very small changes with increasing number of ALD cycles. Moreover, various spectral features