Ferromagnetic behaviour of ZnO: the role of grain boundaries

• Boris B. Straumal,
• Svetlana G. Protasova,
• Andrei A. Mazilkin,
• Eberhard Goering,
• Gisela Schütz,
• Petr B. Straumal and
• Brigitte Baretzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1936–1947, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.185

• crystalline plate). Then the deposited liquid mixture was dried at 150 °C. After drying the pyrolysis took place in argon or in air at temperatures between 500 and 600 °C. The resulted pure and doped ZnO films of thicknesses between 50 and 200 nm (measured by electron-probe X-ray microanalysis and

Sb₂S₃ grown by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and its application in a hybrid solar cell

• Erki Kärber,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Ilona Oja Acik,
• Arvo Mere,
• Valdek Mikli and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1662–1673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.158

• Materials Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia 10.3762/bjnano.7.158 Abstract Chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) is a fast wet-chemical deposition method in which an aerosol is guided by carrier gas onto a hot substrate where the decomposition of the precursor

• /cm2, a fill factor of 42% and a conversion efficiency of 1.3%. Conversion efficiencies up to 1.9% were obtained from solar cells with smaller areas. Keywords: absorber; chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP); hybrid solar cell; stibnite (Sb2S3); ultrasonic atomization; Introduction A solution-based

• efficiencies of up to 2.3% when based on planar TiO2 [12] and 6.4% [20] when based on mesoporous TiO2. Spin coating is a simple technique and seems attractive for the deposition of oxide-free Sb2S3 absorber. However, an annealing stage at 300 °C in inert gas atmosphere is involved. Chemical spray pyrolysis

Fabrication and characterization of branched carbon nanostructures

• Sharali Malik,
• Yoshihiro Nemoto,
• Hongxuan Guo,
• Katsuhiko Ariga and
• Jonathan P. Hill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1260–1266, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.116

• been fabricated using a variety of methods, which include pyrolysis of metallocenes [19][20], nanowelding [21], catalytic CVD [22][23], carbon infiltration of MWCNTs [24], templating [25] and chemical functionalization [26]. However, none of these methods are easily industrially scalable. Herein, we

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• spray pyrolysis process in which ferrocene acts as precursor and hexane is used as carbon source [131]. Spray pyrolysis is very simple and does not involve harmful ingredients such as benzene. Hexane is used in the process which is a good solvent for ferrocene. Hexane suppresses the formation of

Development of highly faceted reduced graphene oxide-coated copper oxide and copper nanoparticles on a copper foil surface

• Rebeca Ortega-Amaya,
• Yasuhiro Matsumoto,
• Andrés M. Espinoza-Rivas,
• Manuel A. Pérez-Guzmán and
• Mauricio Ortega-López

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1010–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.93

• or metal oxide nanoparticles [11]. In particular, rGO–Cu core–shell nanostructures have been synthesized by CVD [12][13], hydrothermal synthesis [14] and pyrolysis of an organocopper compound [15][16][17]. In a previous work, the authors reported the effective reduction of chemically exfoliated GO

Efficient electron-induced removal of oxalate ions and formation of copper nanoparticles from copper(II) oxalate precursor layers

• Kai Rückriem,
• Sarah Grotheer,
• Henning Vieker,
• Paul Penner,
• André Beyer,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 852–861, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.77

• the layer thickness [15]. Washing and pyrolysis of the molecular residues was then necessary to obtain pure metal NPs, the latter unfortunately inducing post-irradiation particle growth ascribed to Ostwald ripening and therefore deteriorating the monodispersity [15]. As an alternative, a homogeneous

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• process and to insert the plate where the final material is deposited (Figure 6) [31]. Chemical methods have also been proposed to synthetize fullerenes, but the production yield is so low that it is considered only for research purposes. For example, C60 can be produced by the pyrolysis hydrogenation of

Self-organization of gold nanoparticles on silanated surfaces

• Htet H. Kyaw,
• Salim H. Al-Harthi,
• Azzouz Sellai and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2345–2353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.242

• copolymer micelle and spin casting technique [18], while Acik et al. reported in situ deposition of AuNPs on ITO and glass substrate by using spray pyrolysis (temperature range of 260–400 °C) [19]. Wu et al. proposed AuNPs deposition by centrifugation where the thickness depended on centrifugation time [20

Imaging of carbon nanomembranes with helium ion microscopy

• André Beyer,
• Henning Vieker,
• Robin Klett,
• Hanno Meyer zu Theenhausen,
• Polina Angelova and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1712–1720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.175

• SAM and can span macroscopic areas; thus far, freestanding CNMs of up to 0.5 × 0.5 mm2 have been fabricated. The electrical conductivity of the CNM can also be tailored, as pyrolysis results in a gradual transformation into graphene [4][5][6]. CNMs have potential for many technical applications, such

Characterization of nanostructured ZnO thin films deposited through vacuum evaporation

• Jose Alberto Alvarado,
• Arturo Maldonado,
• Héctor Juarez,
• Mauricio Pacio and
• Rene Perez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 971–975, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.100

• , they can be used in many applications, such as gas sensors [4]. A wide range of techniques to deposit thin films are used, such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) [5], single-source chemical vapor deposition (SS CVD) [6], metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) [7], sol–gel [8], spray pyrolysis [9

Low-cost formation of bulk and localized polymer-derived carbon nanodomains from polydimethylsiloxane

• Juan Carlos Castro Alcántara,
• Mariana Cerda Zorrilla,
• Lucia Cabriales,
• Luis Manuel León Rossano and
• Mathieu Hautefeuille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 744–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.76

• pyrolysis may also be used to produce PDC in a rapid, local and selective fashion, although it is less common than CVD due its non-continuous work regime limiting the process [1]. Recently, a high power ultraviolet laser has been employed to directly induce the localized formation of nanocrystalline silicon

• nanocrystals (GNC) are composing the shiny layers, whereas dark parts consist mainly of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) [14]. Selective laser ablation Selective and localized laser pyrolysis has also been tested to study the formation of nanodomains from PDMS in a controlled fashion, using a low-cost

Electroburning of few-layer graphene flakes, epitaxial graphene, and turbostratic graphene discs in air and under vacuum

• Andrea Candini,
• Nils Richter,
• Domenica Convertino,
• Camilla Coletti,
• Franck Balestro,
• Wolfgang Wernsdorfer,
• Mathias Kläui and
• Marco Affronte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 711–719, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.72

• electroburning process, I–V measurements were taken with an AdWin-Pro system (16 bit output and input ) using a FEMTO pre-amplifier. Turbostratic multilayer graphene discs were grown in large quantities by the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in a plasma torch process. The graphitic discs were dispersed in 1-methyl-2

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms

• Toma Susi,
• Thomas Pichler and
• Paola Ayala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 177–192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.17

• 132 eV has commonly been attributed to P–O bonds [195][196] (although some authors have instead assigned this peak to the P substitution in purely P-doped graphene [191]). Larrude et al. measured XPS on P-MWCNTs synthesized by spray pyrolysis [197], and assigned two lower binding energy components

Low-cost plasmonic solar cells prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis

• Erki Kärber,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Ilona Oja Acik,
• Valdek Mikli,
• Arvo Mere,
• Ilmo Sildos and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2398–2402, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.249

• planar ZnO were prepared entirely by chemical spray pyrolysis. Au nanoparticles (Au-NPs) were formed via thermal decomposition of a gold(III) chloride trihydrate (HAuCl4·3H2O) precursor by spraying 2 mmol/L of the aqueous precursor solution onto a substrate held at 260 °C. Current–voltage scans and

• % increase (from 4.6 to 7.5 mA/cm2) of the short-circuit current density was observed when 2.5 mL of the precursor solution was deposited onto the rear side of the solar cell. Keywords: Au nanoparticles; chemical spray pyrolysis; extremely thin absorber; plasmon resonance; solar cell; Introduction The cost

• , while providing a technologically simple method for solar cell production. Chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) is a simple method to produce thin semiconductor oxide- and sulphide layers and metal nanoparticles (NPs) via thermal decomposition of metal precursor salts. CuInS2 (CIS) is a semiconductor material

Influence of stabilising agents and pH on the size of SnO₂ nanoparticles

• Olga Rac,
• Patrycja Suchorska-Woźniak,
• Marta Fiedot and
• Helena Teterycz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2192–2201, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.228

• were obtained by combining a spray pyrolysis method and annealing carried out under atmospheric pressure. The subject of the synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles in aqueous solution rarely occurs in the literature. SnO2 colloidal synthesis in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micelles (where tin

The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• industrial scale as well. By pyrolysis of, for example, silicon tetrachloride, primary particles with diameters less than 50 nm are obtained. These merge irreversibly into aggregates with diameters between 250 nm and a few tens of micrometers [58][59]. 3. The third synthesis route involves the hydrolysis and

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• pyrolysis of the citrate induced aggregation is followed by the controlled formation of SMS. Unfortunately, this method may result in the formation of pyrolysis products from the degraded citrate [74], which may interfere with toxicity assays. Hence, inorganic salts (NaCl) may be used in order to induce

• oligonucleotides [52][86], peptides [87] and proteins [68], species native to biological systems and hence omnipresent in toxicity assays. However, in situ conjugation always entails the risk that nanoconjugates are destroyed by post irradiation [88][89][90], leading to pyrolysis products with unpredictable side

Synthesis of hydrophobic photoluminescent carbon nanodots by using L-tyrosine and citric acid through a thermal oxidation route

• Venkatesh Gude

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1513–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.164

• proline are used as source for producing hydrophilic CNDs in the presence of acid or alkali through microwave pyrolysis [22]. A survey of the literature revealed that the majority of the reports deals with the fabrication of hydrophilic CNDs and their use in cell-imaging [23], sensor [24][25][26][27

• observed at an excitation wavelength of 340 nm (Figure 8c). The quenching of emission intensity reflects the ability of tyrosine-passivated CNDs for sensing ethoxide ions. Huang et al. reported that GQDs prepared from sucrose through microwave pyrolysis were applicable for sensing hypochlorous acid because

Liquid fuel cells

• Grigorii L. Soloveichik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1399–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.153

• –La compositions was explored by using the combinatorial approach. The compositions Ni0.87Zn0.13 and Ni0.9La0.1 prepared by spray pyrolysis were the most active showing power densities of 486 and 459 mW/cm2, respectively [158]. The enhanced electrocatalytic performance of the latter may be explained

Purification of ethanol for highly sensitive self-assembly experiments

• Kathrin Barbe,
• Martin Kind,
• Christian Pfeiffer and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1254–1260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.139

• fully regenerated via a simple pyrolysis protocol. Keywords: ethanol; gold nanoparticles; purification; self-assembled monolayers; solvent; Introduction Thirty years after their introduction [1][2][3], self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of organothiolates have matured to an established tool for surface

• pure, powdered zeolite. The color of these beads changed from off-white to yellow after immersion into the HAuCl4 solution and to violet upon pyrolysis in the tube furnace, indicative for the formation of the Au-NPs with their characteristic Mie scattering behavior [38]. Typical samples of zeolite

• can be expected. The idea to use the very same metal in a highly disperse form to remove these contaminants led to the application of gold-NPs on a highly porous support, zeolite. We could demonstrate that this material can conveniently be prepared by an impregnation/pyrolysis route. Optimization of

Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

Biomolecule-assisted synthesis of carbon nitride and sulfur-doped carbon nitride heterojunction nanosheets: An efficient heterojunction photocatalyst for photoelectrochemical applications

• Hua Bing Tao,
• Hong Bin Yang,
• Jiazang Chen,
• Jianwei Miao and
• Bin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 770–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.89

• Hua Bing Tao Hong Bin Yang Jiazang Chen Jianwei Miao Bin Liu School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore 10.3762/bjnano.5.89 Abstract A biomolecule-assisted pyrolysis method has been developed to synthesize sulfur

• properties including chemical and thermal stability, physical abundance, as well as suitable bandgap energy and band position [1][2][3][4]. The polymeric nature of CN could facilitate the tuning of the physical and chemical properties by simply changing the CN precursors, by varying the pyrolysis conditions

• ]. Herein, we employ a biomolecule-assisted (L-cysteine) pyrolysis method to synthesize sulfur-doped carbon nitride (CNS) nanosheets, which can serve as the framework to grow CN to form an all CN-based heterojunction composite. The formation of CN/CNS heterojunctions significantly improves the

Controlled synthesis and tunable properties of ultrathin silica nanotubes through spontaneous polycondensation on polyamine fibrils

• Jian-Jun Yuan,
• Pei-Xin Zhu,
• Daisuke Noda and
• Ren-Hua Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 793–804, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.90

• , a distinct emission centered at 540 nm was observed for the silica nanotubes under a maximum excitation wavelength of 320 nm. In comparison, no obvious emission was observed for the silica nanoribbons treated under the same N2-atmosphere pyrolysis conditions. In addition, the pure silica nanotubes

• very mild silicification conditions (aqueous media, room-temperature and high efficiency), which could allow for an easy scale-up of silica nanotube fabrication and subsequently for wide technological applications. The silica nanotubes can be tuned to an emitter of visible light through the pyrolysis

Synthesis of indium oxi-sulfide films by atomic layer deposition: The essential role of plasma enhancement

• Cathy Bugot,
• Nathanaëlle Schneider,
• Daniel Lincot and
• Frédérique Donsanti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 750–757, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.85

• pyrolysis technique, Maha et al. have inserted sulfur atoms in In2O3 thin films and obtained optical band gaps in the range from 3.85 to 3.96 eV [18]. Thus, based on our previous results and those studies, we became interested in adjusting the optical properties of In2S3 by incorporating oxygen atoms while

Influence of particle size and fluorination ratio of CF_x precursor compounds on the electrochemical performance of C–FeF₂ nanocomposites for reversible lithium storage

• Ben Breitung,
• M. Anji Reddy,
• Venkata Sai Kiran Chakravadhanula,
• Michael Engel,
• Christian Kübel,
• Annie K. Powell,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 705–713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.80

• the electrochemical performance of the metal fluoride conversion systems [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Recently, conversion systems with excellent cyclic stabilities were synthesized through the pyrolysis of metallocenes with LiF, in which agglomerates of LiF and transition