Polymer blend lithography for metal films: large-area patterning with over 1 billion holes/inch²

• Cheng Huang,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1205–1211, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.123

• such as glass or metal can also be used as substrates. For example iron was used as substrate for the fabrication of nanoporous gold mesoflower arrays, which served afterwards for surface-enhanced Raman scattering [23]. With the metal PBL technique it is possible to fabricate more than one billion

Superluminescence from an optically pumped molecular tunneling junction by injection of plasmon induced hot electrons

• Kai Braun,
• Xiao Wang,
• Andreas M. Kern,
• Hilmar Adler,
• Heiko Peisert,
• Thomas Chassé,
• Dai Zhang and
• Alfred J. Meixner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1100–1106, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.111

• scattering (TERS) [11][12] or gap mode near-field optical microscopy [13]. This technique has attracted great interest as a means for local Raman [14][15] or luminescence spectroscopy [16] with nanometer spatial resolution. Since efficient Raman scattering from molecules in the gap requires gap widths as

• plasmonic nano- and microstructures has recently been predicted and experimentally realized [30][31][32]. Considering the fact that the Raman scattering and PL emission processes originate in the very center of the tip–substrate gap, any generated photon will firstly couple to the gap mode before being

• involved are summarized in Figure 4a. Green arrows represent processes drawing energy from the incident pump-laser field, i.e., Raman scattering from the surface-bound molecules (1) and generation of hot electrons from the d-band (2). Plasmon excitation is not shown in this figure. At low bias voltages

Combination of surface- and interference-enhanced Raman scattering by CuS nanocrystals on nanopatterned Au structures

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Nikolay A. Yeryukov,
• Larisa L. Sveshnikova,
• Tatyana A. Duda,
• Ekaterina E. Rodyakina,
• Victor A. Gridchin,
• Evgeniya S. Sheremet and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 749–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.77

• nanocrystals (NCs) with a low areal density fabricated through the Langmuir–Blodgett technology on nanopatterned Au nanocluster arrays using a combination of surface- and interference-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS and IERS, respectively). Micro-Raman spectra of one monolayer of CuS NCs deposited on a bare Si

• Investigations of Raman scattering in nanostuctures such as nanocrystals (NCs) are limited by a low Raman cross-section because of the very low scattering volume of the nanostructures. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) taking advantage of plasmonics leads to a remarkable increase of the Raman

• , and CdSe/CdZnS NCs deposited on Ag SERS substrates [6]. A prominent enhancement of Raman scattering by LO phonons was observed in Au-ZnO NC nanocomposites [7] and ZnO NCs covered by Ag [8] excited near resonance with the interband electronic transitions in ZnO NCs. Anomalously enhanced Raman

Morphological and structural characterization of single-crystal ZnO nanorod arrays on flexible and non-flexible substrates

• Omar F. Farhat,
• Mohd M. Halim,
• Mat J. Abdullah,
• Mohammed K. M. Ali and
• Nageh K. Allam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 720–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.73

• Yvon, HR800UV) with an argon ion laser source (514.5 nm) were used. The incident laser power was 20 mW. The grating and the hole size were usually set at 50 µm. The Raman scattering experiments were carried out at room temperature with a system resolution of 1 cm−1. The surface morphology of the films

Electromagnetic enhancement of ordered silver nanorod arrays evaluated by discrete dipole approximation

• Guoke Wei,
• Jinliang Wang and
• Yu Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 686–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.69

• The enhancement factor (EF) of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal silver nanorod (AgNR) arrays were investigated in terms of electromagnetic (EM) mechanism by using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) method. The dependence of EF on several parameters, i.e

• nanoarrays and incident excitations will shine light on the optimal design of efficient SERS substrates and improved performance. Keywords: discrete dipole approximation (DDA); enhancement factor; near-field; silver nanorod array; surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS); Introduction Surface-enhanced

• Raman scattering (SERS) has attracted substantial interest over the past decades due to its potential applications in biological sensing and chemical analysis with molecular specificity and ultrahigh sensitivity, which can be even down to the level of single molecules [1][2]. In addition, SERS can be a

Hollow plasmonic antennas for broadband SERS spectroscopy

• Gabriele C. Messina,
• Mario Malerba,
• Pierfrancesco Zilio,
• Ermanno Miele,
• Michele Dipalo,
• Lorenzo Ferrara and
• Francesco De Angelis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 492–498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.50

• based on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement [1][2][3], fluorescence [4][5], the surface plasmon resonance effect [6][7], mapping and imaging [8][9][10], to nanotechnology, with several works related to nanolithography [11][12], nanofocusing [13][14], nanolasers [15][16], waveguides [17

• electromagnetic hotspot at the tip of the antenna leads to the assumption that the plasmonic properties of the antennas will present a specific distribution along the nanotube height. To confirm such a hypothesis, measurements of Raman scattering intensities of a monolayer of cresyl violet dye have been performed

• cresyl violet dye. Raman scattering measurements of cresyl violet dye carried out on a rough silver substrate (black line) and single plasmonic nanoantenna (1.4 µm height and 80 nm radius) excited at a wavelength of λ = 633 nm (red line) and λ = 514 nm (green line). Acknowledgments The research leading

Raman spectroscopy as a tool to investigate the structure and electronic properties of carbon-atom wires

• Alberto Milani,
• Matteo Tommasini,
• Valeria Russo,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Andrea Lucotti,
• Franco Cataldo and
• Carlo S. Casari

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 480–491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.49

• ., determination of wire length). Moreover, by employing Raman spectroscopy and surface enhanced Raman scattering in combination with the support of first principles calculations, we show that a detailed understanding of the charge transfer between CAWs and metal nanoparticles may open the possibility to tune the

• Peierls distortion effects [73]. Examples of the extreme sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy to the carbon hybridization state, electronic structure and local order, are shown in Figure 3, where different carbon systems are characterized by well-defined Raman scattering features. In contrast to the other

Green preparation and spectroscopic characterization of plasmonic silver nanoparticles using fruits as reducing agents

• Jes Ærøe Hyllested,
• Marta Espina Palanco,
• Nicolai Hagen,
• Klaus Bo Mogensen and
• Katrin Kneipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 293–299, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.27

• near-infrared-excited surface enhanced Raman scattering. In addition to the surface plasmon band, UV–visible absorption spectra show features in the UV range which indicates also the presence of small silver clusters, such as Ag42+. The increase of the plasmon absorption correlates with the decrease of

• enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Extracts from these two fruits have been used for preparing silver and gold nanoparticles [12][15][16][17][18][19]. Here we explore the formation of nanoparticles by varying conditions in the preparation process such as ratios of the mixtures of silver nitrate and fruit

Exploring plasmonic coupling in hole-cap arrays

• Thomas M. Schmidt,
• Maj Frederiksen,
• Vladimir Bochenkov and
• Duncan S. Sutherland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.1

• electromagnetic fields. These enhanced local electromagnetic fields of the different plasmonic structures have been applied to enhance optical transitions such as in Raman spectroscopy [12] (as surface enhanced Raman scattering – SERS) and fluorescence [13] (as surface enhanced fluorescence – SEF) where the

SERS and DFT study of copper surfaces coated with corrosion inhibitor

• Maurizio Muniz-Miranda,
• Francesco Muniz-Miranda and
• Stefano Caporali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2489–2497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.258

• environmentally friendly agent. In this study, we have analyzed the adsorption of 1,2,4-triazole on copper by taking advantage of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect, which highlights the vibrational features of organic ligand monolayers adhering to rough surfaces of some metals such as gold

• more widely but is not environmentally friendly. The adsorption of various organic ligands onto smooth surfaces of copper was previously studied by means of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy [8]. Due to the huge amplification of the Raman signal of the adsorbed molecules, this

Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin

• Annika Vogt,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Berouz Nazemi,
• Chun Sik Choe,
• Maxim E. Darvin,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Christina Graf,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Martina C. Meinke and
• Jürgen Lademann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245

• by the highly sensitive tracking of the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal of single AgNP. Here, the penetration depth was found to be 19 ± 10 µm for intact skin, compared to 22 ± 5 µm for skin pre-treated with 20 tape stripes. This effect is well known for AgNP of this type and size [20

• the skin surface down to a depth of 50 µm, in 2 µm steps. The measurement time for one spectrum was 5 s. The surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal as a result of interaction between AgNPs and the porcine skin was generated by using the same excitation conditions. The utilized Raman

Localized surface plasmon resonances in nanostructures to enhance nonlinear vibrational spectroscopies: towards an astonishing molecular sensitivity

• Dan Lis and
• Francesca Cecchet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2275–2292, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.237

• anti-Stokes Raman scattering (SE-CARS). They can be considered as the nonlinear counterpart and/or combination of the linear surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques, respectively, which are themselves a branching of the conventional IR and

• spontaneous Raman spectroscopies. Compared to their linear equivalent, those nonlinear vibrational spectroscopies have proved to reach higher sensitivity down to the single molecule level, opening the way to astonishing perspectives for molecular analysis. Keywords: coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

• chemical selectivity, and to identify specific molecules with no added labels. The two major techniques that have dominated for a long time in this field are infrared (IR) spectroscopy and spontaneous (incoherent) Raman scattering. In IR spectroscopy, IR radiation is absorbed by matter at specific

Properties of plasmonic arrays produced by pulsed-laser nanostructuring of thin Au films

• Katarzyna Grochowska,
• Katarzyna Siuzdak,
• Peter A. Atanasov,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Anna Dikovska,
• Nikolay N. Nedyalkov and
• Gerard Śliwiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2102–2112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.219

• (1.6–3.7) × 105 indicating that the latter are slightly lower. Given the fluorescence cross section σF of R6G equal to 10−16 cm2 at 514 nm, and that of Raman scattering σSC ≈ 10−30 cm2 and taking into account that Raman scattering of R6G is enhanced by about 104 due to resonance at 514 nm, the factor

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

Synthesis of Pt nanoparticles and their burrowing into Si due to synergistic effects of ion beam energy losses

• Pravin Kumar,
• Udai Bhan Singh,
• Kedar Mal,
• Sunil Ojha,
• Indra Sulania,
• Dinakar Kanjilal,
• Dinesh Singh and
• Vidya Nand Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1864–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.197

• performance, Pt NPs are used in fabricating super capacitors [35]. The Pt NPs in core–shell structures (Pt forms the shell) are used in surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) studies [36] as well. Moreover, Pt is relatively inert in atmosphere and ex situ characterization of irradiated samples can also be

Fringe structures and tunable bandgap width of 2D boron nitride nanosheets

• Peter Feng,
• Muhammad Sajjad,
• Eric Yiming Li,
• Hongxin Zhang,
• Jin Chu,
• Ali Aldalbahi and
• Gerardo Morell

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1186–1192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.130

• efficiently control bandgap width. The characterizations are based on Raman scattering spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and FTIR transmittance spectra. Red shifts of spectral lines are clearly visible after the functionalization, indicating the bandgap width of the BNNSs has been changed. However

• Raman scattering spectroscopy, XRD, and FTIR. From these spectral line profiles and shifts we could investigate variations of the bandgap width and crystalline structures. Figure 7a shows the Raman spectra of the BNNSs using triple monochromator with an excitation wavelength of 514 nm (Ar+ ion Laser

• . These experimental data probably indicate that the BNNSs have extremely flexible mechanic properties. We conclude that functionalization can be used to realize tunable bandgap width. Red shifts of Raman scattering spectroscopy, XRD, and FTIR transmittance spectral lines confirm that after the treatment

Hole-mask colloidal nanolithography combined with tilted-angle-rotation evaporation: A versatile method for fabrication of low-cost and large-area complex plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials

• Jun Zhao,
• Bettina Frank,
• Frank Neubrech,
• Chunjie Zhang,
• Paul V. Braun and
• Harald Giessen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 577–586, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.68

• surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), in particular when the particle plasmon resonance was tuned to the pump laser wavelength. Novel applications such as coupling of plasmons to atomic gases are on the horizon [14]. Most of these fundamental effects as well as the early applications have been

Optical near-fields & nearfield optics

• Alfred J. Meixner and
• Paul Leiderer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 186–187, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.19

• ” with a length of a few nanometers. This effect of strong near-field enhancement around sharp structures of noble metals has been known from Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) for a long time [1]. Yet, the well-controlled tailoring of nanostructures necessary to quantitatively control the optical

• near-field has only emerged a few years ago. In this issue, Katrin and Harald Kneipp [2] address in their contribution the possibility to probe the plasmonic near-fields by one- and two-photon excited surface enhanced Raman scattering at the level of single molecules. In addition to SERS, there are

Dye-doped spheres with plasmonic semi-shells: Lasing modes and scattering at realistic gain levels

• Nikita Arnold,
• Boyang Ding,
• Calin Hrelescu and
• Thomas A. Klar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 974–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.110

• used for important applications such as biosensing [18], plasmon-enhanced solar cells [19][20], or as substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering [21][22] and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering [23]. A severe problem for all plasmonic applications is the damping of plasmons due to Ohmic losses

Template based precursor route for the synthesis of CuInSe₂ nanorod arrays for potential solar cell applications

• Mikhail Pashchanka,
• Jonas Bang,
• Niklas S. A. Gora,
• Ildiko Balog,
• Rudolf C. Hoffmann and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 868–874, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.98

• their deposition onto a copper grid, hence, the nanorod bundles can be partially disassemble and individual nanorods unhinge from the structures. The phase and purity of the CuInSe2 material were further confirmed by Raman scattering (a typical micro Raman spectrum is presented in Figure 5). Copper

Probing the plasmonic near-field by one- and two-photon excited surface enhanced Raman scattering

• Katrin Kneipp and
• Harald Kneipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 834–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.94

• particularly also for optical spectroscopy. Surface enhanced Raman signatures of single molecules can provide us with important information about the optical near-field. We discuss one- and two-photon excited surface enhanced Raman scattering at the level of single molecules as a tool for probing the plasmonic

• . Keywords: near-field; plasmonics; silver nanoaggregates; single molecule; surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS); Introduction The resonance frequencies of collective oscillations of the electrons in the conduction band in metal nanostructures, which are called surface plasmons, fall in the optical

• such plasmonic structures [1][2]. Exploiting these optical near-fields opens up exciting new capabilities for photon-driven processes and particularly for optical spectroscopy. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) might be one of the most prominent effects to demonstrate the potential of

Mapping of plasmonic resonances in nanotriangles

• Simon Dickreuter,
• Julia Gleixner,
• Andreas Kolloch,
• Johannes Boneberg,
• Elke Scheer and
• Paul Leiderer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 588–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.66

• , in particular metallic nanoparticles, which display pronounced plasmon resonances. These highly localized near fields of plasmonic particles have been demonstrated to be a very efficient tool for nanomachining [1], optical pumping of nanoscale objects such as quantum dots [2], surface enhanced Raman

• scattering [3][4] and extreme light confinement for nonlinear effects [5][6][7]. While the basic principles of computing plasmonic resonances are well understood (i.e., by using Maxwell´s equations on small objects), it has proven to be difficult to predict the field distribution for a given nanoscopic

Photoelectrochemical and Raman characterization of In₂O₃ mesoporous films sensitized by CdS nanoparticles

• Mikalai V. Malashchonak,
• Sergey K. Poznyak,
• Eugene A. Streltsov,
• Anatoly I. Kulak,
• Olga V. Korolik and
• Alexander V. Mazanik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 255–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.27

• temperature by using a Nanofinder High End (Lotis TII, Belarus–Japan) confocal-microscope-based setup. Raman scattering was excited by using a 473 nm solid-state laser. The laser power level at the sample was maintained at ca. 25 μW to minimize laser-induced damage to the CdS nanoparticles. The backscattered

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

Assessing the plasmonics of gold nano-triangles with higher order laser modes

• Laura E. Hennemann,
• Andreas Kolloch,
• Andreas Kern,
• Josip Mihaljevic,
• Johannes Boneberg,
• Paul Leiderer,
• Alfred J. Meixner and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 674–683, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.77

• thirdly with the employed substrate. Moreover, we obtained strongly enhanced Raman spectra of an adenine (sub-)monolayer on gold Fischer patterns on glass. We thus showed that gold Fischer patterns are promising surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. Keywords: Fischer pattern; higher order

• laser modes; localised surface plasmons; near field; surface-enhanced Raman scattering; Introduction The interaction of light and matter is especially intriguing in those cases where the size of the matter particle is comparable to or smaller than the wavelength of the light. When illuminating metallic

• arrays are long known to yield particle-enhanced Raman spectra [13][14][15]. Hence, there have also been several works [16][17][18] using the near field of Fischer patterns for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS [19][20]). However, to our knowledge, no investigations of Fischer patterns by higher