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Search for "amorphous" in Full Text gives 495 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

  • Daniel Emmrich,
  • Annalena Wolff,
  • Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
  • Jörg K. N. Lindner,
  • André Beyer and
  • Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

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  • contribution that is overlaying the STIM signal in later experiments, a CNM with a thickness of about 2 nm was imaged (Figure 2). This amorphous and insulating membrane is placed on a conductive Quantifoil TEM support grid. The sample was first imaged in a configuration that excludes all transmitted ions from
  • measurement of this spot is compared to a non-exposed part of the membrane. The non-exposed membrane shows barely visible D and G bands on a strong photoluminescence background as it is reported for amorphous hydrogenated carbon films [32]. After exposure to TEM, the photoluminescence drops and the D and G
  • bands become more pronounced, similar to a film of high-temperature annealed nanographite [33]. It was previously demonstrated in TEM that, at an energy of 80 keV, a graphitization of free-standing amorphous carbon can be induced [34]. It is also known that CNMs can turn from the amorphous state into
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Published 26 Feb 2021

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

  • Sina Kaabipour and
  • Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

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  • amorphous calcium phosphate particles for enhanced adhesive applications [124]. The spray pyrolysis process requires using an atomizer, a tube furnace, a reaction tube, a collection filter, and a vacuum pump [124]. This method is also often used for production of metal powders and demonstrates less
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Published 25 Jan 2021

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

  • Yuri Ya. Gafner,
  • Svetlana L. Gafner,
  • Darya A. Ryzkova and
  • Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

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  • amorphous carbon or magnesium oxide substrates by the laser evaporation of a bulk alloy with various stoichiometric compositions (Cu–Au, Cu3Au, and Au3Cu). An analysis of individual clusters carried out by using electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) showed that Cu
  • –Au clusters are formed with chemical compositions corresponding to the composition of the evaporated material [14]. In the case of cluster deposition onto amorphous carbon, various cluster morphologies were observed, such as cuboctahedral and decahedral. For clusters supported on a MgO substrate
  • copper (aCu = 3.610 Å) is an evidence that the nanoparticles deposited onto the amorphous carbon substrate were a Cu–Au nanoalloy [3]. Next, we analyzed the structure of the Cu3Au nanoparticles [3] in order to determine the possible temperature of the nanoparticles at the moment of their collision with
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Published 19 Jan 2021

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

  • Cynthia Kembuan,
  • Helena Oliveira and
  • Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

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  • protect UCNPs surfaces from dissolution. In contrast to a more complex polymeric coating, silica surfaces can be easily functionalized with a wide range of coupling agents and biomolecules, and the interior of the silica shell can be modified by integrating dye molecules, for example. However, amorphous
  • that even a thin silica coating shell of <2 nm or of 5 nm can already reduce the luminescence quenching of UCNPs in an aqueous dispersion [19]. Besides, several studies revealed that silica-coated UCNPs have a low toxicity in vitro and in vivo compared with other nanoparticles [7][11][39]. Amorphous
  • lanthanide core. It has to be considered that amorphous silica obtained from a Stöber-like growth process is an inherently porous material with a pore size of 1–4 nm [35][36]. Thus, it contains pores that are larger than water molecules, as well as lanthanide and other ions (e.g., Na+ and F−) that are
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Published 08 Jan 2021

Atomic layer deposited films of Al2O3 on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

  • Hana Krýsová,
  • Michael Neumann-Spallart,
  • Hana Tarábková,
  • Pavel Janda,
  • Ladislav Kavan and
  • Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

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  • -deposited ALD Al2O3 films are typically amorphous with a poor resistance to chemical attack [11][12][13]. These films do not withstand, for example, exposition to environmental media, such as 5% NaCl and sea water, to diluted HCl and H2SO4 (pH 4) [11], to acidic (1 M H2SO4) or alkaline (1 M NaOH) solutions
  • amorphous to polycrystalline γ-Al2O3 [12] or to oriented θ-Al2O3 [13]. However, on thermodynamic grounds, alumina is soluble in both acidic and alkaline media [8]. Besides protection, Al2O3 ALD layers have also been used for passivating surface states on water-oxidizing hematite photoanodes [14][15]. Very
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Published 05 Jan 2021

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

  • Matthias Schmidt,
  • James M. Byrne and
  • Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

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Published 04 Jan 2021

Scanning transmission imaging in the helium ion microscope using a microchannel plate with a delay line detector

  • Eduardo Serralta,
  • Nico Klingner,
  • Olivier De Castro,
  • Michael Mousley,
  • Santhana Eswara,
  • Serge Duarte Pinto,
  • Tom Wirtz and
  • Gregor Hlawacek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1854–1864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.167

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  • high-angle scattering events, or moving it down to increase the angular resolution and distance for time-of-flight measurements. With this new system, we show composition-dependent contrast for amorphous materials and the contrast difference between small-angle and high-angle scattering signals. We
  • using the beam deflected in a polar and azimuthal angular sector. For amorphous materials under perpendicular incidence, the transmitted beam is expected to be scattered symmetrically around the axis of incidence. The average polar angle of scattering depends on both the material and the thickness of
  • transmission imaging mode and further tuning of acceptance angles can be done in post-processing. Additionally, ToF-resolved recording of the transmission events can be integrated into this system. Here, we use this system to study the mass-thickness-dependent contrast in amorphous materials and demonstrate
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Published 11 Dec 2020

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO2@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO2 core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

  • Bridget K. Mutuma,
  • Xiluva Mathebula,
  • Isaac Nongwe,
  • Bonakele P. Mtolo,
  • Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
  • Rudolph Erasmus,
  • Zikhona Tetana and
  • Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

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  • to the presence of amorphous silica. In the mSiO2@NiPS sample, this peak could be correlated to an overlap of silica with the (002) plane of nickel phyllosilicate [35]. Additional peaks at 2θ = 34°, 36°, and 60° in the mSiO2@NiPS sample were assigned to (200), (202), and (060) diffractions of the 1:1
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Published 09 Dec 2020

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO3 nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

  • Thomas Cadenbach,
  • Maria J. Benitez,
  • A. Lucia Morales,
  • Cesar Costa Vera,
  • Luis Lascano,
  • Francisco Quiroz,
  • Alexis Debut and
  • Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

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  • diameter corresponding to the pore size of the porous matrix and, consequently, by a high specific surface area. Silica matrices, such as Santa Barbara Amorphous silica (SBA-15) or Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology silica (KIT-6), have been used successfully as hard templates to
  • acid (TA) as complexing reagents and HNO3-acidified water as solvent, we found only amorphous products, as observed in the X-ray diffractograms in Figure 1. This result can be attributed to the incorporation of Lewis-acidic metals, such as bismuth, into the amorphous silica framework during the
  • reaction, which leads to overall amorphous products [44][45][46][47]. The impact on the phase formation of BiFeO3 of using different alcohols, that is, 2-methoxyethanol and ethanol as solvents and tartaric acid as a complexing reagent in the synthesis is shown in Figure 2. Ethanol is commonly used in
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Published 07 Dec 2020

Molecular dynamics modeling of the influence forming process parameters on the structure and morphology of a superconducting spin valve

  • Alexander Vakhrushev,
  • Aleksey Fedotov,
  • Vladimir Boian,
  • Roman Morari and
  • Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1776–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.160

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  • reach 12, which corresponds to the ideal crystalline state of a hexagonal close-packed lattice, indicating an amorphous-like structure of cobalt nanofilms. Variations in the coordination number within the intermediate niobium layer are more significant. When approaching the contact regions with cobalt
  • the coordination number distribution in the material showed that the layers have a different structure when multilayer nanofilms are formed under normal conditions. The niobium substrate structure is close to crystalline; cobalt nanofilms are characterized by an amorphous-like structure. In the
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Published 24 Nov 2020

Absorption and photoconductivity spectra of amorphous multilayer structures

  • Oxana Iaseniuc and
  • Mihail Iovu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1757–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.158

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  • Oxana Iaseniuc Mihail Iovu Institute of Applied Physics, No. 5 Academiei Str., Chisinau, MD-2028, R. Moldova 10.3762/bjnano.11.158 Abstract The experimental results regarding optical absorption and steady-state photoconductivity of amorphous single-layer structures (Al–As0.40S0.30Se0.30–Al, Al
  • –Ge0.09As0.09Se0.82–Al, and Al–Ge0.30As0.04S0.66–Al) and of an amorphous heterostructure (Al–As0.40S0.30Se0.30/Ge0.09As0.09Se0.82/Ge0.30As0.04S0.66–Al) at different values of the voltage, with positive or negative polarity, applied to the illuminated top Al electrode are presented and discussed. The complex structure
  • of the photocurrent spectra is attributed to the different values of the optical bandgap of the involved amorphous layers (Eg ≈ 2.0 eV for As0.40S0.30Se0.30 and Ge0.09As0.09Se0.82 and Eg ≈ 3.0 eV for Ge0.30As0.04S0.66). The obtained experimental results are discussed taking into account the light
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Published 20 Nov 2020

Amorphized length and variability in phase-change memory line cells

  • Nafisa Noor,
  • Sadid Muneer,
  • Raihan Sayeed Khan,
  • Anna Gorbenko and
  • Helena Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1644–1654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.147

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  • by direct imaging. In this work, the length of amorphized regions in multiple identical Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) line cells was extracted from electrical measurements. After each cell was programmed to an amorphous state, a sequence of increasing-amplitude post-reset voltage pulses separated by low-amplitude
  • , significant variability arises from the intrinsically unique crystallization and amorphization processes in these devices. For example, cells programmed to an amorphous resistance of approx. 50 MΩ show threshold voltage values of 5.5–7.5 V, corresponding to amorphized length values of 290–395 nm. This
  • unpredictable programming feature in phase-change memory devices can be utilized in hardware security applications. Keywords: amorphous materials; drift; electrical breakdown; electrical resistivity; phase-change memory; pulse measurement; stochastic processes; threshold switching; Introduction Phase-change
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Published 29 Oct 2020

Optically and electrically driven nanoantennas

  • Monika Fleischer,
  • Dai Zhang and
  • Alfred J. Meixner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1542–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.136

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  • revealing local structural properties is illustrated in [49], where crystalline and amorphous regions within core–shell silicon nanowires are discerned with an optical resolution of a few nanometers. This study further demonstrates that it is possible to combine polarization angle-resolved experiments with
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Published 07 Oct 2020

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

  • Sebastian Tigges,
  • Nicolas Wöhrl,
  • Ivan Radev,
  • Ulrich Hagemann,
  • Markus Heidelmann,
  • Thai Binh Nguyen,
  • Stanislav Gorelkov,
  • Stephan Schulz and
  • Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

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  • amorphous layer (Ar/H2 ≈59, Figure 4d, right panel). Raman spectroscopy was performed to determine the quality (defect density, defect type, and hybridization) of the deposited Pt/CNW layers. All samples produced at sufficiently high pressures and low carrier gas flow rates exhibit the typical spectrum
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Published 17 Sep 2020

An atomic force microscope integrated with a helium ion microscope for correlative nanoscale characterization

  • Santiago H. Andany,
  • Gregor Hlawacek,
  • Stefan Hummel,
  • Charlène Brillard,
  • Mustafa Kangül and
  • Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1272–1279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.111

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  • amorphous silicon bubbles at the surface [34]. Furthermore, focused helium ion beam exposure inside a HIM can be used as a way of locally replicating the harsh radiation conditions found in nuclear fission and fusion reactors, to study the response of structural materials used in the reactors [35]. We
  • characterized the defects caused by He ion exposure in a correlative AFM–HIM experiment. Amorphous silicon bubbles are created on a crystalline silicon substrate through point exposition with the HIM at 25 kV and 14 pA using doses between 4.2 × 108 and 4.2 × 109 He ions (Figure 3). He ions penetrate deep into
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Published 26 Aug 2020

Proximity effect in [Nb(1.5 nm)/Fe(x)]10/Nb(50 nm) superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures

  • Yury Khaydukov,
  • Sabine Pütter,
  • Laura Guasco,
  • Roman Morari,
  • Gideok Kim,
  • Thomas Keller,
  • Anatolie Sidorenko and
  • Bernhard Keimer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1254–1263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.109

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  • are visible in the RHEED pattern of the Nb layer, which indicate island growth and polycrystallinity (Figure 2d). Subsequently, the Fe/Nb multilayers were grown on the 800 °C Nb buffer. The corresponding RHEED patterns exhibit amorphous growth, i.e., blurred screens (not shown). Increasing the Fe film
  • thickness from 2 to 4 nm improves the film quality. The Fe layer becomes polycrystalline while the Nb layer remains amorphous. In contrast, for sample s6, which was grown on the 30 °C Nb buffer, both layers reveal polycrystallinity with a certain texture (Figure 2e,f). Finally, the Pt cap is always
  • not observe any antiferromagnetic coupling, neither at room temperature nor in low-temperature measurements. The reason of this disagreement may originate from the amorphous Nb spacers. The proximity of this depth-modulated and weakly magnetic layer to a thick superconductor causes the appearance of
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Published 21 Aug 2020

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

  • Yuko Matsukawa,
  • Fabian Linsenmann,
  • Maximilian A. Plass,
  • George Hasegawa,
  • Katsuro Hayashi and
  • Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

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  • area (SSA) of the anode materials as well as the deposition of amorphous carbon films were shown to reduce irreversible capacity losses [22][23]. Ji et al. found that lower total pore volumes (determined by N2 sorption) gave rise to increased reversible sodium storage capacities for sucrose-derived HCs
  • to disordered, amorphous HCs with missing sharp (002) and (101) reflections (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). The described features were also found for the RF samples as reported earlier by Hasegawa and co-workers (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3) [28][29]. The position of the
  • only related to the measurable surface area for amorphous electrode materials. One may consider different deposition mechanisms (e.g., van der Merwe layer-by-layer or Volmer–Weber island growth) to explain this. However, it is more likely related to different contributions of porosity that is even
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Published 14 Aug 2020

High permittivity, breakdown strength, and energy storage density of polythiophene-encapsulated BaTiO3 nanoparticles

  • Adnanullah Khan,
  • Amir Habib and
  • Adeel Afzal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1190–1197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.103

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  • , respectively, which is attributed to the interactions between β-hydrogens of PTh and oxygen atoms on the BTO surface. X-ray diffraction patterns of BTO, PTh, and core–shell BTO-PTh nanoparticles are presented in Figure 3. Pristine PTh is amorphous in nature and shows a low-intensity broad peak at around 23
  • °, which corresponds to the intermolecular π–π stacking structure and amorphous packing of the polymer [19]. The XRD pattern of hydrothermally prepared BTO nanoparticles shows good agreement with the tetragonal perovskite structure (JCPDS No. 05-0626) with the P4mm space group [20][21]. The major
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Published 10 Aug 2020

Revealing the local crystallinity of single silicon core–shell nanowires using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

  • Marius van den Berg,
  • Ardeshir Moeinian,
  • Arne Kobald,
  • Yu-Ting Chen,
  • Anke Horneber,
  • Steffen Strehle,
  • Alfred J. Meixner and
  • Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1147–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.99

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  • , Germany 10.3762/bjnano.11.99 Abstract Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is combined with polarization angle-resolved spectroscopy to investigate the nanometer-scale structural properties of core–shell silicon nanowires (crystalline Si core and amorphous Si shell), which were synthesized by platinum
  • of the Raman peaks of crystalline Si and amorphous Si by applying tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, at sample positions being 8 nm apart. The local crystallinity revealed using confocal Raman spectroscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy agrees well with the high-resolution transmission electron
  • orientational change due to laser-induced temperature variation [20]. Furthermore, crystalline (c-Si) and amorphous (a-Si) Si show different Raman peaks, which can be used to determine the fraction of crystallinity and bond-angle distortion [21][22]. For example, Nikolenko et al. [23] investigated the local
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Published 31 Jul 2020

Highly sensitive detection of estradiol by a SERS sensor based on TiO2 covered with gold nanoparticles

  • Andrea Brognara,
  • Ili F. Mohamad Ali Nasri,
  • Beatrice R. Bricchi,
  • Andrea Li Bassi,
  • Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay,
  • Matteo Ghidelli and
  • Nathalie Lidgi-Guigui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1026–1035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.87

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  • . The thermal treatment was carried out to induce both crystallization of the as-deposited amorphous TiO2 into the anatase phase (as discussed in [28][29]) and the formation of AuNPs exploiting dewetting of the Au films. A field-emission scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM, Zeiss Supra 40) was used to
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Published 14 Jul 2020

Microwave-induced electric discharges on metal particles for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials under solvent-free conditions

  • Vijay Tripathi,
  • Harit Kumar,
  • Anubhav Agarwal and
  • Leela S. Panchakarla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1019–1025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.86

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  • nanoparticles of Cu and Ni and one-dimensional nanorods of CuS, ZnF2, and NiF2 protected with fluorinated amorphous carbon. We have also synthesized reduced graphene oxide and partially rolled graphene by this method. Keywords: electric discharges; microwave synthesis; nanomaterials; transmission electron
  • of Cu, Ni, und Zn nanoparticles from metal particles. Also, we can control the morphology of the nanomaterials, which has not been achieved before. ZnF2, NiF2, and CuS nanorods covered with amorphous fluorinated carbon were synthesized. We have also extended this procedure to synthesize reduced
  • generated after 1 min of microwave treatment of activated Cu and Ni powders in the presence of g-C3N4. The patterns show pure phases of Ni and Cu. The formed nanoparticles are covered with fluorinated amorphous carbon. Figure 3b shows the SEM image of Cu nanoparticles covered with amorphous fluorinated
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Published 13 Jul 2020

Gas-sensing features of nanostructured tellurium thin films

  • Dumitru Tsiulyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1010–1018, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.85

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  • Dumitru Tsiulyanu CIMAN Research Centre of Department of Physics, Technical University, bul. Dacia 41, MD-2060 Chisinau, Moldova 10.3762/bjnano.11.85 Abstract Nanocrystalline and amorphous nanostructured tellurium (Te) thin films were grown and their gas-sensing properties were investigated at
  • the nanocrystalline films. This shortcoming could be solved by using the amorphous nanostructured Te films which, even at 22 °C, exhibited higher gas sensitivity and shorter response and recovery times by more than one order of magnitude in comparison to the nanocrystalline Te films. These results
  • aims of the present work were to investigate and improve the gas-sensing parameters of nanostructured Te films by using a mechanical nanostructuring approach. Crystalline and amorphous Te films were grown, respectively, on glass or porous, nanostructured, dielectric substrates. These two physically
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Published 10 Jul 2020

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

  • Secil Öztürk,
  • Yu-Xuan Xiao,
  • Dennis Dietrich,
  • Beatriz Giesen,
  • Juri Barthel,
  • Jie Ying,
  • Xiao-Yu Yang and
  • Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

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  • wt %), the characteristic broad reflections for amorphous CTF could also be seen. Size and morphology of the synthesized Ni NPs on CTFs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SEM. Figure 2 shows TEM images of Ni/CTF-1-600-22 recorded at different magnifications. Ni
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Published 11 May 2020

Structural optical and electrical properties of a transparent conductive ITO/Al–Ag/ITO multilayer contact

  • Aliyu Kabiru Isiyaku,
  • Ahmad Hadi Ali and
  • Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 695–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.57

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  • shows an amorphous structure of the top ITO layer with a strong Ag(111) diffraction peak, showing that the Ag intermediate layer is crystalline, comparable to the work of Kim et al. [31]. There is no diffraction peak of the Al film, which is consistent with the work of Cho et al. [29]. The IAAI film
  • appear to be dominant without any traces of SnO2, Sn or SnO peaks. During deposition of the IAAI films, the kinetic energy of the sputtered atoms arriving at the substrate is low, which leads to the amorphous structure. The kinetic energy of the Ag atoms is higher and the Ag film crystallizes already
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Published 27 Apr 2020

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

  • Shanshan Wang,
  • Wei Sun,
  • Dong-sheng Yang and
  • Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

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  • of the HTC-processed carbon particles in the range of 250 to 850 °C causes a loss of the photoluminescent characteristics of the CDs without any significant change in the microstructure (amorphous structure) of the carbon particles. The LA processing of the annealed HTC-processed carbon particles
  • the nanoparticles. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns embedded in the figures reveal that all the nanoparticles are amorphous. The EDS and XPS analyses of the HTC-CDs shown in Figure S1 and Table S1 in Supporting Information File 1 confirm that the main component of the HTC-CDs is
  • carbon. The annealing at the temperature of 850 °C did not cause the conversion of amorphous carbon nanoparticles to nanocrystals, and the LAL processing of the annealed-HTC carbon particles also produced amorphous carbon nanoparticles. The size distribution of the soybean-derived nanoparticles is
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Published 09 Apr 2020
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