The role of electron-stimulated desorption in focused electron beam induced deposition

• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Thomas W. Hansen,
• Jakob B. Wagner and
• Jeff T. M. De Hosson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 474–480, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.56

• , Denmark 10.3762/bjnano.4.56 Abstract We present the results of our study about the deposition rate of focused electron beam induced processing (FEBIP) as a function of the substrate temperature with the substrate being an electron-transparent amorphous carbon membrane. When W(CO)6 is used as a precursor

• FEBIP and TPD values have been determined using different substrates (amorphous carbon and Ni(100) [24], respectively). However, this does not explain the large discrepancy between the values. Measurements of Edes for MeCpPt(IV)Me3 (a well-known precursor for FEBIP) differ only by about 10% for the

• substrates Au(110) and a mixture of amorphous carbon and platinum [25]. This indicates that the factor of 2.5–3.0, which we observed here, cannot be explained solely by a substrate effect. This conclusion is consistent with the report from Christy for a siloxane [14] and from Li et al. for WF6 [16]. The

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• in 2005 [17]. Regarding the VA-CNTs, the functionalization method should be well-controlled, restricting damage to the nanotubes and their arrangement [18][19][20]. Another, important characteristic of a post-growth treatment is the removal of the amorphous carbon layers that can be often observed on

• constraint for the growth of CNTs is the poisoning of the catalyst due to encapsulation by amorphous carbon. In 2004, Hata et al. [26] reported the growth of VA-CNTs with millimeter length (Figure 3). By adding a small amount of an oxidizer during the CVD synthesis the poisoning of catalyst nanoparticles is

• -emission performance. However, it was demonstrated that a fluorine-based functionalization of carbon nanomaterials such as diamond films [83] or amorphous carbon nanoparticle films [84] increases the yield of the phenomenon. The fluorination of carbon nanofibers [85] and SWCNTs [86] was also underlined

Low-dose patterning of platinum nanoclusters on carbon nanotubes by focused-electron-beam-induced deposition as studied by TEM

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Sara Bals and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 77–86, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.9

• dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) is used to study the morphology and distribution of the nanoclusters deposited by using different electron beam parameters. Although the as-deposited nanoclusters are composed of Pt and amorphous carbon, it is demonstrated that the

• amount of amorphous carbon due to the fragmentation of the organo-metal [(CH3)3Pt(CpCH3)], used as precursor for Pt deposition, can be reduced by using electron-beam irradiation with a low accelerating voltage as a post-deposition treatment. Results and Discussion 3D distribution of Pt nanoclusters

• electron beams of different focus of 0 μm (i.e., in focus), 4 μm, 8 μm and 10 μm are applied for deposition onto an amorphous carbon film that was exposed to the Pt precursor gas. Detailed patterning parameters are described in Table S1 of Supporting Information File 2. It is obvious that the 0 μm and 4 μm

Highly ordered ultralong magnetic nanowires wrapped in stacked graphene layers

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Jean-Luc Duvail,
• Eric Gautron,
• Wei Xu,
• Chang-Hwan Choi,
• Benoit Angleraud,
• Agnès Granier and
• Pierre-Yves Tessier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 846–851, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.95

• nanotubes that we synthesized in a previous study by thermal annealing of Ni nanowires organized in an amorphous carbon film [29]. Thus, although the synthesis method developed in this work is completely different to the one used in our previous study [29], the nanostructures obtained with both methods

Influence of the diameter of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles on the optoelectronic performance of dry-deposited thin films

• Kimmo Mustonen,
• Toma Susi,
• Antti Kaskela,
• Patrik Laiho,
• Ying Tian,
• Albert G. Nasibulin and
• Esko I. Kauppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 692–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.79

• in an apparently amorphous carbon sheet, as shown in Figure 2. The relative amount of this amorphous material visibly reduced as Tset was increased to 700 °C, and the bundles were also much longer (Lbundle 700 °C = 0.45 versus Lbundle 650 °C = 0.17 µm). The same trend was found to hold at higher Tset

• ). In graphitic carbon, the G band (~1580 cm−1) corresponds to planar vibrations of carbon atoms, while the D band (~1350 cm−1) is sensitive to structural defects and impurities such as amorphous carbon and vacancies in the sp2-hybridized carbon lattice [27]. Therefore, the ratio of the intensities of

• decreasing amount of amorphous carbon, or possibly both. Even though this increase was significant, the IG/ID ratios were not predictive for the value of KNORM (cf. Figure 4 inset and Figure 7b). In fact, KNORM did not show significant changes over the interval from Tset = 750 °C (IG/ID = 22.0) to Tset = 880

Focused electron beam induced deposition: A perspective

• Michael Huth,
• Fabrizio Porrati,
• Christian Schwalb,
• Marcel Winhold,
• Roland Sachser,
• Maja Dukic,
• Jonathan Adams and
• Georg Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 597–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.70

Low-temperature synthesis of carbon nanotubes on indium tin oxide electrodes for organic solar cells

• Andrea Capasso,
• Luigi Salamandra,
• Aldo Di Carlo,
• John M. Bell and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.60

• defective and residual allotropes of carbon, such as diamond-like and amorphous carbon, are found around the nanotube walls (confirmed also by Raman spectroscopy, not shown). In our context, the presence of defects in the tubular structure could be an advantage in terms of conductivity, because it can

X-ray absorption spectroscopy by full-field X-ray microscopy of a thin graphite flake: Imaging and electronic structure via the carbon K-edge

• Carla Bittencourt,
• Adam P. Hitchock,
• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo,
• Chris P. Ewels and
• Peter Guttmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 345–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.39

• buoyant densities, which vary with the graphene thickness. Raman studies on samples produced by the same technique found no impurities, such as amorphous carbon, in the sample [21][22]. The setup of the HZB full-field X-ray microscope (Figure 1) is analogous to that of a bright-field light microscope: the

• the spectrum recorded on an amorphous carbon film with the sodium cholate, we suggest that this structure arises instead from metal impurities in the graphite used for exfoliation. A careful examination of the spectrum of the folded region (Figure 2) shows the presence of a shoulder at the same photon

Ceria/silicon carbide core–shell materials prepared by miniemulsion technique

• Lars Borchardt,
• Martin Oschatz,
• Robert Frind,
• Emanuel Kockrick,
• Martin R. Lohe,
• Christoph P. Hauser,
• Clemens K. Weiss,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Bernd Büchner and
• Stefan Kaskel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 638–644, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.67

• SiC-Acr/CeO2 (15 m2.g−1) is higher than that of SiC/CeO2 (<0.01 m2.g−1), thus this also has to be considered as a contribution to the difference in catalytic activity. The enlarged specific surface area for SiC-Acr/CeO2 is attributed to additional amorphous carbon in the spheres resulting from the

Studies towards synthesis, evolution and alignment characteristics of dense, millimeter long multiwalled carbon nanotube arrays

• Pitamber Mahanandia,
• Jörg J. Schneider,
• Martin Engel,
• Bernd Stühn,
• Somanahalli V. Subramanyam and
• Karuna Kar Nanda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 293–301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.34

• and water act as oxidizers and thereby increase the activity and lifetime of the metallic catalyst particles by removing amorphous carbon, which is typically formed during the growth process, from the particle’s surface. Due to this undesired deposition of carbon, the catalyst becomes poisoned in the

• increased with temperature, and up to millimeter long CNTs were obtained at a temperature of 1100 °C. Furthermore, the formation of a significant amount of amorphous carbon was found on the top of the grown CNTs when the synthesis temperatures did not exceed 650 °C. However, on increasing the temperature to

• 1100 °C, the deposition of amorphous carbon was significantly reduced under the same reaction conditions, i.e., the same precursor gas composition, and the formation of CNTs was highly favorable. A CNT felt-like material (CNT mat) containing vertically aligned CNTs could then be routinely collected

Zirconium nanoparticles prepared by the reduction of zirconium oxide using the RAPET method

• Michal Eshed,
• Swati Pol,
• Aharon Gedanken and
• Mahalingam Balasubramanian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 198–203, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.23

• with a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) instrument FEI Tecnai™ Spirit 120 kV bioTWIN. Samples for TEM were prepared by ultrasonically dispersing the products into absolute ethanol, placing a drop of this suspension onto a copper grid coated with an amorphous carbon film or onto a copper plate

Magnetic interactions between nanoparticles

• Steen Mørup,
• Mikkel Fougt Hansen and
• Cathrine Frandsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 182–190, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.22

• ) image of the particles deposited on an amorphous carbon film and the corresponding particle size distribution obtained from the TEM images. Adapted from Djurberg, C.; Svedlindh, P.; Nordblad, P.; Hansen, M. F.; Bødker, F.; Mørup, S. Dynamics of an Interacting Particle System: Evidence of Critical

Precursor concentration and temperature controlled formation of polyvinyl alcohol-capped CdSe-quantum dots

• Chetan P. Shah,
• Madhabchandra Rath,
• Manmohan Kumar and
• Parma N. Bajaj

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.14

• ). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization was carried out on a Libra-120 electron microscope, by loading the sample on a copper grid coated with a thin amorphous carbon film. AFM analysis of the cadmium selenide nanoparticles was carried out with Solver P47 model from NT-MDT, Russia, by loading

Flash laser annealing for controlling size and shape of magnetic alloy nanoparticles

• Damien Alloyeau,
• Christian Ricolleau,
• Cyril Langlois,
• Yann Le Bouar and
• Annick Loiseau

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 55–59, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.7

• deposition (PLD) in a high vacuum chamber [21][22]. a-Al2O3 and the metals are deposited by PLD using a KrF excimer laser at 248 nm with a pulse duration of 25 ns at a repetition rate of 5 Hz. Substrates were commercial transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids on which an amorphous carbon layer with a

• thickness of 10 nm was deposited. On the top of the amorphous carbon, a 3 nm layer of a-Al2O3 was deposited. Then, cobalt and platinum were alternatively deposited using pure Co and Pt targets irradiated with an energy density of 4.4 J/cm2 in order to obtain Co50Pt50 NPs. The crystalline structure of as

Preparation and characterization of supported magnetic nanoparticles prepared by reverse micelles

• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Luyang Han,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 24–47, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.5