Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• in Supporting Information File 1) can be used to further support the formation of metal fluorides. The measured electron binding energies of the metals agree with those of the metals in the oxidation states +2 (Fe, Co) or +3 (Pr, Eu) and significantly higher than those of the state M0. The F 1s

Fabrication of CeO₂–MO_x (M = Cu, Co, Ni) composite yolk–shell nanospheres with enhanced catalytic properties for CO oxidation

• Ling Liu,
• Jingjing Shi,
• Hongxia Cao,
• Ruiyu Wang and
• Ziwu Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2425–2437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.241

• only a very weak shake-up peak at about 791 eV. If Co2+/Co3+ oxidation states coexist, a plateau in the range of 783–792 eV will be observed instead of two distinct shake-up peaks [31][34]. In Ni 2p spectrum of the CeO2–NiO sample (Figure 7e), the binding energies at 855.6 and 873.4 eV are ascribed to

• laser of 532 nm. Surface analysis was obtained by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo ESCALAB 250Xi) with Al Kα radiation. All binding energies were corrected for surface charging by use of the C 1s peak (284.8 eV) of adventitious carbon as reference. The M contents in CeO2–MOx samples were

Au₅₅, a stable glassy cluster: results of ab initio calculations

• Dieter Vollath,
• David Holec and
• Franz Dieter Fischer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2221–2229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.222

• energy formula in the form of γ = C/a. The constant C is given in Table 2. Consequently, the value of C from Equation 1 lies between the two values obtained for the application of the Kelvin equation for various binding energies. This fact, i.e., that atomistic (Equation 1) and continuum (Kelvin equation

Ta₂N₃ nanocrystals grown in Al₂O₃ thin layers

• Krešimir Salamon,
• Maja Buljan,
• Iva Šarić,
• Mladen Petravić and
• Sigrid Bernstorff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2162–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.215

• emission is normally characterized by two peaks characteristic for the spin–orbit splitting of the Ta 4f energy level into the 4f7/2 and 4f5/2 levels, respectively. Therefore, we use two sets of spin–orbit doublets to fit our XPS results. The first doublet at binding energies, BE, of 22.5 and 24.3 eV

Identifying the nature of surface chemical modification for directed self-assembly of block copolymers

• Laura Evangelio,
• Federico Gramazio,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Michaela Gorgoi,
• Francisco Miguel Espinosa,
• Ricardo García,
• Francesc Pérez-Murano and
• Jordi Fraxedas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1972–1981, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.198

• an increase in intensity towards higher binding energies in the ≈286–291 eV region, which corresponds to contributions from different carbon–oxygen bonding configurations, as a result of the effect of the oxygen plasma exposure on the PS–OH brush layer. The continuous red and blue lines, with binding

• eV binding energies, which are assigned to the carbonyl (C–O, continuous green line) and carboxyl (O–C=O, continuous pink line) contributions, respectively. Thus, oxygen plasma activates the brush layer surface by creating a distribution of C–O bonding, while annealing and cooling in air induces

• (continuous red line), after EBL (continuous blue line) and with a freshly cleaved highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface (discontinuous black line). The surface modified by EBL shows a relatively large broadening and a strong shift towards lower binding energies, as compared to the sample modified

Intercalation of Si between MoS₂ layers

• Rik van Bremen,
• Qirong Yao,
• Soumya Banerjee,
• Deniz Cakir,
• Nuri Oncel and
• Harold J. W. Zandvliet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1952–1960, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.196

• surface dipoles [65]. These dipoles shift the Fermi level of MoS2 closer to the valence band maximum (p-type). The shift of the Fermi level also leads to a shift in the binding energy of the Mo and S peaks to lower binding energies. Next, we will discuss the results of our density functional theory

Application of visible-light photosensitization to form alkyl-radical-derived thin films on gold

• Rashanique D. Quarels,
• Xianglin Zhai,
• Neepa Kuruppu,
• Jenny K. Hedlund,
• Ashley A. Ellsworth,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Jayne C. Garno and
• Justin R. Ragains

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1863–1877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.187

• energy of 23.5 eV and energy step 0.125 eV, and collected at 45° to the normal of the sample surface. The binding energies (EB) were calibrated using the Au 4f7/2 photoelectron peak (EB = 84.00 eV). Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF SIMS): Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectra were

• to –CH2–, –CO–, and –CO2, respectively [65]. However, in the O 1s spectrum, fitting results in two peaks that are observed at higher binding energies (≈533.2 eV and 531.8 eV). These binding energies are consistent with oxygen present in higher nominal oxidation states such as those found in organic

α-Silicene as oxidation-resistant ultra-thin coating material

• Ali Kandemir,
• Fadil Iyikanat,
• Cihan Bacaksiz and
• Hasan Sahin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1808–1814, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.182

• . Magnetic and nonmagnetic states of O2 molecule are observed while oxygen is captured at the silver surface. In the magnetic state, only one of the oxygens come closer to the surface. In the other case, both oxygen atoms come closer to the surface. In both cases, the binding energies are ca. 200 meV

• demonstrated as protective material from oxidation. In particular, large binding energies between a single oxygen atom and silicene were calculated for the possible adsorption sites. This strong interaction can break the oxygen–oxygen bond as well. Moreover, the energy barriers for the oxygen atom between

• bonding characteristics of O2 molecule. (a) Side view of the silicene-coated Ag(111) supercell structure and (b) top view of the silicene-coated Ag(111) supercell structure with possible oxygen-capture sites. Definitions and oxygen binding energies of all sites are given in Table 1. Final configurations

Non-intuitive clustering of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone on Au(111)

• Ryan D. Brown,
• Rebecca C. Quardokus,
• Natalie A. Wasio,
• Jacob P. Petersen,
• Angela M. Silski,
• Steven A. Corcelli and
• S. Alex Kandel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1801–1807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.181

• intermolecular interactions directing the assembly of the rows. It is possible to observe kinks within the rows, which were not present to a noticeable degree in the 9,10-phenanthrenequinone rows. Density functional theory calculations find that the pairwise binding energies are −15.75 kJ/mol and −7.53 kJ/mol

Adsorption and diffusion characteristics of lithium on hydrogenated α- and β-silicene

• Fadil Iyikanat,
• Ali Kandemir,
• Cihan Bacaksiz and
• Hasan Sahin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1742–1748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.175

• single-layer α- and β-silicene on a Ag(111) surface. It is found that a Li atom binds strongly on the surfaces of both α- and β-silicene, and it forms an ionic bond through the transfer of charge from the adsorbed atom to the surface. The binding energies of a Li atom on these surfaces are very similar

• the total energy of single-layer hydrogenated silicene and two-layer Ag(111). N is the number of total atoms contained in the unit cell. Binding energies were calculated for the most favorable adsorption sites. Binding energies of the Li atom were calculated by using the formula where Ebind is the

• convenient or forbidden regions for Li atom diffusion. High binding energies and relatively low diffusion barriers for a Li atom on H-α-Si and H-β-Si suggest that hydrogenated forms of α- and β-silicene are suitable materials for Li-ion batteries. Top and side views of (a) H-α-Si and (b) its three different

Methionine-mediated synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles and functionalization with gold quantum dots for theranostic applications

• Arūnas Jagminas,
• Agnė Mikalauskaitė,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas and
• Jūrate Vaičiūnienė

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1734–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.174

• acquisition. The spectra were acquired with an electron analyzer pass energy of 20 eV and resolution of 0.05 eV and with a pass energy of 100 eV. All spectra were recorded at a 90° take-off angle and the binding energies (BE) scale was calibrated by measuring of the C 1s peak at 284.6 eV. The spectra

Effect of the fluorination technique on the surface-fluorination patterning of double-walled carbon nanotubes

• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Emmanuel Flahaut,
• Jérémy Rio,
• Christopher P. Ewels,
• Victor O. Koroteev,
• Gregory Van Lier,
• Denis V. Vyalikh and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1688–1698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.169

• half maximum (FWHM)). As the kinetic energy varied from 35 to 50 eV the mean free path of photoelectrons was about 0.2–0.6 nm [49], allowing us to probe the electronic state of carbon mainly from the surface layers of the fluorinated CNTs. Binding energies of the fluorinated samples were calibrated to

Near-infrared-responsive, superparamagnetic Au@Co nanochains

• Varadee Vittur,
• Arati G. Kolhatkar,
• Shreya Shah,
• Irene Rusakova,
• Dmitri Litvinov and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1680–1687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.168

• to Au 4f electrons, as well as peaks at 780.2 and 795.3 eV, which can be attributed to Co 2p electrons. The minor broadened peaks that were observed at binding energies of ca. 790 eV and just above 800 eV can be attributed to cobalt oxide [37]. Since XPS is a surface technique, the penetration depth

Group-13 and group-15 doping of germanane

• Nicholas D. Cultrara,
• Maxx Q. Arguilla,
• Shishi Jiang,
• Chuanchuan Sun,
• Michael R. Scudder,
• R. Dominic Ross and
• Joshua E. Goldberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1642–1648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.164

• for 0–8 days. Immediately after synthesis (zero days of air exposure) the Ga and Ge 3d5/2 peaks can be fit to single peaks at 19.9 eV and 30.3 eV, respectively. These binding energies occur in the range expected for Ga3+ [33] and Ge1+ [25] oxidation states. Minimal changes are observed after one day

• of exposure to air. However, after four days of ambient air exposure, the XPS spectra shows the emergence of Ge 3d5/2 peaks at higher energies, which are indicative of surface oxidation. Fitting the higher-energy spectra shows that 83% of Ge1+ at the surface is not oxidized. The binding energies of

Charge transfer from and to manganese phthalocyanine: bulk materials and interfaces

• Florian Rückerl,
• Daniel Waas,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Martin Knupfer,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Francisc Haidu,
• Torsten Hahn and
• Jens Kortus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1601–1615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.160

• levels are filled with the doping-induced electrons. Second, the carbon binding energies change, as revealed by photoemission data, which show a broadening and the appearance of significantly less structured C 1s core level features in the doped compounds [74][79][80]. As a consequence, the low-energy

• binding energy, and from the so-called SOMO (singly occupied molecular orbital) at about 0.7 eV. Going to K0.9MnPc, there is an energy shift to higher binding energies, which is due to a shift of the Fermi level towards the unoccupied levels. Furthermore, the feature at lowest binding energy grows in

Fully scalable one-pot method for the production of phosphonic graphene derivatives

• Kamila Żelechowska,
• Marta Prześniak-Welenc,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Izabela Kondratowicz and
• Tadeusz Miruszewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1094–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.111

• the emitted photoelectrons. The binding energies were corrected using the background C 1s line (285.0 eV) as a reference [29]. XPS spectra were analysed with Casa-XPS software using a Shirley background subtraction and Gaussian–Lorentzian fits. Simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and

Stable Au–C bonds to the substrate for fullerene-based nanostructures

• Taras Chutora,
• Jesús Redondo,
• Bruno de la Torre,
• Martin Švec,
• Pavel Jelínek and
• Héctor Vázquez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1073–1079, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.109

• fullerene binding energies, ghost orbitals were used to correct for basis set superposition errors [49]. (a) (200 × 200 nm2) High-resolution STM image (Ub = −0.5 V, Is = 0.3 nA) of Au (111) after deposition of C60. The molecules formed self-assembled islands, attached to the surface-terrace edges as

• in fact is found to be closer to the metal surface in the optimized geometry. From the calculations, the binding energy of the defect-down geometry (Figure 4b) is ca. 1.6 eV. This is much higher than that of the defect-up (Figure 4c) and the pristine C60 (Figure 4d) structures. The calculated binding

• energies of these two structures is (in the absence of van der Waals forces) close to zero. This indicates that changes in the electronic structure arising from the vacancy when it is oriented towards vacuum do not significantly affect the metal–molecule contact. In contrast to the value of the defect-down

Energy-level alignment at interfaces between manganese phthalocyanine and C₆₀

• Daniel Waas,
• Florian Rückerl,
• Martin Knupfer and
• Bernd Büchner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 927–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.94

• energy shift towards lower binding energies of 1.87 eV (He Iβ) and 2.52 eV (He Iγ), respectively. To obtain the correct secondary-electron cutoff a sample bias of −5 eV was applied. The total energy resolution of the spectrometer was 0.35 eV for XPS and 0.15 eV for the UPS measurements. For our

Triptycene-terminated thiolate and selenolate monolayers on Au(111)

• Jinxuan Liu,
• Martin Kind,
• Björn Schüpbach,
• Daniel Käfer,
• Stefanie Winkler,
• Wenhua Zhang,
• Andreas Terfort and
• Christof Wöll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 892–905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.91

• instrumentation, C 1s signals could be detected in a straightforward fashion. The obtained C 1s binding energies of about 284 to 285 eV (Table 2, see below) are typical of carbon atoms in aliphatic and aromatic compounds, i.e., the XPS data are in line with the IR data, confirming the formation of triptycene

• the triptycene-based SAMs should be addressed. For the triptycene-based SAMs, Table 4 lists temperatures and activation energies of desorption. Note that the latter can serve as upper limits of thermodynamic binding energies. Interestingly, both the nature of the anchor group and the methylene spacer

• , indicating a monolayer with only one adsorption site (or adsorption sites with equal binding energies), and a low defect density. Comparison to the Trp1Se SAM reveals an important difference: Here the appearance of Trp1Se+ fragments points to an additional desorption channel with cleavage of the gold

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• samples annealed at temperatures between 250 and 1200 °C for 2 h [145]. The spectrum of the NiCp2-filled SWCNTs includes two peaks positioned at binding energies of 854.53 and 871.80 eV, which belong to the Ni 2p3/2 and Ni 2p1/2 edges, respectively. The Ni 2p spectra of the samples annealed at 250–340 °C

Dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes with supramolecular Congo red – properties of the complexes and mechanism of the interaction

• Anna Jagusiak,
• Barbara Piekarska,
• Tomasz Pańczyk,
• Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska,
• Elżbieta Bielańska,
• Barbara Stopa,
• Grzegorz Zemanek,
• Janina Rybarska,
• Irena Roterman and
• Leszek Konieczny

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 636–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.68

• density affect the structure and stability of SWNT–CR conjugates at various pH conditions. The results show that CR binds strongly to the SWNT surface and the SWNT–CR conjugates are thermodynamically stable and that pH changes significantly affect the binding energies of the adsorbed CR. Here we present

Impact of air exposure and annealing on the chemical and electronic properties of the surface of SnO₂ nanolayers deposited by rheotaxial growth and vacuum oxidation

• Monika Kwoka and
• Maciej Krzywiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.55

• air. SnO and SnO2 have similar binding energies in the Sn 3d region. However, an additional discrimination of the oxidation levels can be carried out using the XPS valence band spectrum and the Auger alpha parameter, which is based on the Auger MNN transition [31]. The shift of the Sn MNN transitions

• valence states originating from the mixing of the O 2p and Sn 5s orbitals [35][36]. The consequence is a shift of the valence band (VB) edge toward higher binding energies as shown in Figure 4b, which means an increase of the energy distance EF − EV assuming a common Fermi level of the analyzer and the

Study of the surface properties of ZnO nanocolumns used for thin-film solar cells

• Neda Neykova,
• Jiri Stuchlik,
• Karel Hruska,
• Ales Poruba,
• Zdenek Remes and
• Ognen Pop-Georgievski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 446–451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.48

• fabrication processes, shift the position of the Zn 2p peaks by 0.3–0.4 eV toward higher binding energies and significantly broaden their width, irrespectively of the exposure time. While the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the pristine nanocolumns is about 1.8 eV, the FWHM of H- and O-plasma treated ZnO

Methods for preparing polymer-decorated single exchange-biased magnetic nanoparticles for application in flexible polymer-based films

• Laurence Ourry,
• Delphine Toulemon,
• Souad Ammar and
• Fayna Mammeri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 408–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.43

• entry airlock (2 × 10−7 mbar). The Avantage software package was used for data acquisition and processing. The C 1s line of 285 eV was used as the reference to correct the binding energies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed on Supra40 ZEISS FEG

Nitrogen-doped twisted graphene grown on copper by atmospheric pressure CVD from a decane precursor

• Ivan V. Komissarov,
• Nikolai G. Kovalchuk,
• Vladimir A. Labunov,
• Ksenia V. Girel,
• Olga V. Korolik,
• Mikhail S. Tivanov,
• Algirdas Lazauskas,
• Mindaugas Andrulevičius,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Viktoras Grigaliūnas,
• Šarunas Meškinis,
• Sigitas Tamulevičius and
• Serghej L. Prischepa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 145–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.15

• of the difference in ionic radii [16]. The radicals resulting from the decomposition of n-decane could lead to the decomposition of the nitrogen molecule, which in fact has one of the strongest binding energies. The resulting atomic nitrogen can be embedded into the graphene lattice. The n-decane was