Toward graphene textiles in wearable eye tracking systems for human–machine interaction

• Ata Jedari Golparvar and
• Murat Kaya Yapici

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.14

• for portable applications. For adjusting the gain in the post-amplification stage, a digitally programmable voltage divider (MAX5421, Maxim, USA) was used so that the gain can be configured at the software level through a graphical user interface (GUI). As a common practice in portable devices

• Instruments, USA) was implemented at the receiver end, enabling user-friendly operation, calibration, gain adjustment, and event monitoring. In the current version of the embedded system, the Bluetooth coverage is ca. 5 m. The power consumption of the circuitry is ca. 80 mW when the Bluetooth device is not

• graphene textile and the dimensions of the miniaturized-PCB on the rear side of the electrode. Overview of the system prototype showing the detailed hardware-level schematic of the portable, battery-powered, EOG acquisition unit including on-board filtering and gain stages, power management section

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• moisture-retention capacity. This provides an efficient method to prepare paper electrodes for TENGs. Paper has also been proven to be a natural TENG friction layer. Due to that, it shows a tendency of easily losing electrons (i.e., electropositive) when contacting a material that can easily gain electrons

• density. Since paper is mainly composed of cellulose, which generally shows a tendency of losing electrons (electropositive), it is preferred to pair paper with a friction material that can easily gain electrons (electronegative) according to the triboelectric series [83][99][100]. Figure 4 depicts a

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• a higher rate of multilayers and PM clusters. To decrease the number of clusters, both OD and drop size have been reduced as larger drops lead to higher coverage rates due to increasing amounts of WT PM per unit area. In order to improve the deposition and to gain well-oriented WT PM, as shown in

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• approach of spatially resolved force spectroscopy data. Second, we demonstrated that by giving up the spatial information of a force map (spatial domain) we gain information about the property distribution (property domain). By taking advantage of this statistical approach, we showed that the maximum

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• not result in a stronger increase in cell granularity, such as a higher release of ions and a related reduction in cell viability, as indicated by the ion-release experiments and MTT data (Figure 2 and Figure 3, respectively). Cell cycle analysis To gain a deeper understanding of the effect of silica

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• aspects of microbe–mineral interactions, such as the formation of intra- or extracellular mineral precipitates, or intracellular organelles associated with energy gain or electron transfer [92]. However, over recent years, the number of articles related to geomicrobiology and containing HIM data has

Self-standing heterostructured NiC_x-NiFe-NC/biochar as a highly efficient cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries

• Shengyu Jing,
• Xu Gong,
• Shan Ji,
• Linhui Jia,
• Bruno G. Pollet,
• Sheng Yan and
• Huagen Liang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1809–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.163

• were evenly distributed in the selected area. In other words, N-doped carbon was formed as a support material. The images also show that Fe and Ni uniformly covered the entire particles, forming Fe and Ni alloy particles. To gain further information on the chemical state and element composition on the

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149

• (varying by a factor of up to ca. 7). This indicates that the specific local surface quality, for example, the surface roughness at the spot where the Raman scattering occurred, influences the intensity of the Raman modes. Hence, we cannot draw quantitative conclusions here. Nevertheless, we gain some

Design of V-shaped cantilevers for enhanced multifrequency AFM measurements

• Mehrnoosh Damircheli and
• Babak Eslami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1525–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.135

• , and A2 = 2 nm. The gain was adjusted to maintain the quality of the images. The image size is 10 µm times 10 µm. Bimodal AFM images of PS-LDPE samples. Left column: MULTI75G, middle column: TR400Long, right column: TR400Short. (a), (b), and (c) are height images. (d), (e), and (f) are phase images

• . All images were recorded at the same spot with a scan rate of 1 Hz, a setpoint ratio of 65%, a first eigenmode amplitude of A1 = 10 nm, and A2 = 2 nm. The gain was adjusted to maintain the quality of the images. The image size is 5 µm times 5 µm. Properties of Au and PS for AFM simulation. Range of

Adsorption and self-assembly of porphyrins on ultrathin CoO films on Ir(100)

• Feifei Xiang,
• Tobias Schmitt,
• Marco Raschmann and
• M. Alexander Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1516–1524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.134

• between functionalized porphyrins has also been observed on metal surfaces [27]. Discussion To gain insight into the reasons behind the experimental findings, DFT calculations were performed. Both, 1 and 2 were structurally relaxed on the 1BL CoO film in order to find the adsorption geometry. The lowest

• orthogonal configuration towards a 45° tilting angle. This indicated an energy gain upon flattening of the molecule and allows for an interaction between the cyano group and the substrate. Consequently, we tested the relaxation of 2 in several attempts starting with configurations where the phenyl rings were

A wideband cryogenic microwave low-noise amplifier

• Boris I. Ivanov,
• Dmitri I. Volkhin,
• Ilya L. Novikov,
• Dmitri K. Pitsun,
• Dmitri O. Moskalev,
• Ilya A. Rodionov,
• Evgeni Il’ichev and
• Aleksey G. Vostretsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1484–1491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.131

• amplifier was designed and characterized in a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator at the 3.8 K temperature stage. The obtained power dissipation of the amplifier is below 20 mW. In the frequency range from 6 to 12 GHz its gain exceeds 30 dB. The equivalent noise temperature of the amplifier is below 6 K for

• gain (G). The superconducting qubit measurement setup requires particular low-noise amplifiers applicable for cryogenic temperatures. An important point is that cryogenic low-noise amplifiers (cLNAs) are wideband noise sources itself. In the superconducting qubit experimental setup the noise generated

• heterojunction bipolar technology (HBT). Recently, it has been shown that cryogenic amplifiers based on SiGe HBT [16][17][18] can provide low noise levels and high gain at 4 K. They are suitable for superconducting qubit readout [25][26] and radio astronomy systems [12][14]. In order to obtain high gain values

Protruding hydrogen atoms as markers for the molecular orientation of a metallocene

• Linda Laflör,
• Michael Reichling and
• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1432–1438, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.127

• of small organic 3D molecules from NC-AFM data [10]. Adapting these approaches to a broad range of 3D molecules bears the strong potential not only to gain insight into the on-surface adsorption properties of molecules, but also to unravel the intramolecular geometry. A prototypical class of

Cryogenic low-noise amplifiers for measurements with superconducting detectors

• Ilya L. Novikov,
• Boris I. Ivanov,
• Dmitri V. Ponomarev and
• Aleksey G. Vostretsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1316–1320, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.115

• bipolar junction transistor technology. The amplifiers show high gain values of more than 60 dB at 300, 77, and 48 K. The minimum voltage noise spectral density was achieved at 77 K and corresponded to 0.33 nV/Hz0.5 with a flicker noise of 20 Hz. The maximum voltage gain was 70 dB at 77 K for a frequency

• density of 0.33 nV/ with a 1/f flicker noise corner frequency of 0.1 Hz but there is no information about gain and noise performance at 77 K. Moreover, it would be useful to compare room-temperature results of BJT-based differential amplifiers with results obtained at 77 K. Also, modern cryogenic

• amplifier design is simple to modify, fast to implement, and requires only a proper selection of components. The amplifiers show a high gain value of 70 dB for a frequency range from DC to 17 kHz, a low voltage noise spectral density of 0.33 nV/ and low flicker noise at 77 K. The total power consumption for

Hybridization vs decoupling: influence of an h-BN interlayer on the physical properties of a lander-type molecule on Ni(111)

• Maximilian Schaal,
• Takumi Aihara,
• Marco Gruenewald,
• Felix Otto,
• Jari Domke,
• Roman Forker,
• Hiroyuki Yoshida and
• Torsten Fritz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1168–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.101

• matrix. However, we can exclude higher-order commensurate (HOC) and point-on-line (POL) coincidences with a substrate order lower than four. By tendency, the higher the substrate order, the lower is the epitaxial energy gain and therefore the probability of the coincidence [35][36]. In the case of highly

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• of the nanoparticles can become very large in relation to the volume, and the constituent atoms can be known in numbers. At the nanometer scale, the electromagnetic forces between the atoms gain importance and significantly influence the general behavior of the matter. This changes completely the

A new photodetector structure based on graphene nanomeshes: an ab initio study

• Babak Sakkaki,
• Hassan Rasooli Saghai,
• Ghafar Darvish and
• Mehdi Khatir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1036–1044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.88

• Abstract Recent experiments suggest graphene-based materials as candidates in future electronic and optoelectronic devices. In this paper, we propose to investigate new photodetectors based on graphene nanomeshes (GNMs). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to gain insight into

Atomic layer deposition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at Pt/Ir catalyst layers

• Stefanie Schlicht,
• Korcan Percin,
• Stefanie Kriescher,
• André Hofer,
• Claudia Weidlich,
• Matthias Wessling and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 952–959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.79

• further subsequent loss upon polarization (8% overall). Their ALD counterparts, however, remain unaffected (Figure 5b). Thus, a Pt/Ir catalyst coated with the ALD method on anodized felts results in a significant stability gain with respect to the traditional thermal decomposition method of catalyst

• not this activity gain remains as large in the membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) of full devices depends on the accessibility of the nanostructured surface to the polyelectrolyte. Furthermore, for application to regenerative fuel cells the studies will have to be repeated for the ORR and expanded

• −2 of salt based on macroscopic sample area. Only 1 cm2 of the support material was dipped into the well-mixed coating solution for 3 min. Subsequently, the sample was placed in an oven at 90 °C for 20 min. Based on the weight gain these steps were repeated until the desired loading was reached

Measurement of electrostatic tip–sample interactions by time-domain Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Christian Ritz,
• Tino Wagner and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 911–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.76

• sampled points. For the TD controller, these values represent the gain of each estimated channel. The sampling-rate-independent continuous noise density QK (QD) is divided (multiplied) by fs to obtain the discrete noise density Q. After the prediction step, a measurement update is performed. The Kalman

• gain Kk is calculated as It determines how much weight should be put onto the currently measured Δfk. Again, Hk has to be updated before using Equation 19 where the linearization is made around the time-updated state and the current bias voltage Uts,k. The a posteriori estimate and covariance are

• before conducting an actual closed-loop measurement. The algorithm is reliable and robust for a wide range of gain values. The three parameters of the state transition matrix are the only tuning parameters needed, apart from the PSD of the thermal noise, which can be calculated beforehand. Code

Adsorption behavior of tin phthalocyanine onto the (110) face of rutile TiO₂

• Lukasz Bodek,
• Mads Engelund,
• Aleksandra Cebrat and
• Bartosz Such

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 821–828, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.67

• optimal position. In the case of SnPc, the interaction is mainly concentrated in the central area of the molecule. The orientation of the molecule on the surface reflects the accommodation to the corrugated morphology of the substrate and is directed by weak physical forces. Consequently, the energy gain

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

Structural optical and electrical properties of a transparent conductive ITO/Al–Ag/ITO multilayer contact

• Aliyu Kabiru Isiyaku,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 695–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.57

• during deposition. During annealing the adatoms gain additional energy resulting in an increased mobility. This enables grain growth and crystallization [32][33][34]. The grain sizes of as-deposited and annealed IAAI films were calculated using the Scherrer equation, where λ is the wavelength of the X

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• at various wavelengths. The Raman scattering of the annealed CDs has a relatively low yield. The Raman peaks can be only observed when the gain or slit bandwidth of the instrument is increased to compensate for the low fluorescence signal. In contrast to the annealed-CDs, the LA-CDs-10%, which are

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• indicated that some PAH chains penetrated into the PAA brush [37]. Notably, SAXS proved to be a powerful tool to gain more information about the inner structure of such systems. Driving forces for capsule formation The development of capsules with enhanced stimuli responsiveness, controlled loading and

Current measurements in the intermittent-contact mode of atomic force microscopy using the Fourier method: a feasibility analysis

• Berkin Uluutku and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 453–465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.37

• in our case) acts like an antenna and creates a clear peak at the oscillation frequency in the measured current. This noise is not trivial to filter out due to its location being right at the principal frequency, where we also expect our strongest current peak. This noise may also cause high-gain

DFT calculations of the structure and stability of copper clusters on MoS₂

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 391–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.30

• allows us to investigate the first stages in the nucleation of a Cu film on MoS2 monolayers, as well as the fundamental copper–TMD interactions, and thus gain significant insights into the range of stable configurations for Cu adsorption on MoS2. In addition, we investigate the effect of a single S

• separated adatoms makes little difference for the stability; the difference in the binding energy is only 0.05 eV. The addition energy of the second Cu atom is similar to the binding energy in both cases, indicating that adding a second atom yields approximately the same energy gain as the adsorption of the

• . The addition energies were computed for addition of an atom at both sites, with a Cu atom already at the other site. With an atom adsorbed at site 1, adding a second atom at sites 2 or 3 gives an energy gain of −1.37 and −1.75 eV, respectively, while adding an atom at site 1 gives an addition energy