Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate. The sample was electrically connected to the AWG by mounting the HOPG substrate onto a sample holder designed with in situ electrical contacts. The pump signal generated by the AWG was transmitted through a coaxial cable (air side) connected to a twisted pair

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• porosity on the precursor materials is expected as some materials are better graphitizable than others. For instance, resin-based carbon materials are not graphitizable, while pitch-based carbon materials develop a comparably high structural order upon heat treatment and can be converted into graphite. The

• resin- and pitch-based samples treated at 3000 °C show no general (hkl) reflections as expected for graphite, while the non-templated precursors are converted to graphite at this temperature. This absence of 3D order can be attributed to the confinement and the nanostructure, which hinder the

• ., the structure is between that of turbostratic carbon and that of graphite. Additional reflexes in the range of the (10) maxima shine through, which are due to impurities, but are negligible in the analysis. Since the applied model is only applicable for turbostratic carbon materials, only the 800 °C

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• graphite mortar and pestle and placed on the sample holder. The crystallite size and phase formation of the cuttlefish-bone-derived Hap nanorods were identified and confirmed by comparing the data with standard XRD patterns from JCPDS. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy The presence of functional

Nonequilibrium Kondo effect in a graphene-coupled quantum dot in the presence of a magnetic field

• Levente Máthé and
• Ioan Grosu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 225–239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.17

• graphene-based nanoelectronic devices. Graphene is a two-dimensional layer of graphite. Such layers were isolated experimentally about a decade ago [1][2] and described theoretically about half a century ago [49]. The carbon atoms in graphene are arranged in a hexagonal (honeycomb) lattice. The hexagonal

• on the bias voltage is in agreement with the theoretical results of Świrkowicz et al., who considered a QD connected to metallic electrodes [31]. The zero-bias peak of the differential conductance was observed experimentally for magnetic impurities induced by vacancies on graphite surface [77]. In

Simple synthesis of nanosheets of rGO and nitrogenated rGO

• Pallellappa Chithaiah,
• Madhan Mohan Raju,
• Giridhar U. Kulkarni and
• C. N. R. Rao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 68–75, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.7

• hybrid systems such as batteries [6], electrodes [7] and photodetectors [8]. In 1958, Hummer and Offeman developed a chemical method to synthesize graphene oxide by acid treatment of graphite [9]. The graphene oxide thus obtained contains oxygen functional groups (–CO–, –COC–) on the surface and edges of

• ], solvothermal [16], hydrothermal synthesis [17], laser reduction of graphite oxide [18][19], and photo thermal deoxygenation of graphene oxide by camera flash have been developed to reduce the oxygen content of GO in order to restore the conjugated network [20]. Recently, a well-known chemical reduction method

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• they can result in further advantages such as an improved tolerance towards impurities compared to Pt-based catalysts [1]. A wide variety of N-doped carbon materials is known from the literature, reaching from N-doped graphene and graphite, N-doped carbon nanotubes, carbon cages, carbon cups and carbon

• are chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and arc discharge methods for N-doped graphene, graphite, and carbon nanotubes [9]. Most commonly, the post-synthetic approach is carried out by thermal treatment of carbon in ammonia atmosphere, typically leading to surface N-doping. A variety of N bonding

• thickness of the graphite layers Lc determined by X-ray diffraction measurements. Similar observation was made by Liu et al. for carbon spheres that were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of a sucrose solution and subsequently graphitized in the presence of nickel-oxide particles. High-resolution TEM

Formation of metal/semiconductor Cu–Si composite nanostructures

• Natalya V. Yumozhapova,
• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Vyacheslav V. Syzrantsev and
• Erzhena C. Khartaeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2497–2504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.240

• accelerator (1) irradiates the surface of the source materials (4), which are located in a graphite crucible and consist of two mixed solids. The current has a small value of 5–10 mA. As a result, the source materials are transformed into a liquid state. Then, in the second stage, the beam current rises up to

• of composite nanoparticles. Elements of the installation: 1 – linear electron accelerator ELV-6; 2 – evaporation chamber; 3 – graphite crucible; 4 – evaporated materials; 5 – input pipe for the transport gas; 6 – connecting pipe; 7 – intermediate chamber for cooling the aerosol and partial deposition

Semitransparent Sb₂S₃ thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Lothar Weinhardt,
• Monika Blum,
• Clemens Heske,
• Wanli Yang,
• Ilona Oja Acik and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.230

• PGSTAT302). The contact material for both measurements was deposited from an aqueous graphite ink from Alfa Aesar. S L2,3 soft X-ray emission spectra of Sb2S3 were measured using the SALSA endstation [72], at the open port of Beamline 8.0.1 of the Advanced Light Source (ALS), at Lawrence Berkeley National

Nontoxic pyrite iron sulfide nanocrystals as second electron acceptor in PTB7:PC₇₁BM-based organic photovoltaic cells

• Olivia Amargós-Reyes,
• José-Luis Maldonado,
• Omar Martínez-Alvarez,
• María-Elena Nicho,
• José Santos-Cruz,
• Juan Nicasio-Collazo,
• Irving Caballero-Quintana and
• Concepción Arenas-Arrocena

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2238–2250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.216

• acquired with a JEOL JSM 7800F. STM [32][33] measurements were carried out under ambient conditions with the Nanosurf Easyscan 2 STM device. For the latter measurements, FeS2 was dissolved in chlorobenzene at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL and deposited on a highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface

A novel all-fiber-based LiFePO₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ battery with self-standing nanofiber membrane electrodes

• Li-li Chen,
• Hua Yang,
• Mao-xiang Jing,
• Chong Han,
• Fei Chen,
• Xin-yu Hu,
• Wei-yong Yuan,
• Shan-shan Yao and
• Xiang-qian Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2229–2237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.215

• small amount of TiO2 was found in the diffraction peaks of Li4Ti5O12 fibers, which may be related to the sintering atmosphere of Li4Ti5O12 fibers. Because the sintering of Li4Ti5O12 fibers was carried out under the pressure of a graphite plate in N2 atmosphere, the sintering atmosphere is a partially

Ultrathin Ni_1−xCo_xS₂ nanoflakes as high energy density electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors

• Xiaoxiang Wang,
• Teng Wang,
• Rusen Zhou,
• Lijuan Fan,
• Shengli Zhang,
• Feng Yu,
• Tuquabo Tesfamichael,
• Liwei Su and
• Hongxia Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2207–2216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.213

• . Ni1.7Co1.3O4 powder was obtained via heating the powder in air at 350 °C for 2 h. Fabrication of Ni1−xCoxS2 electrode Ni1−xCoxS2 was synthesised in a rapid thermal processing (RTP) tube furnace. A graphite box containing about 20 mg as-prepared Ni1.7Co1.3O4 and sufficient sulfur powder (200 mg) was placed in

Use of data processing for rapid detection of the prostate-specific antigen biomarker using immunomagnetic sandwich-type sensors

• Camila A. Proença,
• Tayane A. Freitas,
• Thaísa A. Baldo,
• Elsa M. Materón,
• Flávio M. Shimizu,
• Gabriella R. Ferreira,
• Frederico L. F. Soares,
• Ronaldo C. Faria and
• Osvaldo N. Oliveira Jr.

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2171–2181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.210

• anti-PSA antibodies were obtained from Abcam, Cambridge, UK. Graphite-based ink was obtained from Henkel Electrodag, USA (reference code 423SS), silver chloride ink was purchased from Gwent electronic materials Ltd., UK (Product code C2130905D3), the cell lines PNT-2 and LNCap were acquired from the

Optimization and performance of nitrogen-doped carbon dots as a color conversion layer for white-LED applications

• Tugrul Guner,
• Hurriyet Yuce,
• Didem Tascioglu,
• Eren Simsek,
• Umut Savaci,
• Aziz Genc,
• Servet Turan and
• Mustafa M. Demir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2004–2013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.197

• exfoliation of graphite [47]. The obtained CDots showed a broad band emission due to their heterogeneity in particle size and surface-functional groups. The authors explored the potential of CDots as UV-to-visible color converters using a 365 nm UV chip and could generate white light with CIE color

• nanoparticles instead of power spectra, which show diffraction spots generated by only one plane. Figure 2c shows the HRTEM micrograph of a ≈10 nm diameter nanoparticle. This nanoparticle is identified as being composed of a graphite phase based on the observation of the 0.34 nm lattice spacing values

• this lattice spacing as the {1120} lattice plane of graphene [55][56]. It should be noted here that when it comes to CDots, it is common to assign them as graphene rather than graphite, since typically, stacking of a few layers of graphene forms the CDots. The HRTEM micrographs obtained from a ≈9 nm

Tuning the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries by modifying the structural defects of the carbon felt electrode

• Ditty Dixon,
• Deepu Joseph Babu,
• Aiswarya Bhaskar,
• Hans-Michael Bruns,
• Joerg J. Schneider,
• Frieder Scheiba and
• Helmut Ehrenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1698–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.165

• , both electrode surfaces tend to oxidize with the additional formation of oxygen functional groups [9][10]. Excess oxidation of the carbon felt can also introduce nonselective functional groups such as –C–O and –C=O and reduces the sp2 carbon content or the graphite content of the felt. The formation of

• nonselective functional groups can impede the redox reaction. For example, Estevez et al. showed that the presence of –O–C=O groups increases the performance of the VRFB whereas the presence of –C–O and –C=O degrades it [11]. In the long run, reduction in the graphite or sp2 carbon content of the felt reduces

• graphitic nature as functionalization proceeds by breaking of the C6 rings, and in many cases, with the formation of a sp3 hybridized carbon atoms (out of plane with the graphene layer). Moreover, most of these functional groups will be predominantly formed at graphite edge sites which are much more active

Kelvin probe force microscopy work function characterization of transition metal oxide crystals under ongoing reduction and oxidation

• Dominik Wrana,
• Karol Cieślik,
• Wojciech Belza,
• Christian Rodenbücher,
• Krzysztof Szot and
• Franciszek Krok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.155

• STO materials enabled a low sample bias of +1 mV for the LC-AFM measurements to be used. Real work function values were calculated from recorded CPD maps after calibration against a material of known work function, here highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), which was annealed in situ up to 300 °C

Graphynes: an alternative lightweight solution for shock protection

• Kang Xia,
• Haifei Zhan,
• Aimin Ji,
• Jianli Shao,
• Yuantong Gu and
• Zhiyong Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1588–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.154

• : graphyne; in silico studies; stress wave propagation; supersonic-velocity impact; Introduction Owing to its versatile flexibility, carbon is able to form three different hybridization states namely sp, sp2 and sp3, which yields many kinds of carbon allotropes. Graphite and diamond are the two common

Synthesis of P- and N-doped carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via controlled phosphoric acid treatment of folic acid

• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1497–1510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.148

• /pyridone-type, quaternary, and oxygen-bonded (oxidized) N, respectively (Table 2). Thus, P-700 contained quaternary N incorporated into graphite layers, as exemplified by the corresponding peaks at 401–400.7 eV. The peak of pyridinic N (398.5 eV), clearly observed for H-series precursors, was less

Flexible freestanding MoS₂-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage

• Florian Zoller,
• Jan Luxa,
• Thomas Bein,
• Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing,
• Daniel Bouša and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1488–1496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.147

• extend their application to large energy storage systems or to the electromobility sector, an improvement in the energy storage capacity is necessary. Layered dichalcogenide materials such as molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) are promising candidates for the replacement of the commercial anode material graphite

• graphite (372 mA·h·g−1) [6]. However, poor electrical conductivity, capacity fading and large volume changes upon charge and discharge make the commercialization of MoS2 in LIBs problematic [6][7]. In order to address this issue, the fabrication of MoS2 composites and carbonaceous support materials (such

Kelvin probe force microscopy of the nanoscale electrical surface potential barrier of metal/semiconductor interfaces in ambient atmosphere

• Petr Knotek,
• Tomáš Plecháček,
• Jan Smolík,
• Petr Kutálek,
• Filip Dvořák,
• Milan Vlček,
• Jiří Navrátil and
• Čestmír Drašar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1401–1411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.138

• material because of its well-defined layered structure with sub-nanometer roughness similar to mica or highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The electrical conductivity and mechanical stiffness of Bi2Se3 allow for the measurement with high-intensity electrical fields (10 V/30 nm) without damaging the

Nanoscale spatial mapping of mechanical properties through dynamic atomic force microscopy

• Zahra Abooalizadeh,
• Leszek Josef Sudak and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1332–1347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.132

• modulus of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), specifically by using force modulation microscopy (FMM) and contact resonance (CR) AFM. In both of these techniques, a variation in the amplitude signal was observed when scanning over an uncovered step edge of HOPG. In comparison, no variation in the

• (CR) AFM; elastic modulus mapping; force modulation microscopy (FMM); highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG); mechanical properties; surface science; surface steps; Introduction In recent years, the study of the size-dependent properties of materials, and in particular those at the nanometer scale

• vacuum (UHV) AFM, which can increase the spatial resolution of the measured mechanical properties as well as the reliability of the measurements made. In this work, both FMM and CR modes have been employed to examine surfaces of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) under UHV conditions in order to

Multicomponent bionanocomposites based on clay nanoarchitectures for electrochemical devices

• Giulia Lo Dico,
• Bernd Wicklein,
• Lorenzo Lisuzzo,
• Giuseppe Lazzara,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.129

• by coupling the bioactive foam, as anode, to a Pt wire as cathode in a one-pot cell working in 0.1 M of glucose and 0.1 M PBS, at two different pH values (7 and 5.5) and saturated with air. The foam was connected to the potentiostat with a copper wire, glued with colloidal graphite and covered by an

Alloyed Pt₃M (M = Co, Ni) nanoparticles supported on S- and N-doped carbon nanotubes for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Stéphane Louisia,
• Yohann R. J. Thomas,
• Pierre Lecante,
• Marie Heitzmann,
• M. Rosa Axet,
• Pierre-André Jacques and
• Philippe Serp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1251–1269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.125

• obtained with XRD are presented in Table 1. All the values are larger than that of graphite (3.334 Å), and the smallest value is obtained for N-CNTHT, indicating a higher level of graphitization for this sample. The elemental composition as well as the surface chemistry is also affected by heteroatom

• performed on a diffractometer dedicated to pair distribution function (PDF) analyses: graphite-monochromatized molybdenum radiation (0.07169 nm), solid state detection and low background setup. The samples were sealed in Lindemann glass capillaries (diameter 1.5 mm). The MEA cross-sections were prepared by

Tailoring the magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles using the polyol process

• Malek Bibani,
• Romain Breitwieser,
• Alex Aubert,
• Vincent Loyau,
• Silvana Mercone,
• Souad Ammar and
• Fayna Mammeri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1166–1176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.116

• °C in a graphite die (more details are given in [35]). Then, a resistive strain gauge (EA-06-062TT-120, Micro-Measurements) was glued (with epoxy resin) on the top face of each polished pellet, to perform extensometry measurements in presence of a longitudinally applied magnetic field H (Figure 8b

In situ AFM visualization of Li–O₂ battery discharge products during redox cycling in an atmospherically controlled sample cell

• Kumar Virwani,
• Younes Ansari,
• Khanh Nguyen,
• Francisco José Alía Moreno-Ortiz,
• Jangwoo Kim,
• Maxwell J. Giammona,
• Ho-Cheol Kim and
• Young-Hye La

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 930–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.94

• Li/O2 reactions. Wen et al. [23] performed in situ AFM imaging of the Li/O2 electrochemical reaction on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). In their work, the imaging during the electrochemical reaction was performed using contact mode and upon completion of the electrochemical reaction, the

The systemic effect of PEG-nGO-induced oxidative stress in vivo in a rodent model

• Qura Tul Ain,
• Samina Hyder Haq,
• Abeer Alshammari,
• Moudhi Abdullah Al-Mutlaq and
• Muhammad Naeem Anjum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 901–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.91

• graphite, a strong XRD peak at 2θ = 26.5° and a slight peak at 2θ = 54.5° were observed specific to the (002) and (004) planes with d-spacing of 3.5 Å and 1.9 Å, respectively. The XRD pattern of graphene oxide shows a peak at 2θ = 9.9° (d-spacing of 8.9 Å), the (100) diffraction peak at 2θ = 42.0

• of PEGylated nano-graphene oxide (PEG-nGO), and examined the recovery of the organ from the stress after specific intervals of time. For this purpose, we oxidized sheets of graphite with an improved Hummer's method [3]. Afterward, GO sheets were cracked into nGO by a previously adopted method by

• accompanied by reduced activity levels of antioxidant enzymes directly indicated that all organs were in oxidative stress after the intraperitoneal administration of PEG-nGO. These studies further reiterated the cytotoxicity of graphite oxide in vivo. Further safety evaluation and research must be undertaken