Impact of the anodization time on the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanotubes

• Jesús A. Díaz-Real,
• Geyla C. Dubed-Bandomo,
• Juan Galindo-de-la-Rosa,
• Luis G. Arriaga,
• Janet Ledesma-García and
• Nicolas Alonso-Vante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2628–2643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.244

• hypothesis of a doping effect originating from an extended anodization time (Figure S3a, Supporting Information File 1). As it was stated in previous sections, a relation between the capacitive processes seems to be associated with the length of the TNTs. Consequently, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

ZnO-nanostructure-based electrochemical sensor: Effect of nanostructure morphology on the sensing of heavy metal ions

• Marina Krasovska,
• Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
• Irena Mihailova,
• Andrejs Ogurcovs,
• Eriks Sledevskis,
• Andrejs Gerbreders and
• Pavels Sarajevs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2421–2431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.227

• more potential applications. Electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance spectroscopy (IS) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) are highly efficient in both qualitative and quantitative analysis of solutions [9][10][11]. These methods allow for the detection of hazardous

Correlative electrochemical strain and scanning electron microscopy for local characterization of the solid state electrolyte Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃

• Nino Schön,
• Deniz Cihan Gunduz,
• Shicheng Yu,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Roland Schierholz and
• Florian Hausen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1564–1572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.148

• improvement of solid state electrolytes such as LATP is a better understanding of interfacial and ion transport properties on relevant length scales in the nanometer to micrometer range. Using common techniques, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, only global information can be obtained. In this

• grain boundaries with an overall conductivity of 0.2 mS cm−1 [11] and has therefore attracted much research within the last decade [12][13][14][15]. In classical electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the ionic conductivity is measured through the entire sample and over the full electrode contact

• area (typically in the range of 1 cm2). Hence, only averaged values are obtained whilst locally the ion mobility can still be inhomogeneous [11]. Translating local ion migration into global conductivity is part of ongoing research. First approaches for small-scale impedance measurements have been

Excitation of nonradiating magnetic anapole states with azimuthally polarized vector beams

• Aristeidis G. Lamprianidis and
• Andrey E. Miroshnichenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1478–1490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.139

• Poynting vector of the incident field over an infinite plane, oriented transverse to the optical axis, we can calculate the total power that such a focused beam carries. It is given by the formula below: where Z0 is the wave impedance of free space. At this point, we would also like to consider the case of

• and x1 = n1k0α0 are used, with α0 being the sphere radius and n1 its refractive index. Z1 is the wave impedance inside the particle and x0 is called the size parameter of the sphere. We will close this section by unveiling the property that the T-matrix of one particle should have in order to be able

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• charge carrier separation and transfer [99][100][101]. Electrochemical impedance studies (EIS) explore the resistance of a material through a Nyquist plot. A smaller arc radius of the Nyquist plot suggests better transfer of charge carriers with lower resistance. The modification of TiO2 with ferrites

Tailoring polarization and magnetization of absorbing terahertz metamaterials using a cut-wire sandwich structure

• Hadi Teguh Yudistira,
• Shuo Liu,
• Tie Jun Cui and
• Han Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1437–1447, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.136

• provided the polarization at the edge of cut-wires, and the surface current density on the cut-wires at top and bottom layers effectively generated the magnetization. By controlling and optimizing the geometrical configurations of the entire sandwich device (without lateral misalignment), the impedance

• the background, and the metamaterial structure. The two parts are separated by a dielectric spacer. Another necessary condition found was that absorbers can be achieved by increasing the imaginary part of the refractive index and matching the impedance of the metamaterial with air impedance [24][25

• sandwich structure can be organized to achieve another specific application objective, that is, a high-performance absorber. By controlling and optimizing the geometrical configurations of the entire sandwich device without lateral misalignment, the impedance can be matched to that of free space while

New 2D graphene hybrid composites as an effective base element of optical nanodevices

• Olga E. Glukhova,
• Igor S. Nefedov,
• Alexander S. Shalin and
• Мichael М. Slepchenkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1321–1327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.125

• : where Z0 is the characteristic impedance of free space and Jx is the x-component of the surface current density vector. The final expression obtained for the reflection and transmission coefficients, R and T, in the case of a p-polarized incident wave takes the following form: and in the case of s

• -polarization where Z0 is defined for the p-polarized wave as Z0 = Ex/Hy = η·cosθ, and for the s-polarized wave as Z0 = −Ey/Hy = η/cosθ, where θ is the angle of incidence η = 120π Ω is the input impedance of vacuum. Taking into account expressions for the reflection and transmission coefficients, is it possible

Ag₂WO₄ nanorods decorated with AgI nanoparticles: Novel and efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts for the degradation of water pollutants

• Shijie Li,
• Shiwei Hu,
• Wei Jiang,
• Yanping Liu,
• Yu Liu,
• Yingtang Zhou,
• Liuye Mo and
• Jianshe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1308–1316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.123

• impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement was applied to study the charge transport and separation [49]. A smaller arc radius commonly signifies a higher charge transport rate. As displayed in Figure 10, the arc radius of 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4 is smaller than that of AgI, suggesting that 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4 holds a higher

• RhB in the presence of 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4. (a) The cycled photocatalytic degradation of RhB over 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4; (b) XRD patterns of the fresh and used 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4. Active-species trapping tests over 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Nyquist plots of AgI and 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4

Cyclodextrin inhibits zinc corrosion by destabilizing point defect formation in the oxide layer

• Abdulrahman Altin,
• Maciej Krzywiecki,
• Adnan Sarfraz,
• Cigdem Toparli,
• Claudius Laska,
• Philipp Kerger,
• Aleksandar Zeradjanin,
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer,
• Michael Rohwerder and
• Andreas Erbe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 936–944, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.86

• . This work uses electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to show the cyclic oligosaccharide β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to inhibit corrosion of zinc in 0.1M chloride with an inhibition efficiency of up to 85%. Only a monomolecular adsorption layer of β-CD is present on the surface of the oxide covered metal

• inhibitors [8][12][13]. Metallic zinc is industrially used for cathodic protection of steel [15]. In this work, the inhibition of zinc corrosion by β-CD was investigated electrochemically. Inhibition efficiencies were determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). After exposure to chloride

• potential in a frequency range from 104 to 10−1 Hz. The impedance spectra were fitted using the software ZView. The resulting impedance spectra and the equivalent circuit for data fitting are shown in Figure S2 (Supporting Information File 1). From EIS data, the corrosion current densities icorr were

Facile synthesis of ZnFe₂O₄ photocatalysts for decolourization of organic dyes under solar irradiation

• Arjun Behera,
• Debasmita Kandi,
• Sanjit Manohar Majhi,
• Satyabadi Martha and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 436–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.42

• band-edge potential, a mechanism of the photocatalytic reaction has been proposed which is discussed later. Electrochemical impedance study Impedance measurements are commonly used to determine the charge transfer, resistance, and effective charge separation processes occurring at electrode–electrolyte

Design of polar self-assembling lactic acid derivatives possessing submicrometre helical pitch

• Alexej Bubnov,
• Cyril Vacek,
• Michał Czerwiński,
• Terezia Vojtylová,
• Wiktor Piecek and
• Věra Hamplová

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 333–341, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.33

• permittivity was measured during cooling using a Schlumberger 1260 impedance analyser in the frequency range of 10 Hz–1 MHz, keeping the temperature of the sample stable during frequency sweeps within ±0.1 K. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) plot of heating/cooling runs (indicated by horizontal arrows

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• electrodes were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrochemical characteristics of the cells with S/MoO2–CNF cathodes and pure sulfur cathodes were examined by CV in the voltage range of 1.7–3.0 V at the scanning rate

• effect of the MoO2–CNF matrix material calcined at different temperatures on the electrochemical performance of the sulfur cathode. Compared to the CV technique, the diffusion coefficients under equilibrium conditions can be expressed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Additionally, the

• steep sloping line in the low-frequency region, corresponding to the Warburg impedance, was represented by W0. The fitting results are listed in Table 4. Obviously, the S/MoO2–CNF cathodes possessed lower charge transfer resistance than pure sulfur cathodes, indicating better charge transfer between the

Electrical properties of a liquid crystal dispersed in an electrospun cellulose acetate network

• Doina Manaila Maximean,
• Octavian Danila,
• Pedro L. Almeida and
• Constantin Paul Ganea

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 155–163, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.18

• techniques, such as polarized optical microscopy, dielectric spectroscopy and impedance measurements. Dielectric constant and electric energy loss were studied as a function of frequency and temperature. The activation energy was evaluated and the relaxation time was obtained by fitting the spectra of the

• dielectric loss with the Havriliak–Negami functions. To determine the electrical characteristics of the studied samples, impedance measurements results were treated using the Cole–Cole diagram and the three-element equivalent model. Keywords: cellulose nanocomposite; dielectric spectroscopy; impedance

• fitted to the Havriliak–Negami [37] model and further modelled by the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann law. In addition to this, impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed, and the results were processed using a simple equivalent circuit model, that permits the extraction of electric circuit parameters

Facile synthesis of silver/silver thiocyanate (Ag@AgSCN) plasmonic nanostructures with enhanced photocatalytic performance

• Xinfu Zhao,
• Dairong Chen,
• Abdul Qayum,
• Bo Chen and
• Xiuling Jiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2781–2789, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.277

• 4.8-fold faster than that of the bare AgSCN, so the existence of an appropriate amount of Ag played a prominent role in the photodegradation process. Electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) was used to illustrate the rate of charge transfer for the photocatalysts. Nyquist plots of M0, M1, M2, M3, M4

• source. N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms were determined by using a Quadrasorb SI apparatus to obtain the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was recorded on a CHI660A electrochemical workstation (CH Instrument Company, Shanghai, China

Beyond Moore’s technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative

• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Alexander L. Gudkov and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2689–2710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.269

• resistance, which provide a high output impedance and a high voltage signal [86][87]. Both devices can be utilized as an interface [85][88][89] between superconductor circuit and CMOS electronics or memory depending on requirements to output signal and energy efficiency. It is well known that the major parts

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• concentration of incorporated nitrogen. The hybrid materials were tested as electrodes in a 1M H2SO4 electrolyte and the best performance was found for a nitrogen-enriched material produced using the Fe/Mo catalyst. From the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data, it was concluded that the nitrogen doping

• reduces the resistance at the carbon surface/electrolyte interface and the nanotubes permeating the porous carbon provide fast charge transport in the cell. Keywords: bimetallic catalyst; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; N-doped carbon; porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrid; supercapacitor

• composition of the obtained CNx hybrids were correlated with the data of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Experimental Synthesis Catalysts were prepared using polyoxomolybdate clusters of the ε-Keggin-type structure Mo12O28(μ2-OH

Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance using morphology-controlled BiVO₄ with W doping

• Xin Zhao and
• Zhong Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2640–2647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.264

• calculated from the electrochemical impedance measured in the dark. The carrier densities of W-doped BiVO4 with planar (0-water) and nanoporous (1-EG) structure were found to be 3.7·1020 cm−3 and 3.3·1020 cm−3, respectively. This indicates that the structure difference has little effect on the carrier

• photocurrents with hole scavenger was measured in a 0.5 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution with 0.1 M Na2SO3. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out under illumination of an AM 1.5G solar simulator in a 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte at the applied potential of 1.23 V vs RHE using a PCI4

• frequency of 1 kHz in 0.5 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution. (b) Electrochemical impedance spectra of W-doped BiVO4 with planar (0-water) and nanoporous (1-EG) structure at the applied potential of 1.23 V vs RHE under simulated solar illumination in 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. Inset is the equivalent circuit employed

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• 0.1 C and discharge current varying from 0.1 to 3 C. Cycling voltammetry (CV) was performed in the range of 0.05 to 3.00 V with a sweep rate of 0.1 mV s−1 on a Solartron electrochemical workstation (1470E and SI 1255B impedance/gain-phase analyzer coupled with a potentiostat). Results and Discussion

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• involve measurement of the impedance of an incompletely isolating layer on top of an electrode. Applying AFM, the small areas of the surface can be scanned and evaluated regarding parameters like roughness and porosity. While the first parameter is the standard output of AFM and is displayed as 3D

• is called electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and is a widespread technique to evaluate the quality of coatings quantitatively. In contrast to the first method, larger areas can be easily tested, and a quantitative result is yielded, under the expense of spatial resolution. A simple

• capacitance of the electrochemical double layer, Cdl. RΩ is the ohmic resistance of the solution of the electrolyte (Figure 11). To measure the impedance of the system the electrodes are connected to a HP 4192A Impedance Analyzer, which measures the impedance Z and the phase angle φ between test voltage and

Freestanding graphene/MnO₂ cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Şeyma Özcan,
• Aslıhan Güler,
• Tugrul Cetinkaya,
• Mehmet O. Guler and
• Hatem Akbulut

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1932–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.193

• specific capacity of the freestanding graphene/MnO2 cathodes was calculated depending on the active mass of the graphene/MnO2 composite (about 20 mg) on Al foil. The resistance of the electrodes was evaluated via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using a Nyquist curve in the frequency range 1000

• the cell, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed and results are shown in Figure 5. The width of the Nyquist curves indicates the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of the graphene/α-MnO2, graphene/β-MnO2 and graphene/γ-MnO2 cathodes [30]. As seen from Figure 5, the

Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• analyzer, and thermal studies are conducted by using thermogravimetric analysis. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry are used to investigate capacitive behavior of the products. The proposed equivalent circuit model was consistent with charge-transfer processes taking place at

• (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Electrochemical measurements were performed by using potentiostat 2263 Electrochemical Analyser (Princeton Applied Research, Tennessee, USA). EIS data were simulated with the electrical equivalent circuit by ZSimpWin V.3.10 analysis program

• the low-temperature carbonization process with increasing elimination of other elements (N,H,O) [38][48]. Electrochemical impedance measurements of oxidized PAN nanofibers Electrochemical properties of oxidized PAN nanofibers were analyzed by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS

Parylene C as a versatile dielectric material for organic field-effect transistors

• Tomasz Marszalek,
• Maciej Gazicki-Lipman and
• Jacek Ulanski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1532–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.155

• of organic electronics. One of the early applications of Parylene C encapsulation layer in an electronic structure was that of a microelectrode insulator [65]. The Parylene C-covered iridium and tungsten microelectrodes were investigated by means of in vivo and in vitro impedance tests. In vitro

• unchanged impedance of the microelectrodes protected by Parylene C layers has been recorded for over four months [66]. As another positive result, no destructive influence of the encapsulation material was observed when Parylene C had been employed to protect a pentacene OFET device, where no remarkable

Fabrication of hierarchically porous TiO₂ nanofibers by microemulsion electrospinning and their application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

• Jin Zhang,
• Yibing Cai,
• Xuebin Hou,
• Xiaofei Song,
• Pengfei Lv,
• Huimin Zhou and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1297–1306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.131

• capability, which stemmed mostly from the hierarchically porous structure and the large specific surface area. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out on the electrode of sample A2 and solid TiO2 nanofibers. Nyquist impedance plots obtained for sample A2 and solid TiO2 nanofibers in a

• presents CV curves and Nyquist impedance plots. Supporting Information File 76: Additional experimental data. Acknowledgements This research was financially supported by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, 111 Project (B17021), Six Talent Peaks Project in

High photocatalytic activity of Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ nanocomposites prepared by photodeposition for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

• Shu Chin Lee,
• Hendrik O. Lintang and
• Leny Yuliati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 915–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.93

• clarified using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Figure 5 shows the Nyquist plots of the unmodified TiO2 (NT) and Fe2O3(0.5)/TiO2 (PD) samples. The arc radius of the Nyquist plot reflects the impedance of the interface layer arising at the electrode surface. The smaller the arc radius the

• better the charge transfer [37]. It is worth noting here that the Fe2O3(0.5)/TiO2 (PD) material has a smaller arc radius than unmodified TiO2. These results clearly suggest that the Fe2O3(0.5)/TiO2 (PD) material has a lower impedance than unmodified TiO2, indicating enhanced conductivity of TiO2 after

• constant, A is the electrode area (cm2), Rct is the charge transfer resistance that can be obtained from the fitted Nyquist plot, and C° is the concentration of the redox couple in the bulk solution (ferricyanide/ferrocyanide) [38]. From the fitted impedance data shown in Figure 5, the Fe2O3(0.5)/TiO2 (PD